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Zheng L, Ma W, Liu P, Song S, Wang L, Yang W, Ren H, Wei X, Zhu L, Peng J, Ma F, Li M, Ma B. Transcriptional factor MdESE3 controls fruit acidity by activating genes regulating malic acid content in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:261-272. [PMID: 38758108 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Acidity is a key factor controlling fruit flavor and quality. In a previous study, combined transcriptome and methylation analyses identified a P3A-type ATPase from apple (Malus domestica), MdMa11, which regulates vacuolar pH when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. In this study, the role of MdMa11 in controlling fruit acidity was verified in apple calli, fruits, and plantlets. In addition, we isolated an APETALA2 domain-containing transcription factor, designated MdESE3, based on yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) screening using the MdMa11 promoter as bait. A subcellular localization assay indicated that MdESE3 localized to the nucleus. Analyses of transgenic apple calli, fruits, and plantlets, as well as tomatoes, demonstrated that MdESE3 enhances fruit acidity and organic acid accumulation. Meanwhile, chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR, luciferase (LUC) transactivation assays, and GUS reporter assays indicated that MdESE3 could bind to the ethylene-responsive element (ERE; 5'-TTTAAAAT-3') upstream of the MdMa11 transcription start site, thereby activating its expression. Furthermore, MdtDT, MdDTC2, and MdMDH12 expression increased in apple fruits and plantlets overexpressing MdESE3 and decreased in apple fruits and plantlets where MdESE3 was silenced. The ERE was found in MdtDT and MdMDH12 promoters, but not in the MdDTC2 promoter. The Y1H, LUC transactivation assays, and GUS reporter assays indicated that MdESE3 could bind to the MdtDT and MdMDH12 promoters and activate their expression. Our findings provide valuable functional validation of MdESE3 and its role in the transcriptional regulation of MdMa11, MdtDT, and MdMDH12 and malic acid accumulation in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenfang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Economic Crop Research, Shiyan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiyan 442714, Hubei, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shujie Song
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Peng
- Institute of Economic Crop Research, Shiyan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiyan 442714, Hubei, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Cvetković B, Bajić A, Belović M, Pezo L, Dragojlović D, Šimurina O, Djordjević M, Korntheuer K, Philipp C, Eder R. Assessing Antioxidant Properties, Phenolic Compound Profiles, Organic Acids, and Sugars in Conventional Apple Cultivars ( Malus domestica): A Chemometric Approach. Foods 2024; 13:2291. [PMID: 39063376 PMCID: PMC11276096 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, and antioxidant activity in different conventional apple cultivars (Malus domestica) from the Serbian market. Polyphenol profiles, sugars, and organic acid contents were analyzed by HPLC, and antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH and FRAP. Notable findings included variations in phenolic compound presence, with certain compounds detected only in specific cultivars. 'Red Jonaprince' exhibited the highest arbutin (0.86 mg/kg FW) and quercetin-3-rhamnoside content (22.90 mg/kg FW), while 'Idared' stood out for its gallic acid content (0.22 mg/kg FW) and 'Granny Smith' for its catechin levels (21.19 mg/kg FW). Additionally, malic acid dominated among organic acids, with 'Granny Smith' showing the highest content (6958.48 mg/kg FW). Fructose was the predominant sugar across all cultivars. Chemometric analysis revealed distinct groupings based on phenolic and organic acid profiles, with 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious' exhibiting unique characteristics. Artificial neural network modeling effectively predicted antioxidant activity based on the input parameters. Global sensitivity analysis highlighted the significant influence of certain phenolic compounds and organic acids on antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Cvetković
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Bajić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Miona Belović
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danka Dragojlović
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Olivera Šimurina
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Marijana Djordjević
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Karin Korntheuer
- Federal College and Research Institute for Oenology and Pomology, Wiener Street 74, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (K.K.); (C.P.); (R.E.)
| | - Christian Philipp
- Federal College and Research Institute for Oenology and Pomology, Wiener Street 74, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (K.K.); (C.P.); (R.E.)
| | - Reinhard Eder
- Federal College and Research Institute for Oenology and Pomology, Wiener Street 74, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (K.K.); (C.P.); (R.E.)
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Karpiński TM, Ożarowski M. Plant Organic Acids as Natural Inhibitors of Foodborne Pathogens. APPLIED SCIENCES 2024; 14:6340. [DOI: 10.3390/app14146340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Background: Foodborne infections affect approximately 600 million people annually. Simultaneously, many plants contain substances like organic acids, which have antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 21 organic acids, naturally occurring in plants, on four foodborne bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium) and two fungi (Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium candidum). Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the organic acids against foodborne bacteria and in silico toxicity prediction of acids were investigated. Results: Benzoic and salicylic acids exhibit the best activity against foodborne bacteria (mean MIC < 1 mg/mL). Acetic, chlorogenic, formic, malic, nicotinic, and rosmarinic acids demonstrate slightly weaker activity (mean MICs 1–2 mg/mL). Other acids have moderate or poor activity. The effectiveness of organic acids against foodborne fungi is weaker than against bacteria. Most acids require high concentrations (from 10 to >100 mg/mL) to inhibit fungal growth effectively. The predicted LD50 of organic acids ranges from 48 to 5000 mg/kg. Those potentially safe as food preservatives (MIC < LD50) include ascorbic, chlorogenic, malic, nicotinic, rosmarinic, salicylic, succinic, tannic, and tartaric acids. The studied organic acids are not carcinogenic but many can cause adverse effects such as skin sensitization, eye irritation, and potential nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, or neurotoxicity. Conclusions: Most of the investigated plant-derived organic acids exhibit good antibacterial activity and moderate or poor antifungal effects. Among 21 acids, only 9 appear to be safe as food preservatives (MIC < LD50). The relationship between MIC and LD50 is crucial in determining the suitability of organic acids as food preservatives, ensuring that they are effective against bacteria or fungi at concentrations that are not harmful to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 10, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Ożarowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants—National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland
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Huang D, Fan W, Dai R, Lu Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Qin Y, Su Y. Impact of must clarification treatments on chemical and sensory profiles of kiwifruit wine. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:40. [PMID: 38918429 PMCID: PMC11199669 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of various clarification treatments on the physicochemical properties, volatile compounds, and sensory attributes of kiwi wines produced from five different kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) varieties. The degree of clarification had a minimal impact on physicochemical parameters, including the content of residual sugar, ethanol, volatile acid, titratable acidity (except for the kiwifruit variety 'Qinmei'), and the pH value. However, wines made from unclarified juices (muddy juice and pulp) displayed a higher glycerol content than those made from clarified juices. The cluster heat map and principal component analyses (PCA) demonstrated that kiwi wines produced from clarified kiwi juices possessed a higher ester content, whereas muddy juice and pulp wines contained elevated levels of higher alcohols. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicated that clarified juice wines outperformed muddy juice and pulp wines in terms of purity, typicality, harmony, intensity, and freshness, with negligible differences in terms of palate acidity. Moreover, the clarified juice wines featured more characteristic kiwi wine aromas (kiwifruit, passionfruit, and pineapple) compared with that of the muddy juice and pulp wines, which exhibited an increased grassy flavour. Although the 100-NTU kiwifruit juice-fermented wine did not show an advantage in the cluster heat map and PCA, it presented better freshness, typicality, and intensity in the QDA, as well as a more passionfruit aroma. Based on the orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis, A. deliciosa 'Xuxiang' was deemed to be the most suitable variety for vinification. This study provides crucial insights for enhancing the production of high-quality kiwi wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruisen Dai
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuyang Song
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yi Qin
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yangling, China.
