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Welden R, Das A, Krause S, Schöning MJ, Wagner PH, Wagner T. Actively Driven Light-Addressable Sensor/Actuator System for Automated pH Control for the Integration in Lab-On-A-Chip (LoC) Platforms. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1533-1544. [PMID: 38445576 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The miniaturization of microfluidic systems usually comes at the cost of more difficult integration of sensors and actuators inside the channel. As an alternative, this work demonstrates the embedding of semiconductor-based sensor and actuator technologies that can be spatially and temporally controlled from outside the channel using light. The first element is a light-addressable potentiometric sensor, consisting of an Al/Si/SiO2/Si3N4 structure, that can measure pH changes at the Si3N4/electrolyte interface. The pH value is a crucial factor in biological and chemical systems, and besides measuring, it is often important to bring the system out of equilibrium or to adjust and control precisely the surrounding medium. This can be done photoelectrocatalytically by utilizing light-addressable electrodes. These consist of a glass/SnO2:F/TiO2 structure, whereby direct charge transfer between the TiO2 and the electrolyte leads to a pH change upon irradiation. To complement the advantages of both, we integrated a light-addressable sensor with a pH sensitivity of 41.5 mV·pH-1 and a light-addressable electrode into a microfluidic setup. Here, we demonstrated a simultaneous operation with the ability to generate and record pH gradients inside a channel under static and dynamic flow conditions. The results show that dependent on the light-addressable electrode (LAE)-illumination conditions, pH changes up to ΔpH of 2.75 and of 3.52 under static and dynamic conditions, respectively, were spatially monitored by the light-addressable potentiometric sensor. After flushing with fresh buffer solution, the pH returned to its initial value. Depending on the LAE illumination, pH gradients with a maximum pH change of ΔpH of 1.42 were tailored perpendicular to the flow direction. In a final experiment, synchronous LAE illumination led to a stepwise increase in the pH inside the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Welden
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Anirban Das
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Michael J Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Patrick H Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Torsten Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52428, Germany
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Li X, Liu S, Tan J, Wu C. Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensors in Microfluidics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:833481. [PMID: 35265603 PMCID: PMC8899193 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.833481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is an electrochemical sensor based on the field-effect principle of semiconductors. It is able to sense the change of Nernst potential on the sensor surface, and the measuring area can be controlled by the illumination of a movable light. Due to the unique light-addressable ability of the LAPS, the chemical imaging system constructed with the LAPS can realize the two-dimensional image distribution detection of chemical/biomass. In this review, the advantages of the LAPS as a sensing unit of the microelectrochemical analysis system are summarized. Then, the most recent advances in the development of the LAPS analysis system are explained and discussed. In particular, this review focused on the research of ion diffusion, enzymatic reaction, microbial metabolism, and droplet microfluidics using the LAPS analysis system. Finally, the development trends and prospects of the LAPS analysis system are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Shibin Liu
- College of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Tan
- College of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Rodrigues RO, Sousa PC, Gaspar J, Bañobre-López M, Lima R, Minas G. Organ-on-a-Chip: A Preclinical Microfluidic Platform for the Progress of Nanomedicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003517. [PMID: 33236819 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress achieved in nanomedicine during the last decade, the translation of new nanotechnology-based therapeutic systems into clinical applications has been slow, especially due to the lack of robust preclinical tissue culture platforms able to mimic the in vivo conditions found in the human body and to predict the performance and biotoxicity of the developed nanomaterials. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms are novel microfluidic tools that mimic complex human organ functions at the microscale level. These integrated microfluidic networks, with 3D tissue engineered models, have been shown high potential to reduce the discrepancies between the results derived from preclinical and clinical trials. However, there are many challenges that still need to be addressed, such as the integration of biosensor modules for long-time monitoring of different physicochemical and biochemical parameters. In this review, recent advances on OoC platforms, particularly on the preclinical validation of nanomaterials designed for cancer, as well as the current challenges and possible future directions for an end-use perspective are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel O Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Patrícia C Sousa
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - João Gaspar
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced (magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Nanomedicine Unit, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Transport Phenomena Research Center (CEFT), Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
| | - Graça Minas
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
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Liang T, Qiu Y, Gan Y, Sun J, Zhou S, Wan H, Wang P. Recent Developments of High-Resolution Chemical Imaging Systems Based on Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensors (LAPSs). SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194294. [PMID: 31623395 PMCID: PMC6806070 DOI: 10.3390/s19194294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is a semiconductor electrochemical sensor based on the field-effect which detects the variation of the Nernst potential on the sensor surface, and the measurement area is defined by illumination. Thanks to its light-addressability feature, an LAPS-based chemical imaging sensor system can be developed, which can visualize the two-dimensional distribution of chemical species on the sensor surface. This sensor system has been used for the analysis of reactions and diffusions in various biochemical samples. In this review, the LAPS system set-up, including the sensor construction, sensing and substrate materials, modulated light and various measurement modes of the sensor systems are described. The recently developed technologies and the affecting factors, especially regarding the spatial resolution and temporal resolution are discussed and summarized, and the advantages and limitations of these technologies are illustrated. Finally, the further applications of LAPS-based chemical imaging sensors are discussed, where the combination with microfluidic devices is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Yong Qiu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Ying Gan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jiadi Sun
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Shuqi Zhou
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hao Wan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai 200050, China.
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Jia Y, Li F. Studies of Functional Nucleic Acids Modified Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensors: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Biochemical Assay, and Simulation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5153-5161. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Jia
- College of Electronic Information and Optic Engineering, Nankai University, Weijin Road, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300071, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Electronic Information and Optic Engineering, Nankai University, Weijin Road, Tianjin, Nankai District, 300071, China
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Tokeshi M, Sato K. Micro/Nano Devices for Chemical Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E164. [PMID: 30404336 PMCID: PMC6190470 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the concept of micro total analysis systems (µ-TAS) has been advocated, various kinds of micro/nano devices have been developed by researchers in many fields, such as in chemistry, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electric engineering, biology, and medicine, among others.[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Tokeshi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
- ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
- Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kiichi Sato
- Division of Molecular Science, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
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