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Li Z, Roscow J, Khanbareh H, Davies PR, Han G, Qin J, Haswell G, Wolverson D, Bowen C. Porous Structure Enhances the Longitudinal Piezoelectric Coefficient and Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient of Lead-Free (Ba 0.85Ca 0.15)(Zr 0.1Ti 0.9)O 3. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2406255. [PMID: 39206725 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202406255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of porosity into ferroelectric ceramics can decrease the effective permittivity, thereby enhancing the open circuit voltage and electrical energy generated by the direct piezoelectric effect. However, the decrease in the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33) with increasing porosity levels currently limiting the range of pore fractions that can be employed. By introducing aligned lamellar pores into (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3, this paper demonstrates an unusual 22-41% enhancement in the d33 compared to its dense counterpart. This unique combination of high d33 and a low permittivity leads to a significantly improved voltage coefficient (g33), energy harvesting figure of merit (FoM33) and electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 33 2 $k_{33}^2$ ). The underlying mechanism for the improved properties is demonstrated to be a synergy between the low defect concentration and high internal polarizing field within the porous lamellar structure. This work provides insights into the design of porous ferroelectrics for applications related to sensors, energy harvesters, and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Li
- Centre for Integrated Materials, Processes & Structures, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA27AY, UK
| | - James Roscow
- Centre for Integrated Materials, Processes & Structures, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA27AY, UK
| | - Hamideh Khanbareh
- Centre for Integrated Materials, Processes & Structures, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA27AY, UK
| | - Philip R Davies
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Guifang Han
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Jingyu Qin
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Geoff Haswell
- EMD Ltd. The Old Manse, 29 St Mary St, Ilkeston, Derbyshire, DE78AB, UK
| | - Daniel Wolverson
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA27AY, UK
| | - Chris Bowen
- Centre for Integrated Materials, Processes & Structures, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA27AY, UK
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Xue X, Wu H, Cai Q, Chen M, Moon S, Huang Z, Kim T, Peng C, Feng W, Sharma N, Jiang X. Flexible Ultrasonic Transducers for Wearable Biomedical Applications: A Review on Advanced Materials, Structural Designs, and Future Prospects. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2024; 71:786-810. [PMID: 37971905 PMCID: PMC11292608 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2023.3333318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapid developments in materials science and fabrication techniques, wearable devices have recently received increased attention for biomedical applications, particularly in medical ultrasound (US) imaging, sensing, and therapy. US is ubiquitous in biomedical applications because of its noninvasive nature, nonionic radiating, high precision, and real-time capabilities. While conventional US transducers are rigid and bulky, flexible transducers can be conformed to curved body areas for continuous sensing without restricting tissue movement or transducer shifting. This article comprehensively reviews the application of flexible US transducers in the field of biomedical imaging, sensing, and therapy. First, we review the background of flexible US transducers. Following that, we discuss advanced materials and fabrication techniques for flexible US transducers and their enabling technology status. Finally, we highlight and summarize some promising preliminary data with recent applications of flexible US transducers in biomedical imaging, sensing, and therapy. We also provide technical barriers, challenges, and future perspectives for further research and development.
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Liu Q, Xu B, Chen G, Ni W, Liu Z, Lin C, Zhuang Z. Experimental Study on the Detection of the Existence and Location of Mimicked and Unexpected Interface Debonding Defects in an Existing Rectangular CFST Column with PZT Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3154. [PMID: 38998237 PMCID: PMC11242848 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Interface bonding conditions between concrete and steel materials play key roles in ensuring the composite effect and load-carrying capacity of concrete-steel composite structures such as concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) members in practice. A method using both surface wave and electromechanical impedance (EMI) measurement for detecting the existence and the location of inaccessible interface debonding defects between the concrete core and steel tube in CFST members using piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches as actuators and sensors is proposed. A rectangular CFST specimen with two artificially mimicked interface debonding defects was experimentally verified using PZT patches as the actuator and sensor. By comparing the surface wave measurement of PZT sensors at different surface wave travelling paths under both a continuous sinusoidal signal and a 10-period sinusoidal windowed signal, three potential interface debonding defects are quickly identified. Furthermore, the accurate locations of the three detected potential interface debonding defects are determined with the help of EMI measurements from a number of additional PZT sensors around the three potential interface debonding defects. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed interface debonding detection method is verified with a destructive observation by removing the local steel tube at the three detected interface debonding locations. The observation results show that the three detected interface debonding defects are two mimicked interface debonding defects, and an unexpected debonding defect occurred spontaneously due to concrete shrinkage in the past one and a half years before conducting the test. Results in this study indicate that the proposed method can be an efficient and accurate approach for the detection of unknown interface debonding defects in existing CFST members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Bin Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Infrastructure and Monitoring of Fujian Province, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Genda Chen