| | - Ying Su
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Griesser M, Savoi S, Bondada B, Forneck A, Keller M. Berry shrivel in grapevine: a review considering multiple approaches. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2196-2213. [PMID: 38174592 PMCID: PMC11016843 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine berry shrivel, a ripening disorder, causes significant economic losses in the worldwide wine and table grape industries. An early interruption in ripening leads to this disorder, resulting in shriveling and reduced sugar accumulation affecting yield and fruit quality. Loss of sink strength associated with berry mesocarp cell death is an early symptom of this disorder; however, potential internal or external triggers are yet to be explored. No pathogens have been identified that might cause the ripening syndrome. Understanding the underlying causes and mechanisms contributing to berry shrivel is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies and finding solutions for other ripening disorders associated with climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. This review discusses alterations in the fruit ripening mechanism induced by berry shrivel disorder, focusing primarily on sugar transport and metabolism, cell wall modification and cell death, and changes in the phytohormone profile. The essential open questions are highlighted and analyzed, thus identifying the critical knowledge gaps and key challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Griesser
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefania Savoi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Bhaskar Bondada
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Washington State University Tri-Cities, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Astrid Forneck
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Keller
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
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Li D, Yang J, Dai Z, Chen Y, Shao Z, Wang C, Jin X, Wang Y, Feng L. Prohexadione-calcium improves grape quality by regulating endogenous hormones, sugar and acid metabolism and related enzyme activities in grape berries. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:122. [PMID: 38373883 PMCID: PMC10875774 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Prohexadione-Calcium (Pro-Ca) plays key roles in improving fruit quality and yield by regulating various aspects of plant growth. However, the effects of how Pro-Ca regulates the regulation of sugar and acid balance and its impact on the production of volatile aroma substances during fruit growth and development are poorly understood. In this study, the Pro-Ca solutions developed at concentrations of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg·L-1 were sprayed on the entire "Chardonnay" grape tree 22, 42, 62 and 82 days after initial flowering. The values of endogenous hormones, sugar and acid content, enzyme activities and flavor content were then measured in grapes 45, 65, 85 and 105 days (ripeness stage) after the initial flowering. The results showed that Pro-Ca had significant effects on fruits during development, including reducing ABA content, increasing ZT, GA3 and IAA levels, promoting fruit ripening and enhancing enzymes, which are involved in sugar and acid synthesis. Consequently, these effects led to an increase in sugar and acid content in the berries. Particularly during the ripening phase, the application of 600 mg L-1 Pro-Ca resulted in an increase in soluble sugar content of 11.28% and a significant increase in citric acid and malic acid content of 97.80% and 68.86%, respectively. Additionally, Pro-Ca treatment enhanced both the variety and quantity of aroma compounds present in the berries, with the 600 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca treatment showcasing the most favorable impact on volatile aroma compounds in 'Chardonnay' grapes. The levels of aldehydes, esters, alcohols, phenols, acids, ketones, and terpenes were significantly higher under the 600 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca treatment compared to those of control with 51.46 - 423.85% increase. In conclusion, Pro-Ca can regulate the content of endogenous hormones and the activities of enzymes related to sugar and acid metabolism in fruit, thereby increasing the content of soluble sugar and organic acid in fruit and the diversity and concentration of fruit aroma substances. Among them, foliar spraying 600 mg · L-1 Pro-Ca has the best effect. In the future, we need to further understand the molecular mechanism of Pro-Ca in grape fruit to lay a solid foundation for quality improvement breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jiangshan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Zibo Dai
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhang Shao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Chunheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lidan Feng
- Research and Development Center of Wine Industry in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Zhan Z, Zhang Y, Geng K, Xue X, Deloire A, Li D, Wang Z. Effects of Vine Water Status on Malate Metabolism and γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Pathway-Related Amino Acids in Marselan ( Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Berries. Foods 2023; 12:4191. [PMID: 38231685 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Malic acid is the predominant organic acid in grape berries, and its content is affected by abiotic factors such as temperature (fruit zone microclimate) and water (vine water status). The objectives of this study were to explore the potential mechanisms behind the effects of vine water status on the biosynthesis and degradation of berry malic acid and the potential downstream effects on berry metabolism. This study was conducted over two growing seasons in 2021 and 2022, comprising three watering regimes: no water stress (CK), light water stress (LWS), and moderate water stress (MWS). Compared to CK, a significantly higher level of malic acid was found in berries from the MWS treatment when the berry was still hard and green (E-L 33) in both years. However, water stress reduced the malic acid content at the ripe berry harvest (E-L 38) stage. The activities of NAD-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were enhanced by water stress. Except for the E-L 33 stage, the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was reduced by water stress. The highest phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity was observed at the berry veraison (E-L 35) stage and coincided with the onset of a decrease in the malate content. Meanwhile, the expression of VvPEPCK was consistent with its enzyme activity. This study showed that water stress changed the content of some free amino acids (GABA, proline, leucine, aspartate, and glutamate), two of which (glutamate and GABA) are primary metabolites of the GABA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Zhan
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Wine and Desertifcation Control Vocational and Technical College, Yinchuan 750199, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Shanxi Academy Agricultural Sciences, Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Kangqi Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaobin Xue
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Alain Deloire
- Department of Biology-Ecology, L'Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Dongmei Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhenping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Wen J, Wang Y, He Y, Shu N, Cao W, Sun Y, Yuan P, Sun B, Yan Y, Qin H, Fan S, Lu W. Flavor Quality Analysis of Ten Actinidia arguta Fruits Based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:7559. [PMID: 38005281 PMCID: PMC10674867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinidia arguta is a fruit crop with high nutritional and economic value. However, its flavor quality depends on various factors, such as variety, environment, and post-harvest handling. We analyzed the composition of total soluble sugars, titratable acids, organic acids, and flavor substances in the fruits of ten A. arguta varieties. The total soluble sugar content ranged from 4.22 g/L to 12.99 g/L, the titratable acid content ranged from 52.55 g/L to 89.9 g/L, and the sugar-acid ratio ranged from 5.39 to 14.17 at the soft ripe stage. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that citric, quinic, and malic acids were the main organic acids in the A. arguta fruits. Headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) detected 81 volatile compounds in 10 A. arguta varieties, including 24 esters, 17 alcohols, 23 aldehydes, 7 ketones, 5 terpenes, 2 acids, 1 Pyrazine, 1 furan, and 1 benzene. Esters and aldehydes had the highest relative content of total volatile compounds. An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on the odor activity value (OAV) revealed that myrcene, benzaldehyde, methyl isobutyrate, α-phellandrene, 3-methyl butanal, valeraldehyde, ethyl butyrate, acetoin, (E)-2-octenal, hexyl propanoate, terpinolene, 1-penten-3-one, and methyl butyrate were the main contributors to the differences in the aroma profiles of the fruits of different A. arguta varieties. Ten A. arguta varieties have different flavors. This study can clarify the differences between varieties and provide a reference for the evaluation of A. arguta fruit flavor, variety improvement and new variety selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Wen
