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Xu W, Yi Z, Long Z, Zhang H, Jiang J, Liu L, Chi F, Tan D, Wang H. Stability Study of Multi-Level Grayscales Based on Driving Waveforms for Electrowetting Displays. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1123. [PMID: 37374707 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrowetting Display (EWD) is a new reflective display with an outstanding performance of color video playback. However, some problems still exist and affect its performance. For instance, oil backflow, oil splitting, and charge trapping phenomena may occur during the driving process of EWDs, which would decrease its stability of multi-level grayscales. Therefore, an efficient driving waveform was proposed to solve these disadvantages. It consisted of a driving stage and a stabilizing stage. First, an exponential function waveform was used in the driving stage for driving the EWDs quickly. Then, an alternating current (AC) pulse signal waveform was used in the stabilizing stage to release the trapped positive charges of the insulating layer to improve display stability. A set of four level grayscale driving waveforms were designed by using the proposed method, and it was used in comparative experiments. The experiments showed that the proposed driving waveform could mitigate oil backflow and splitting effects. Compared to a traditional driving waveform, the luminance stability was increased by 8.9%, 5.9%, 10.9%, and 11.6% for the four level grayscales after 12 s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhen Xu
- College of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Zhengxing Long
- College of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- College of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Jiaquan Jiang
- College of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Feng Chi
- College of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Ding Tan
- Power China Hubei Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430048, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Hydro Electric Power System Engineering Company, Wuhan 430000, China
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Li S, Xu Y, Zhan Z, Du P, Liu L, Li Z, Wang H, Bai P. Dynamic Adaptive Display System for Electrowetting Displays Based on Alternating Current and Direct Current. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1791. [PMID: 36296144 PMCID: PMC9610002 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a representative of the new reflective display technology, electrowetting display (EWD) technology can be used as a video playback display device due to its fast response characteristics. Direct current (DC) driving brings excellent reflectivity, but static images cannot be displayed continually due to charge trapping, and it can cause afterimages when playing a dynamic video due to contact angle hysteresis. Alternating current (AC) driving brings a good dynamic video refresh ability to EWDs, but that can cause flickers. In this paper, a dynamic adaptive display model based on thin film transistor-electrowetting display (TFT-EWD) was proposed. According to the displayed image content, the TFT-EWD display driver was dynamically adjusted by AC and DC driving models. A DC hybrid driving model was suitable for static image display, which could effectively suppress oil backflow and achieve static image display while ensuring high reflectivity. A source data non-polarized model (SNPM) is an AC driving model which was suitable for dynamic video display and was proposed at the same time. Compared with DC driving, it could obtain smooth display performance with a loss of about 10 absorbance units (A.U.) of reflective luminance, which could solve the flicker problem. With the DC hybrid driving model, the ability to continuously display static images could be obtained with a loss of 2 (A.U.) of luminance. Under the AC driving in SNPM, the reflected luminance was as high as 67 A.U., which was 8 A.U. higher than the source data polarized model (SPM), and it was closer to the reflected luminance under DC driving.
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Inhibiting Oil Splitting and Backflow in Electrowetting Displays by Designing a Power Function Driving Waveform. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11132081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrowetting display (EWD) is one of the latest and most promising reflective displays. However, some defects are easily caused in a driving process. For example, the aperture ratio of pixels can be reduced due to oil splitting, and the grayscale cannot be stabilized due to charge trapping. These defects can be effectively solved by designing driving waveforms for EWDs. So, a power function driving waveform was proposed in this paper, which consisted of an oil splitting suppression stage, a direct current (DC) driving stage and an oil stabilization stage. Firstly, the relationships among luminance values, power constants and driving time were measured. An optimal oil splitting suppression stage was obtained, which could effectively inhibit oil splitting. Then, the response time could be reduced by a DC voltage in the DC driving stage. Finally, a voltage slope was tested during the oil stabilization stage, which was used to counteract voltage created by the charge trapping. The experimental results showed that compared with a linear function waveform, the response time could be shortened by 16.1%, and the luminance value could be increased by 3.8%. The aperture ratio and oil stability of EWD can be effectively improved by these findings, thereby increasing its potential application in the display field.