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401, USA;
| | - Weilong Ni
- Xiamen Holsin Engineering Testing Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361027, China
| | - Zhixun Liu
- C&D Holsin Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361015, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chun Lin
- C&D Holsin Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361015, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhiyou Zhuang
- School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
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Wang X, Dai X, Chen Y. Sonopiezoelectric Nanomedicine and Materdicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301693. [PMID: 37093550 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous electric field is ubiquitous in a multitude of important living activities such as bone repair, cell signal transduction, and nerve regeneration, signifying that regulating the electric field in organisms is highly beneficial to maintain organism health. As an emerging and promising research direction, piezoelectric nanomedicine and materdicine precisely activated by ultrasound with synergetic advantages of deep tissue penetration, remote spatiotemporal selectivity, and mechanical-electrical energy interconversion, have been progressively utilized for disease treatment and tissue repair by participating in the modulation of endogenous electric field. This specific nanomedicine utilizing piezoelectric effect activated by ultrasound is typically regarded as "sonopiezoelectric nanomedicine". This comprehensive review summarizes and discusses the substantially employed sonopiezoelectric nanomaterials and nanotherapies to provide an insight into the internal mechanism of the corresponding biological behavior/effect of sonopiezoelectric biomaterials in versatile disease treatments. This review primarily focuses on the sonopiezoelectric biomaterials for biosensing, drug delivery, tumor therapy, tissue regeneration, antimicrobia, and further illuminates the underlying sonopiezoelectric mechanism. In addition, the challenges and developments/prospects of sonopiezoelectric nanomedicine are analyzed for promoting the further clinical translation. It is earnestly expected that this kind of nanomedicine/biomaterials-enabled sonopiezoelectric technology will provoke the comprehensive investigation and promote the clinical development of the next-generation multifunctional materdicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Dai
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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Yuan H, Li Q, Peng R, Wang C, Xu P, Pan X, Xu M. Nonsingular Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Resonant Frequency Tracking of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) Based on Fixed-Time Strategy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2005. [PMID: 36422433 PMCID: PMC9692298 DOI: 10.3390/mi13112005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Resonant frequency tracking control of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) remains a challenge in terms of drifting working frequency and reduced conversion efficiency caused by working environment changes. This paper presents a fixed-time nonsingular integral terminal sliding mode (FT-NITSM) control strategy for resonant frequency tracking of EMATs to realize precise and high robustness resonant frequency tracking performance. Specifically, a FT-NITSM control method with fast convergence feature is developed and a resonant frequency tracking controller for EMATs is further designed to improve the convergence speed and tracking accuracy. Fixed time stability of the proposed frequency tracking control system is proved through Lyapunov function analysis. Moreover, numerical simulations demonstrate that the FT-NITSM control strategy can ensure precise tracking of the system's operating frequency to its natural resonant frequency in less than 3 s with a tracking error of less than 0.01 × 104 Hz. With the maximum overshoot variation between -20 and 20 and error range in -5 and 5° at the steady state, the FT-NITSM control strategy can ensure the control system impedance angle θ being consistent and eventually bounded. This study provides a toolbox for the resonant frequency tracking control and performance improvement of EMATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Yuan
- Dalian Key Lab of Marine Micro/Nano Energy and Self-Powered System, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Ran Peng
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Dalian Key Lab of Marine Micro/Nano Energy and Self-Powered System, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Dalian Key Lab of Marine Micro/Nano Energy and Self-Powered System, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- Dalian Key Lab of Marine Micro/Nano Energy and Self-Powered System, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Minyi Xu
- Dalian Key Lab of Marine Micro/Nano Energy and Self-Powered System, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