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yanli He
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Nan Shu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130018, China
| | - Weiyu Cao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yining Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Pengqiang Yuan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Bowei Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yiping Yan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Hongyan Qin
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Shutian Fan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Wenpeng Lu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
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Yang M, Song J, Zhang X, Lu R, Wang A, Zhai R, Wang Z, Yang C, Xu L. PbWRKY26 positively regulates malate accumulation in pear fruit by activating PbMDH3. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 288:154061. [PMID: 37562312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Malate is the main organic acid that affects fruit acidity and flavor in pear (Pyrus spp.). However, the regulatory mechanism of malic acid accumulation in pear remains unclear. We identified PbWRKY26 as a candidate gene using mRNA-seq, and quantification analysis verified the expression level. The expression of PbWRKY26 was positively correlated with the malic acid content in two P. pyrifolia cultivars ('Cuiguan', 'Hongsucui') and two P. ussuriensis cultivars ('Qiuxiang', 'Hanhong'), with respective correlation coefficients of 0.748*, 0.871**, 0.889**, and 0.910** (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01). The expression of PbWRKY26 enhanced the malate content in overexpression transgenic pear fruit and callus. In contrast, silencing PbWRKY26 decreased the pear fruit malic acid content. Analysis of the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree indicated that PbWRKY26 was a PH3 homolog. The WRKY26 (PH3) has been identified to regulate a proton pump gene, PH5, in a lot of plant species, but the LUC and Y1H assays showed that PbWRKY26 could not bind to PbPH5 promoter in our study. Interestingly, a malate dehydrogenase gene, PbMDH3, was identified to be regulated by PbWRKY26. This study might be valuable to understand the metabolic regulatory network associated with malate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyi Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junxing Song
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ruitao Lu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Azheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chengquan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Lingfei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
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10
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Matthews CJ, Patrick WM. An enzyme-centric approach for constructing an amperometric l-malate biosensor with a long and programmable linear range. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4743. [PMID: 37515423 PMCID: PMC10451018 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
l-Malate is a key flavor enhancer and acidulant in the food and beverage industry, particularly winemaking. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors offer convenience for monitoring its concentration. However, only a small number of off-the-shelf malate-oxidizing enzymes have been used in previous devices. These typically have linear ranges poorly suited for the l-malate concentrations found in fruit processing and winemaking, making it necessary to use precisely diluted samples. Here, we describe a pipeline of database-mining, gene synthesis, recombinant expression, and spectrophotometric assays to characterize previously untested enzymes for their suitability in biosensors. The pipeline yielded a bespoke biocatalyst-the Ascaris suum malic enzyme carrying mutation R181Q [AsME(R181Q)]. Our first prototype with AsME(R181Q) had an ultra-wide linear range of 50-200 mM l-malate, corresponding to concentrations found in undiluted fruit juices (including grape). Changing the dication from Mg2+ to Mn2+ increased sensitivity five-fold and adding citrate (100 mM) increased it another six-fold, albeit decreasing the linear range to 1-10 mM. To our knowledge, this is the first time an l-malate biosensor with a tuneable combination of sensitivity and linear range has been described. The sensor response was also tested in the presence of various molecules abundant in juices and wines, with ascorbate shown to be a potent interferent. Interference was mitigated by the addition of ascorbate oxidase, allowing for differential measurements on an undiluted, untreated wine sample that corresponded well with commercial l-malate testing kits. Overall, this work demonstrates the power of an enzyme-centric approach for designing electrochemical biosensors with improved operational parameters and novel functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Matthews
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Wayne M. Patrick
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
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11
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Perez de Souza L, Bitocchi E, Papa R, Tohge T, Fernie AR. Decreased metabolic diversity in common beans associated with domestication revealed by untargeted metabolomics, information theory, and molecular networking. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1021-1036. [PMID: 37272491 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The process of crop domestication leads to a dramatic reduction in the gene expression associated with metabolic diversity. Genes involved in specialized metabolism appear to be particularly affected. Although there is ample evidence of these effects at the genetic level, a reduction in diversity at the metabolite level has been taken for granted despite having never been adequately accessed and quantified. Here we leveraged the high coverage of ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry based metabolomics to investigate the metabolic diversity in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Information theory highlights a shift towards lower metabolic diversity and specialization when comparing wild and domesticated bean accessions. Moreover, molecular networking approaches facilitated a broader metabolite annotation than achieved to date, and its integration with gene expression data uncovers a metabolic shift from specialized metabolism towards central metabolism upon domestication of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Müehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Elena Bitocchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Müehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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12
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Wang P, Lu S, Cao X, Ma Z, Chen B, Mao J. Physiological and transcriptome analyses of the effects of excessive water deficit on malic acid accumulation in apple. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:851-866. [PMID: 36579825 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Acidity is a determinant of the organoleptic quality of apple, whereas its regulatory mechanism under water stress remains obscure. Fruit from apple 'Yanfu 3' of Fuji trees grown under normal water irrigation (CK), excessive water deficit treatment (DRT) and excessive water irrigation treatment (WAT) were sampled at 85, 100, 115, 130, 145, 160 and 175 days after full bloom designated stages S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 and S7, respectively. DRT treatment reduced the individual fruit weight and fruit moisture content, and increased fruit firmness. The malate content of DRT treatment was higher than that of CK and WAT from stages S1 to S7. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the transcriptome at stages S4, S6 and S7 indicated that malate anabolism was associated with cysteine and methionine, auxin signaling, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate and pyruvate metabolism. Overexpression of MdPEPC4 increased the malate content in apple calli induced by 4% PEG. Our study provides novel insights into the effects of water stress on the molecular mechanism underlying apple fruit acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shixiong Lu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuejing Cao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zonghuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Baihong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Juan Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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13