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Toward Suppressing Oil Backflow Based on a Combined Driving Waveform for Electrowetting Displays. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060948. [PMID: 35744562 PMCID: PMC9228827 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrowetting display (EWD) is a new type of paper-like reflective display based on colored oil, which has gradually become one of the most potential electronic papers with low power consumption, fast response, and full color. However, oil backflow can occur in EWDs, which makes it difficult to maintain a stable aperture ratio. In order to improve the stability of the aperture ratio of EWDs, a new driving waveform was proposed based on analyzing the phenomenon of oil backflow. The driving waveform was composed of a shrinking stage and a driving stage. Firstly, a threshold voltage of oil splitting was calculated by analyzing the luminance curve of EWDs, which were driven by different direct current (DC) voltages. Then, an exponential function waveform, which increased from the threshold voltage, was applied to suppress oil splitting. Finally, a periodic signal combined with a reset signal with a DC signal was applied during the driving stage to maintain a stable aperture ratio display. Experimental results showed that the charge trapping effect could be effectively prevented by the proposed driving waveform. Compared with an exponential function waveform, the average luminance value was increased by 28.29%, and the grayscale stability was increased by 13.76%. Compared to a linear function waveform, the aperture ratio was increased by 10.44% and the response time was reduced by 20.27%.
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Liu L, Zeng W, Long Z, Yi Z, Bai P, Tang B, Yuan D, Zhou G. Red Display for Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays with High Saturation via a Separation Stage between Black and Red Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2555. [PMID: 35407886 PMCID: PMC9000271 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A three-color electrophoretic display (EPD) can solve the defect of an insufficient color display of black/white EPDs, but it is difficult to achieve a high red saturation due to the same driving polarity between black and red electrophoretic particles. In this work, a separation stage was proposed in the driving process to increase the red saturation in three-color EPDs. Firstly, red particles' motion was analyzed by the electrophoretic theory and Stokes' theorem to optimize driving parameters. Secondly, the activity of black particles was analyzed by testing different driving process parameters, and an optimal activation parameter for red particles was obtained. Next, the separation stage parameters were analyzed to reduce the mixing degree of black and red electrophoretic particles. Experimental results showed that the red and black electrophoretic particles could be effectively separated. Compared with an existing driving method, the red saturation was increased by 23.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Wenjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zhengxing Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zongshan 528402, China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zongshan 528402, China
| | - Pengfei Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Biao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dong Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
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Martinez-Duarte R. Editorial for the Special Issue on Micromachines for Dielectrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030417. [PMID: 35334710 PMCID: PMC8955732 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martinez-Duarte
- Multiscale Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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7
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A Driving Method for Reducing Oil Film Splitting in Electrowetting Displays. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120920. [PMID: 34940421 PMCID: PMC8707651 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrowetting displays (EWDs) are one of the most potential electronic papers. However, they have the problem of oil film splitting, which could lead to a low aperture ratio of EWDs. In this paper, a driving waveform was proposed to reduce oil film splitting. The driving waveform was composed of a rising stage and a driving stage. First, the rupture voltage of oil film was analyzed by testing the voltage characteristic curve of EWDs. Then, a quadratic function waveform with an initial voltage was applied at the rising stage to suppress oil film splitting. Finally, a square wave was applied at the driving stage to maintain the aperture ratio of EWDs. The experimental results show that the luminance was increased by 8.78% and the aperture ratio was increased by 4.47% compared with an exponential function driving waveform.