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Moon J, Park S, Lim S. A Novel High-Speed Resonant Frequency Tracking Method Using Transient Characteristics in a Piezoelectric Transducer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6378. [PMID: 36080839 PMCID: PMC9460266 DOI: 10.3390/s22176378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When driving the piezoelectric transducer (PT: piezo transducer), which is a key device, it is important for the ultrasonic system (using ultrasonic waves of 20 kHz or higher) to operate at a resonant frequency that can maximize the conversion of mechanical energy (vibration) from electrical energy. The resonant frequency of the PT changes during the actual operation according to the load fluctuations and environmental conditions. Therefore, to maintain a stable output in an ultrasonic system, it is essential to track the resonant frequency in a short time. In particular, fast resonant frequency tracking (RFT: resonant frequency tracking) is an important factor in the medical ultrasonic system, i.e., the system applied in this thesis. The reason is that in the case of a medical ultrasonic system, heat-induced skin necrosis, etc., may cause the procedure to be completed within a short period of time. Therefore, tracking the RFT time for maximum power transfer is an important factor; in this thesis, we propose a new high-speed RFT method. The proposed method finds the whole system resonance frequency by using the transient phenomenon (underdamped response characteristic) that appears in an impedance system, such as an ultrasonic generator, and uses this to derive the mechanical resonance frequency of the PT. To increase the accuracy of the proposed method, parameter fluctuations of the pressure of the PT, the equivalent circuit impedance analysis of the PT, and a MATLAB simulation were performed. Through this, the correlation between the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic system, including the LC filter with nonlinear characteristics and the mechanical resonance frequency of the PT, was analyzed. Based on the analyzed results, a method for tracking the mechanical resonance frequency that can transfer the maximum output to the PT is proposed in this thesis. Experiments show that using the proposed high-speed RFT method, the ultrasonic system can track the mechanical resonance frequency of the PT with high accuracy in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Chonnam National, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sangkil Lim
- Department of Automotive Engineering, University of Honam, Gwangju 62399, Korea
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Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Materials for Ultrasonic Transducer in Medical Diagnosis. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12081043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasonic transducer is considered the most important component of ultrasound medical instruments, and its key active layer is generally fabricated by piezoelectric materials, such as BaTiO3, Pb (Zn, Ti)O3, PVDF, etc. As the star material, perovskite photovoltaic materials (organic and inorganic halide perovskite materials, such as CH3NH3PbI3, CsPbI3, etc.) have great potential to be widely used in solar cells, LEDs, detectors, and photoelectric and piezoelectric detectors due to their outstanding photoelectric and piezoelectric effects. Herein, we firstly discussed the research progress of commonly used piezoelectric materials and the corresponding piezoelectric effects, the current key scientific status, as well as the current application status in the field of ultrasound medicine. Then, we further explored the current progress of perovskite materials used in piezoelectric-effect devices, and their research difficulties. Finally, we designed an ideal ultrasonic transducer fabricated by perovskite photovoltaic materials and considered the future application prospects of organic and inorganic halide perovskite material in the field of ultrasound.
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Design and Preparation of Self-Oscillating Actuators Using Piezoelectric Ceramics with High Coupling Factors and Mechanical Quality Factors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020158. [PMID: 35208283 PMCID: PMC8880387 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric material properties were optimized to develop materials for an ultrasonic vibrator targeting a high vibration efficiency. Herein, novel materials were developed using a composition represented by 0.08Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.07Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.85Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 + 0.3 wt.% CuO + 0.3 wt.% Fe2O3 with 0.3 wt.% Sb2O3 doping. A ceramic shape with a thickness of 2 mm was optimized using finite element analysis software, and high values of coupling factors (0.54) and mechanical quality factors (1151) were obtained. This ceramic was used to fabricate a bio-beauty device (frequency = 1 MHz), and the manufactured ultrasonic vibrator indicated that the actuator oscillated with the maximum amplitude at a frequency of 1.06 MHz.
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Chen D, Cui X, Zhang Q, Li D, Cheng W, Fei C, Yang Y. A Survey on Analog-to-Digital Converter Integrated Circuits for Miniaturized High Resolution Ultrasonic Imaging System. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13010114. [PMID: 35056279 PMCID: PMC8779678 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As traditional ultrasonic imaging systems (UIS) are expensive, bulky, and power-consuming, miniaturized and portable UIS have been developed and widely utilized in the biomedical field. The performance of integrated circuits (ICs) in portable UIS obviously affects the effectiveness and quality of ultrasonic imaging. In the ICs for UIS, the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used to complete the conversion of the analog echo signal received by the analog front end into digital for further processing by a digital signal processing (DSP) or microcontroller unit (MCU). The accuracy and speed of the ADC determine the precision and efficiency of UIS. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically review and summarize the characteristics of different types of ADCs for UIS, which can provide valuable guidance to design and fabricate high-performance ADC for miniaturized high resolution UIS. In this paper, the architecture and performance of ADC for UIS, including successive approximation register (SAR) ADC, sigma-delta (Σ-∆) ADC, pipelined ADC, and hybrid ADC, have been systematically introduced. In addition, comparisons and discussions of different types of ADCs are presented. Finally, this paper is summarized, and presents the challenges and prospects of ADC ICs for miniaturized high resolution UIS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Di Li
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-137-0925-0163 (D.L.); +86-152-3193-6291 (W.C.)
| | - Wenyang Cheng
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-137-0925-0163 (D.L.); +86-152-3193-6291 (W.C.)
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