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Grabska J, Beć KB, Ueno N, Huck CW. Analyzing the Quality Parameters of Apples by Spectroscopy from Vis/NIR to NIR Region: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101946. [PMID: 37238763 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopic methods deliver a valuable non-destructive analytical tool that provides simultaneous qualitative and quantitative characterization of various samples. Apples belong to the world's most consumed crops and with the current challenges of climate change and human impacts on the environment, maintaining high-quality apple production has become critical. This review comprehensively analyzes the application of spectroscopy in near-infrared (NIR) and visible (Vis) regions, which not only show particular potential in evaluating the quality parameters of apples but also in optimizing their production and supply routines. This includes the assessment of the external and internal characteristics such as color, size, shape, surface defects, soluble solids content (SSC), total titratable acidity (TA), firmness, starch pattern index (SPI), total dry matter concentration (DM), and nutritional value. The review also summarizes various techniques and approaches used in Vis/NIR studies of apples, such as authenticity, origin, identification, adulteration, and quality control. Optical sensors and associated methods offer a wide suite of solutions readily addressing the main needs of the industry in practical routines as well, e.g., efficient sorting and grading of apples based on sweetness and other quality parameters, facilitating quality control throughout the production and supply chain. This review also evaluates ongoing development trends in the application of handheld and portable instruments operating in the Vis/NIR and NIR spectral regions for apple quality control. The use of these technologies can enhance apple crop quality, maintain competitiveness, and meet the demands of consumers, making them a crucial topic in the apple industry. The focal point of this review is placed on the literature published in the last five years, with the exceptions of seminal works that have played a critical role in shaping the field or representative studies that highlight the progress made in specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Grabska
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Krzysztof B Beć
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nami Ueno
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Spricigo PC, Almeida LS, Ribeiro GH, Correia BSB, Taver IB, Jacomino AP, Colnago LA. Quality Attributes and Metabolic Profiles of Uvaia ( Eugenia pyriformis), a Native Brazilian Atlantic Forest Fruit. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091881. [PMID: 37174419 PMCID: PMC10177832 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The uvaia is a native Brazilian Atlantic Forest Myrtaceae fruit with a soft pulp, ranging from yellow to orange, with a sweet acidic flavor and sweet fruity aroma. Uvaias present consumption potential, but their physicochemical characteristics are still understudied. In this context, we describe herein the metabolites of uvaia that have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We screened 41 accessions and selected 10 accessions based on their diversity of physicochemical attributes, i.e., their fresh mass, height, diameter, yield, seed mass, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity. Twenty-six metabolites were identified, including sugars, acids, and amino acids. The results of this study comprise the most complete report on sugars and acids in uvaias. The relevant metabolites in terms of abundance were the reducing sugars glucose and fructose, as well as malic and citric acids. Furthermore, this study represents the first description of the uvaia amino acid profile and an outline of its metabolic pathways. Uvaia quality attributes differ among accessions, demonstrating high variability, diversity, and several possibilities in different economic areas. Our findings may help in future breeding programs in the selection of plant material for industries such as food and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana Cristina Spricigo
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, 11 Pádua Dias Ave., Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luísa Souza Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 400 Trabalhador São Carlense Ave., São Carlos 13566-590, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Banny Silva Barbosa Correia
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 400 Trabalhador São Carlense Ave., São Carlos 13566-590, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 48 Agro Food Park, 8200 Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark
| | - Isabela Barroso Taver
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, 11 Pádua Dias Ave., Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelo Pedro Jacomino
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, 11 Pádua Dias Ave., Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Colnago
- Embrapa Instrumentation, 1452 XV de Novembro Street, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Mao J, Gao Z, Lin M, Zhang X, Ning X, Gong X, Lu Y, Chen L, Wang X. Targeted multi-platform metabolome analysis and enzyme activity analysis of kiwifruit during postharvest ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120166. [PMID: 36959943 PMCID: PMC10028114 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is a climacteric fruit, in which the accumulation of flavor substances mainly occurs at the postharvest ripening stage. However, the dynamic changes in metabolite composition remain poorly understood. Here, targeted multi-platform metabolome analysis based on GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS and enzyme activity analysis were performed at different postharvest ripening stages of kiwifruit. A total of 12 soluble sugars and 31 organic acids were identified. The main soluble sugars are sucrose, glucose and fructose, which exhibited similar variation tendencies along with the extension of ripening. The main organic acids are citric acid, quinic acid and malic acid, which showed different variation patterns. A total of 48 energy metabolites were identified, which were classified into two groups based on the content variation. The content of substances related to the respiratory metabolic pathway decreased gradually along with postharvest ripening, and there was obvious accumulation of downstream products such as amino acids at the late ripening stage. A total of 35 endogenous hormones were identified, among which seven cytokinins were highly accumulated at the later stage of softening. We further investigated the dynamic changes in the activities of 28 ripening-related enzymes. As a result, the activities of 13 enzymes were highly correlated with changes in starch, total pectin, and soluble sugars, and those of seven enzymes were closely associated with the change in firmness. In conclusion, this study comprehensively describes the dynamic changes in soluble sugars, organic acids, hormones, energy substances, and ripening-related enzyme activities during kiwifruit postharvest ripening, and provides a theoretical basis for the postharvest quality improvement of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Mao
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhu Gao
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jinggangshan Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mengfei Lin
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Jinggangshan Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinyi Ning
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuchen Gong
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yupeng Lu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Jinggangshan Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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16
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Partial compression increases acidity, but decreases phenolics in jujube fruit: Evidence from targeted metabolomics. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112388. [PMID: 36737973 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is extremely susceptible to mechanical injury by extrusion and collision during storage, transportation and processing. In this study, we examined the morphology and endogenous metabolism of jujubes at three developmental stages after applying partial compression (PC) to mimic mechanical injury. Generally, PC did not affect the total soluble solids content, but increased the acidity and decreased the amount of phenolics in the jujube fruit. Targeted metabolomics analysis further confirmed that acid and phenolics content were differentially altered in response to PC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize metabolic variations in ready-to-eat fruit that occur in response to physical damage. The results will provide insight into the understanding the consequences of mechanical injury on fruit nutrition and health benefits.