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Zeng W, Yi Z, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Feng H, Yang J, Liu L, Chi F, Zhang C, Zhou G. Design of Driving Waveform for Shortening Red Particles Response Time in Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:578. [PMID: 34069735 PMCID: PMC8161037 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have the advantages of multi-color display and low power consumption. However, their red particles have the disadvantage of long response time. In this paper, a driving waveform, which is based on electrophoresis theory and reference gray scale optimization, was proposed to shorten the response time of red particles in three-color EPDs. The driving waveform was composed of erasing stage, reference gray scale forming stage, red driving stage, and white or black driving stage. Firstly, the characteristics of particle motion were analyzed by electrophoresis theory and Stokes law. Secondly, the reference gray scale of the driving waveform was optimized to shorten the distance between red particles and a common electrode plate. Finally, an experimental platform was developed to test the performance of the driving waveform. Experimental results showed that the proposed driving waveform can shorten the response time of red particles by 65.57% and reduce the number of flickers by 66.67% compared with the traditional driving waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zeng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xichen Zhou
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yiming Zhao
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haoqiang Feng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Jianjun Yang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Feng Chi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chongfu Zhang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
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Liu L, Bai P, Yi Z, Zhou G. A Separated Reset Waveform Design for Suppressing Oil Backflow in Active Matrix Electrowetting Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12050491. [PMID: 33925329 PMCID: PMC8146728 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrowetting display (EWD) is a kind of reflective paper-like display. Flicker and grayscale distortion are caused by oil backflow, which is one of the important factors restricting the wide application of EWDs. The charge embedding caused by the electric field force in the dielectric layer is the cause of oil backflow. To suppress oil backflow, a separated reset waveform based on the study of oil movement is proposed in this paper. The driving waveform is divided into two parts: a reset waveform and a grayscale waveform. The reset waveform generated by a reset circuit can be used to output various voltages. The grayscale waveform is set as a traditional PWM waveform. The reset waveform is composed of a charge-releasing stage and oil-moving back stage. Two phases are contained in the charge releasing stage. The overdriving voltage is used during the first phase to reverse the voltage of all pixels. The trapped charges can then be released from the dielectric layer during the second phase. A higher voltage is used during the oil-moving back stage to drive the oil faster in the pixel. By comparing the experimental data, the oil backflow time is extended 761 times by the reset waveform. The four grayscales can be maintained by the reset waveform after driving for 300 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Pengfei Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13631401100
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China;
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (G.Z.)
- Academy of Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics, Shenzhen 518110, China
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Progress in Advanced Properties of Electrowetting Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020206. [PMID: 33670530 PMCID: PMC7922812 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrowetting display (EWD) has promising prospects in the electronic paper industry due to it having superior characteristics, such as the ability to provide a comfortable reading experience and quick response. However, in real applications, there are also problems related to dielectric deterioration, excess power consumption, optical instability and narrow color gamut etc. This paper reviewed the existing challenges and recent progress made in terms of improving the optical performance and reliability of EWD. First, the principle of electrowetting applied in small and confined configurations is introduced and the cause of the failure of the dielectric layer is analyzed. Then, the function of the pixel structures is described to avoid display defects. Next, electric signal modulations are compared in terms of achieving good image quality and optical stability. Lastly, the methods are presented for color panel realization. It was concluded that multi-layer dielectrics, three-dimensional pixel structures, proper electric frequency-and-amplitude modulation and an RGB color panel are expected to resolve the current limitations and contribute to designing advanced reflective displays.
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Yi Z, Zeng W, Ma S, Feng H, Zeng W, Shen S, Shui L, Zhou G, Zhang C. Design of Driving Waveform Based on a Damping Oscillation for Optimizing Red Saturation in Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:162. [PMID: 33562290 PMCID: PMC7915761 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
At present, three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have problems of dim brightness and insufficient color saturation. In this paper, a driving waveform based on a damping oscillation was proposed to optimize the red saturation in three-color EPDs. The optimized driving waveform was composed of an erasing stage, a particles activation stage, a red electrophoretic particles purification stage, and a red display stage. The driving duration was set to 360 ms, 880 ms, 400 ms, and 2400 ms, respectively. The erasing stage was used to erase the current pixel state and refresh to a black state. The particles' activation stage was set as two cycles, and then refreshed to the black state. The red electrophoretic particles' purification stage was a damping oscillation driving waveform. The red and black electrophoretic particles were separated by changing the magnitude and polarity of applied electric filed, so that the red electrophoretic particles were purified. The red display stage was a low positive voltage, and red electrophoretic particles were driven to the common electrode to display a red state. The experimental results showed that the maximum red saturation could reach 0.583, which was increased by 27.57% compared with the traditional driving waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Weibo Zeng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Simin Ma
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haoqiang Feng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Wenjun Zeng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Shitao Shen
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Lingling Shui
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chongfu Zhang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
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