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17
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Cho CW, Rustam R, Gao D, Kim HM, Kang JS. Characterization of the Bioactive Components in Aronia melanocarpa (Black Chokeberry) Fruit Extracts and Purified Fractions by Spectrophotometry and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2164893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Woon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rustamov Rustam
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ashraf H, Qamar A, Maheshwari N. Attenuation of hexaconazole induced oxidative stress by folic acid, malic acid and ferrocenecarboxaldehyde in an invertebrate model Bombyx mori. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12577. [PMID: 36636222 PMCID: PMC9830160 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungicides are a class of pesticides used to ward off fungal diseases from agricultural crops to achieve maximum productivity. These chemicals are quite efficient in controlling diseases; however, the excessive use of these affects non-target organisms as well. In this study, Bombyx mori was utilized to investigate the effect of the pesticide hexaconazole (HEX) on the antioxidant system of this organism and also to find ways to mitigate it. On oral exposure to this chemical, a significant reduction in antioxidants, CAT, GPX, GSH, and SOD in the gut, fat body, and silk gland was observed. The HEX treatment also resulted in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in all the three tissues. To mitigate this toxicity and protect the silkworm from oxidative stress, we tested three compounds, namely folic acid, ferrocenecarboxaldehyde, and malic acid having known antioxidant potential. Folic acid provided significant protection against HEX-induced toxicity. Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde and malic acid proved to be ill-efficient in controlling oxidative stress, with ferrocenecarboxaldehyde being the least effective of the three. Folic acid was also efficient in controlling LPO up to a considerable level. Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde and malic acid also prevented LPO less efficiently than folic acid. Overall folic acid was the only compound that mitigated HEX-induced oxidative stress in silkworm with statistical significance in all the tissues viz. gut, fat body, and silk gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ashraf
- Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ayesha Qamar
- Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India,Corresponding author.
| | - Nikhil Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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19
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Umaña M, Calahorro M, Eim V, Rosselló C, Simal S. Measurement of microstructural changes promoted by ultrasound application on plant materials with different porosity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 88:106087. [PMID: 35785623 PMCID: PMC9256647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the effects of ultrasound application (192 ± 6 W/L) on the microstructure of vegetables/fruits with different porosities, cell sizes and patterns (eggplants, beetroots, and apples), submitted to an immersion treatment in different liquids: distilled water, citric acid (1% w/v), and the vegetable/fruit juice, at 25 °C during 5 min. The ultrasound application did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the size of the cells of the most porous material (eggplant) compared to the samples immersed without ultrasound assistance. The apple samples (with a middle-high porosity and the largest cells) were the most affected by ultrasound application. The median cell areas of samples treated with ultrasound in water and apple juice were 26 and 20% larger than those of samples treated without ultrasound, mainly because of cell wall disruption which caused the cells to merge into bigger clusters, but no effect was observed with the citric acid. Ultrasound application significantly (p < 0.05) increased the median cell area of the less porous raw matter (beetroot) only when the treatment was carried out in the vegetable juice (cells were 26% larger after treatment assisted with ultrasound than without it). Thus, the effects of ultrasound differ in materials with initially different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Umaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marina Calahorro
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Valeria Eim
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carmen Rosselló
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Susana Simal
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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20
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Influence of the Electrical Conductivity of the Nutrient Solution in Different Phenological Stages on the Growth and Yield of Cherry Tomato. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Soilless cultivation is an important alternative to traditional agriculture and facilitates harvest by allowing for the precise control of plant nutrients to maximize the vegetable production of uniform fruits. Nutrient solution concentration is a critical factor affecting nutrient supply in soilless cultivation. Although some nutrient solution concentrations throughout the growth cycle for tomatoes have been developed, there are limited studies on nutrient solution concentrations at different phenological stages. Hence, we studied the effects of nutrient solution concentrations in different growth stages on the physiology, yield and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes with a previously developed nutrient solution formulation. The whole growth cycle of the tomato was divided into three stages which were irrigated with a nutrient solution with different electrical conductivities (ECs). A total of five treatments were set: CK (EC was 3.0 ms·cm−1 for the 1st–3rd stage), T1 (EC was 1.5 ms·cm−1 for the 1st stage, 3.0 ms·cm−1 for the 2nd–3rd stage), T2 (EC was 1.5 ms·cm−1 for the 1st stage, 3.0 ms·cm−1 for the 2nd stage, 4.5 ms·cm−1 for the 3rd stage ), T3 (EC was 1.5 ms·cm−1 for the 1st–2nd stage, 3.0 ms·cm−1 for the 3rd stage), and T4 (EC was 1.5 ms·cm−1 for the 1st stage, 4.5 ms·cm−1 for the 2nd–3rd stage). The results showed that the tomato plants treated with T2 and T4 had the strongest growth (with the highest plant height and leaf formation) as well as the best leaf photosynthetic performance (the chlorophyll content and the net photosynthetic rate were significantly increased). Additionally, the use of T2 and T4 significantly improved cherry tomato fruit quality as reflected by the significant promotion of total soluble solids by 9.1% and 9.8%, respectively, as well as by the improvement of maturity by 12.9% and 13.7%, respectively. Additionally, the yields for treatments T2 and T4 were increased by 7.3% and 13.4%, respectively, which was mainly due to the increase in single fruit weight. More importantly, nutrient solution EC management improved fertilizer use efficiency: the partial fertilizer productivity of T1, T2, and T4 was increased by 2%, 7% and 14%, respectively, while that of T3 was reduced by 7%. A comprehensive comparison showed that the ranking of the effect on production was T4 > T2 > T1 > CK > T3. Our results suggest that the regulation of EC in different growth stages affects the growth and yield characteristics of cherry tomatoes. This study may provide some references for further research to adjust the concentration of nutrient solutions to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and fruit quality.
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21
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Zhang L, Ma B, Wang C, Chen X, Ruan YL, Yuan Y, Ma F, Li M. MdWRKY126 modulates malate accumulation in apple fruit by regulating cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MdMDH5). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2059-2072. [PMID: 35078249 PMCID: PMC8968328 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The content of organic acids greatly influences the taste and storage life of fleshy fruit. Our current understanding of the molecular mechanism of organic acid accumulation in apple (Malus domestica) fruit focuses on the aluminum-activated malate transporter 9/Ma1 gene. In this study, we identified a candidate gene, MdWRKY126, for controlling fruit acidity independent of Ma1 using homozygous recessive mutants of Ma1, namely Belle de Boskoop "BSKP" and Aifeng "AF." Analyses of transgenic apple calli and flesh and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit demonstrated that MdWRKY126 was substantially associated with malate content. MdWRKY126 was directly bound to the promoter of the cytoplasmic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase MdMDH5 and promoted its expression, thereby enhancing the malate content of apple fruit. In MdWRKY126 overexpressing calli, the mRNA levels of malate-associated transporters and proton pump genes also significantly increased, which contributed to the transport of malate accumulated in the cytoplasm to the vacuole. These findings demonstrated that MdWRKY126 regulates malate anabolism in the cytoplasm and coordinates the transport between cytoplasm and vacuole to regulate malate accumulation. Our study provides useful information to improve our understanding of the complex mechanism regulating apple fruit acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Yangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Metabolic Profiling of Organic Acids Reveals the Involvement of HuIPMS2 in Citramalic Acid Synthesis in Pitaya. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pitayas are rich in organic acids, especially citramalic acid, which is significantly higher than the plants. However, the mechanism of citramalic acid biosynthesis remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, organic acid compositions and contents, as well as expression patterns of key genes related to organic acid metabolism were analyzed during fruit maturation of four different pitaya cultivars i.e., ‘Guanhuabai’ (GHB), ‘Guanhuahong’ (GHH), ‘Wucihuanglong’ (WCHL), and ‘Youcihuanglong’ (YCHL). The total organic acid contents increased first and then declined during fruit maturation. The main organic acids were citramalic acid during the early stages of GHB, GHH, and WCHL pitayas, and dominated by malic acid as fruit maturation. In comparison, citric acid and malic acid were main organic acid for ‘YCHL’ pitaya. Citramalate synthase (IPMS) was involved in the synthesis of citramalic acid, and three types of HuIPMS i.e., HuIPMS1, HuIPMS2, and HuIPMS3, were obtained in our study. Highest expression levels of HuIPMS1 were detected in sepals, while HuIPMS2 and HuIPMS3 exhibited preferential expression in tender stems and ovaries. The expression levels of HuIPMS2 and HuIPMS3 were positively correlated with the content of citramalic acid in the four pitaya cultivars. HuIPMS2 was a chloroplast-localized protein, while HuIPMS3 presented a cytoplasmic-like and nuclear subcellular localization. These findings provide an important basis for further understanding of the molecular mechanism that leads to citramalic acid metabolism during pitaya fruit maturation.
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Zhou K, Hu L, Yue H, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Gong X, Ma F. MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis coordinates carbon and nitrogen accumulation in apple. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:886-902. [PMID: 34486649 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high accumulation of phloridzin makes apple (Malus domestica) unique in the plant kingdom, which suggests a vital role of its biosynthesis in physiological processes. In our previous study, silencing MdUGT88F1 (a key UDP-GLUCOSE: PHLORETIN 2'-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE gene) revealed the importance of phloridzin biosynthesis in apple development and Valsa canker resistance. Here, results from MdUGT88F1-silenced lines showed that phloridzin biosynthesis was indispensable for normal chloroplast development and photosynthetic carbon fixation by maintaining MdGLK1/2 (GOLDEN2-like1/2) expression. Interestingly, increased phloridzin biosynthesis did not affect plant (or chloroplast) development, but reduced nitrogen accumulation, leading to chlorophyll deficiency, light sensitivity, and sugar accumulation in MdUGT88F1-overexpressing apple lines. Further analysis revealed that MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis negatively regulated the cytosolic glutamine synthetase1-asparagine synthetase-asparaginase (GS1-AS-ASPG) pathway of ammonium assimilation and limited chlorophyll synthesis in apple shoots. The interference of phloridzin biosynthesis in the GS1-AS-ASPG pathway was also assumed to be associated with its limitation of the carbon skeleton of ammonium assimilation through metabolic competition with the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Taken together, our findings shed light on the role of MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis in the coordination between carbon and nitrogen accumulation in apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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24
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Gao M, Zhao H, Zheng L, Zhang L, Peng Y, Ma W, Tian R, Yuan Y, Ma F, Li M, Ma B. Overexpression of apple Ma12, a mitochondrial pyrophosphatase pump gene, leads to malic acid accumulation and the upregulation of malate dehydrogenase in tomato and apple calli. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab053. [PMID: 35039848 PMCID: PMC8769031 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acidity is an important factor influencing the organoleptic quality of apple fruits. In this study, an apple pyrophosphate-energized proton pump (PEPP) gene was isolated and designated MdMa12. On the basis of a phylogenetic analysis in Rosaceae species, PEPP genes were divided into three groups, with apple PEPP genes most closely related to pear PEPP genes. Gene expression analysis revealed that high malic acid content was generally accompanied by high MdMa12 expression levels. Moreover, MdMa12 was mainly expressed in the fruit. A subcellular localization analysis suggested that MdMa12 is a mitochondrial protein. The ectopic expression and overexpression of MdMa12 in "Micro-Tom" tomato and apple calli, respectively, increased the malic acid content. One (MDH12) of four malate dehydrogenase genes highly expressed in transgenic apple calli was confirmed to encode a protein localized in mitochondria. The overexpression of MDH12 increased the malate content in apple calli. Furthermore, MdMa12 overexpression increased MdDTC1, MdMa1, and MdMa10 expression levels, which were identified to transport malate. These findings imply that MdMa12 has important functions related to apple fruit acidity. Our study explored the regulatory effects of mitochondria on the complex mechanism underlying apple fruit acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Litong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunjing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenfang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Combined Profiling of Transcriptome and DNA Methylome Reveal Genes Involved in Accumulation of Soluble Sugars and Organic Acid in Apple Fruits. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092198. [PMID: 34574306 PMCID: PMC8467953 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic acids and soluble sugars are the major determinants of fruit organoleptic quality. Additionally, DNA methylation has crucial regulatory effects on various processes. However, the epigenetic modifications in the regulation of organic acid and soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits remain uncharacterized. In this study, DNA methylation and the transcriptome were compared between ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Qinguan’ mature fruits, which differ significantly regarding soluble sugar and organic acid contents. In both ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Qinguan’ mature fruits, the CG context had the highest level of DNA methylation, and then CHG and CHH contexts. The number and distribution of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) varied among genic regions and transposable elements. The DNA methylation levels in all three contexts in the DMRs were significantly higher in ‘Honeycrisp’ mature fruits than in ‘Qinguan’ mature fruits. A combined methylation and transcriptome analysis revealed a negative correlation between methylation levels and gene expression in DMRs in promoters and gene bodies in the CG and CHG contexts and in gene bodies in the CHH context. Two candidate genes (MdTSTa and MdMa11), which encode tonoplast-localized proteins, potentially associated with fruit soluble sugar contents and acidity were identified based on expression and DNA methylation levels. Overexpression of MdTSTa in tomato increased the fruit soluble sugar content. Moreover, transient expression of MdMa11 in tobacco leaves significantly decreased the pH value. Our results reflect the diversity in epigenetic modifications influencing gene expression and will facilitate further elucidating the complex mechanism underlying fruit soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation.
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26
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Zhou S, Yang J, Qian C, Yin X, Yan X, Fan X, Fang T, Gao Y, Chang Y, Ma XF. Organic acid metabolites involved in local adaptation to altitudinal gradient in Agriophyllum squarrosum, a desert medicinal plant. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:999-1011. [PMID: 34308491 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq., a pioneer plant endemic to the temperate deserts of Asia, could be domesticated into an ideal crop with outstanding ecological and medicinal characteristics. A previous study showed differential organic acid accumulation between two in situ altitudinal ecotypes. To verify whether this accumulation was determined by environmental or genetic factors, we conducted organic acid targeted metabolic profiling among 14 populations of A. squarrosum collected from regions with different altitudes based on a common garden experiment. Results showed that the most abundant organic acid in A. squarrosum was citric acid (96.03%, 2322.90 μg g-1). Association analysis with in situ environmental variables showed that salicylic acid content was positively correlated with altitudinal gradient. Considering the enrichment of salicylic acid and protocatechualdehyde in high-altitude populations based on the common garden experiment, and the high expression of their biosynthesis relative genes (i.e., PAL and C4H) in the in situ high-altitude ecotype, we propose that organic acid accumulation could be involved in local adaptation to high altitudes. This study not only addresses the molecular basis of local adaptation involving the accumulation of organic acids in the desert plant A. squarrosum but also provides a method to screen wild germplasms to mitigate the impact of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chaoju Qian
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingke Fan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingzhou Fang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxiao Chang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 450002, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.
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27
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Changes in the volatile composition of apple and apple/pear ciders affected by the different dilution rates in the continuous fermentation system. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (Malus domestica) Fruits: A Review. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apples represent a greater proportion of the worldwide fruit supply, due to their availability on the market and to the high number of existing cultivar varieties and apple-based products (fresh fruit, fruit juice, cider and crushed apples). Several studies on apple fruit metabolites are available, with most of them focusing on their healthy properties’ evaluation. In general, the metabolic profile of apple fruits strongly correlates with most of their peculiar characteristics, such as taste, flavor and color. At the same time, many bioactive molecules could be identified as markers of a specific apple variety. Therefore, a complete description of the analytical protocols commonly used for apple metabolites’ characterization and quantification could be useful for researchers involved in the identification of new phytochemical compounds from different apple varieties. This review describes the analytical methods published in the last ten years, in order to analyze the most important primary and secondary metabolites of Malus domestica fruits. In detail, this review gives an account of the spectrophotometric, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. A discussion on the quantitative and qualitative analytical shortcomings for the identification of sugars, fatty acids, polyphenols, organic acids, carotenoids and terpenes found in apple fruits is reported.
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29
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Alseekh S, Scossa F, Wen W, Luo J, Yan J, Beleggia R, Klee HJ, Huang S, Papa R, Fernie AR. Domestication of Crop Metabolomes: Desired and Unintended Consequences. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:650-661. [PMID: 33653662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the crops and vegetables of today were domesticated from their wild progenitors within the past 12 000 years. Considerable research effort has been expended on characterizing the genes undergoing positive and negative selection during the processes of crop domestication and improvement. Many studies have also documented how the contents of a handful of metabolites have been altered during human selection, but we are only beginning to unravel the true extent of the metabolic consequences of breeding. We highlight how crop metabolomes have been wittingly or unwittingly shaped by the processes of domestication, and highlight how we can identify new targets for metabolite engineering for the purpose of de novo domestication of crop wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Weiwei Wen
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE),College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University Hubei, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University Hubei, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Romina Beleggia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-, CI), 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Harry J Klee
- Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture - Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
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30
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Karatas N. Morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e234780. [PMID: 33825755 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.234780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Summer apples are one of the most important plant community in Artvin province located Northeastern part of Turkey. In present study 22 local apple genotypes were characterized by phenological, morphological, biochemical and sensory properties. Harvest date was the main phenological data. Morphological measurements included fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit ground color, fruit over color, fruit over color coverage and fruit firmness, respectively. Sensory measurements were as juiciness and aroma and biochemical characteristics included organic acids, SSC (Soluble Solid Content), vitamin C, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Genotypes exhibited variable harvest dates ranging from 11 July to 13 August and cv. Summered harvested 30 July 2017. The majority of genotypes were harvested before cv. Summered. Fruit weight were also quite variable among genotypes which found to be between 89 g and 132 g, and most of the genotypes had bigger fruits than cv. Summered. Pink, red, yellow and green fruit skin color was evident and main fruit shape were determined as round, conic and oblate among genotypes. ART08-9, ART08-4, ART08-21 and ART08-22 had distinct bigger fruits and ART08-1, ART08-2, ART08-5, ART08-12 and ART08-17 had higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The results of the study showed significant differences for most of the phenological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics. Thus, the phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes were distinguishable and these results suggest that phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical differences of the summer apple genotypes can be attributed to differences in genetic background of genotypes which placed different groups by PCoA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Karatas
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Erzurum, Turkey
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31
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Verna G, Sila A, Liso M, Mastronardi M, Chieppa M, Cena H, Campiglia P. Iron-Enriched Nutritional Supplements for the 2030 Pharmacy Shelves. Nutrients 2021; 13:378. [PMID: 33530485 PMCID: PMC7912282 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) affects people of all ages in many countries. Due to intestinal blood loss and reduced iron absorption, ID is a threat to IBD patients, women, and children the most. Current therapies can efficiently recover normal serum transferrin saturation and hemoglobin concentration but may cause several side effects, including intestinal inflammation. ID patients may benefit from innovative nutritional supplements that may satisfy iron needs without side effects. There is a growing interest in new iron-rich superfoods, like algae and mushrooms, which combine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with iron richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Verna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Sila
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Institute of Research, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.S.); (M.L.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marina Liso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Institute of Research, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.S.); (M.L.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Mauro Mastronardi
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Institute of Research, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.S.); (M.L.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Institute of Research, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.S.); (M.L.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors for malic acid - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1156:338218. [PMID: 33781460 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malic acid is a key flavour component of many fruits and vegetables. There is significant interest in technologies for monitoring its concentration, particularly in winemaking. In this review we systematically and comprehensively chart progress in the development of enzyme-based amperometric biosensors for malic acid. We summarise the components and analytical parameters of malic acid sensors that have been reported over the past four decades, discussing their merits and pitfalls in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, linear range, response time and stability. We discuss how advances in electrode materials, electron mediators and the use of coupled enzymes have improved sensitivity and minimised interference, but also uncover a trade-off between sensitivity and linear range. A particular focus of our review is the three types of malate oxidoreductase enzyme that have been used in malic acid biosensors. We describe their different properties and conclude that identifying and/or engineering superior alternatives will be a key future direction for improving the commercial utility of malic acid biosensors.
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Direct and Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency Differently Affect Iron Translocation in Kiwifruit Roots. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111578. [PMID: 33202654 PMCID: PMC7696116 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bicarbonate-induced iron (Fe) deficiency (+Bic) is frequently observed in kiwifruit orchards, but more research attention has been paid to direct Fe deficiency (-Fe) in plants, including kiwifruit. Here we compared the differences of kiwifruit plants between -Fe and +Bic in: (1) the traits of 57Fe uptake and translocation within plants, (2) Fe forms in roots, and (3) some acidic ions and metabolites in roots. The concentration of 57Fe derived from nutrient solution (57Fedfs) in roots was less reduced in +Bic than -Fe treatment, despite similar decrease in shoots of both treatments. +Bic treatment increased 57Fedfs distribution in fine roots but decreased it in new leaves and stem, thereby displaying the inhibition of 57Fedfs translocation from roots to shoots and from fine roots to xylem of coarse roots. Moreover, +Bic imposition induced the accumulation of water-soluble Fe and apoplastic Fe in roots. However, the opposite was observed in -Fe-treated plants. Additionally, the cell wall Fe and hemicellulose Fe in roots were less reduced by +Bic than -Fe treatment. +Bic treatment also triggered the reduction in H+ extrusion and the accumulation of NH4+, succinic acid, and some amino acids in roots. These results suggest that, contrary to -Fe, +Bic treatment inhibits Fe translocation to shoots by accumulating water-soluble and apoplastic Fe and slowing down the release of hemicellulose Fe in the cell wall in kiwifruit roots, which may be related to the decreased H+ extrusion and the imbalance between C and N metabolisms.
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Fang T, Peng Y, Rao Y, Li S, Zeng L. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Sugar Transporter (ST) Gene Family in Longan ( Dimocarpus longan L.). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030342. [PMID: 32182715 PMCID: PMC7154848 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are nutrients and important signal molecules in higher plants. Sugar transporters (ST) play important role not only in long-distance transport of sugar, but also in sugar accumulations in sink cells. Longan (Dimocarpus longan L.) is one of the most important commercial tropical/subtropical evergreen fruit species in Southeast Asia. In this study, a total of 52 longan sugar transporter (DlST) genes were identified and they were divided into eight clades according to phylogenetic analysis. Out of these 52 DlST genes, many plant hormones (e.g., MeJA and gibberellin), abiotic (e.g., cold and drought), and biotic stress responsive element exist in their promoter region. Gene structure analysis exhibited that each of the clades have closely associated gene architectural features based on similar number or length of exons. The numbers of DlSTs, which exhibited alternative splicing (AS) events, in flower bud is more than that in other tissues. Expression profile analysis revealed that ten DlST members may regulate longan flowerbud differentiation. In silico expression profiles in nine longan organs indicated that some DlST genes were tissue specificity and further qRT-PCR analysis suggested that the transcript level of seven DlSTs (DlINT3, DlpGlcT1, DlpGlcT2, DlPLT4, DlSTP1, DlVGT1 and DlVGT2) was consistent with sugar accumulation in fruit, indicating that they might be involved in sugar accumulations during longan fruit development. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of sugar transporters in woody plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.F.); (Y.P.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.F.); (Y.P.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ya Rao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.F.); (Y.P.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shenghao Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.F.); (Y.P.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lihui Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.F.); (Y.P.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: 86-591-8378-9281
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Jiang Z, Huang Q, Jia D, Zhong M, Tao J, Liao G, Huang C, Xu X. Characterization of Organic Acid Metabolism and Expression of Related Genes During Fruit Development of Actinidia eriantha 'Ganmi 6'. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E332. [PMID: 32151021 PMCID: PMC7154881 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on organic acid metabolism have been mainly concentrated on the fruit, whereas, few have focused on the mechanism of high organic acids content in the fruit of Actinidia eriantha. Fruits of 'Ganmi 6' harvested at eleven developmental periods were used as materials. The components and content of organic acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, the activities of the related enzyme were detected, and gene expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Components of ascorbic acid (AsA) and eight kinds of organic acids were detected. These results showed that quinic acid and citric acid were the main organic acids in the fruit of 'Ganmi 6'. Correlation analysis showed that NADP-Quinate dehydrogenase (NADP-QDH), NADP-Shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP-SDH), and Cyt-Aconitase (Cyt-Aco) may be involved in regulating organic acids biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the SDH gene may play an important role in regulating the accumulation of citric acid. In this study, the activities of NADP-SDH, Mit-Aconitase (Mit-Aco), and NAD-Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH) were regulated by their corresponding genes at the transcriptional level. The activity of Citrate synthase (CS) may be affected by post-translational modification. Our results provided new insight into the characteristics of organic acid metabolism in the fruit of A. eriantha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunhui Huang
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.J.); (Q.H.); (D.J.); (M.Z.); (J.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiaobiao Xu
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.J.); (Q.H.); (D.J.); (M.Z.); (J.T.); (G.L.)
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An In vitro Approach for Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity and Production of Kojic Acid by Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Karwar Region. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.4.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Key Proteins Linked to the Accumulation of Soluble Sugars and Organic Acids in the Mature Fruits of the Wild Malus Species. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110488. [PMID: 31717908 PMCID: PMC6918222 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Soluble sugars and organic acids are the main determinants of fruit organoleptic quality. To investigate the genes responsible for the soluble sugar and organic acid contents of apple fruits, a label-free proteomic analysis involving liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS was conducted with the fruits of two Malus species, M. sargentii and M. niedzwetzkyana, which exhibit significant differences in soluble sugar and organic acid contents. A total of 13,036 unique peptides and 1,079 differentially-expressed proteins were identified. To verify the LC-MS/MS results, five candidate proteins were further analyzed by parallel reaction monitoring. The results were consistent with the LC-MS/MS data, which confirmed the reliability of the LC-MS/MS analysis. The functional annotation of the differentially-expressed proteins, based on the gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, revealed that they were mainly related to biological processes and cellular components. Additionally, the main enriched KEGG pathways were related to metabolic processes. Moreover, 31 proteins involved in soluble sugar metabolism, organic acid metabolism, and H+-transport were identified. The results of this study may be useful for the comprehensive characterization of the complex mechanism regulating apple fruit-soluble sugar and organic acid contents.
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Coelho EM, de Souza MEAO, Corrêa LC, Viana AC, de Azevêdo LC, Dos Santos Lima M. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Mango Peel Liqueurs ( Mangifera indica L.) Produced by Different Methods of Maceration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E102. [PMID: 30995729 PMCID: PMC6523795 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work had the objective of producing liqueurs from mango peels (varieties "Haden" and "Tommy Atkins") by processes of alcoholic maceration and maceration with pectinase, as well as to evaluate bioactive compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and fluorescence-detection (RP-HPLC/DAD/FD) and in vitro antioxidant activity (AOX), for by-product potential reuse. Alcoholic maceration in wine ethanol (65% v/v) produced liqueurs with higher phytochemical and AOX content. Maceration with pectinase resulted in liqueurs with higher quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside content. In relation to mango varieties, Haden liqueurs presented higher bioactive content than Tommy Atkins liqueurs. The liqueurs presented high antioxidant activity. The main bioactive compounds found were flavanols (epicatechin-gallate, epigallocatechin-gallate), flavonols (quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside and rutin), and phenolic acids (gallic acid, o-coumaric acid, and syringic acid). The present study showed that the production of liqueur enabled the recovering of an important part of the bioactive content of mango peels, suggesting an alternative for the recovery of antioxidant substances from this by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Monteiro Coelho
- Department of Food Technology, Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano, Petrolina PE 56314-522, Brazil.
| | | | - Luiz Claudio Corrêa
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Semiárido, Petrolina PE 56302-970, Brazil.
| | - Arão Cardoso Viana
- Department of Food Technology, Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano, Petrolina PE 56314-522, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcos Dos Santos Lima
- Department of Food Technology, Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano, Petrolina PE 56314-522, Brazil.
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