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Klaharn K, Pichpol D, Meeyam T, Harintharanon T, Lohaanukul P, Punyapornwithaya V. Bacterial contamination of chicken meat in slaughterhouses and the associated risk factors: A nationwide study in Thailand. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269416. [PMID: 35675365 PMCID: PMC9176793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Slaughterhouses are a key source of bacterial contamination in poultry meat and products, which is a major health and economic concern for several public authorities. This study aimed to quantify the non-compliance of bacterial contamination on chicken meat sampled from slaughterhouses and identify risk factors associated with the contamination. A questionnaire survey of 569 chicken slaughterhouses was undertaken and 1,707 meat samples were collected to determine the level of bacterial contamination. The proportion of the non-compliance associated with aerobic plate count [APC] (24.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.3%), Enterococcus spp. (24.7%), coliforms (13.5%), Escherichia coli (33.3%), and Salmonella spp. (33.4%) based on the livestock authorities' criteria was determined. Our results highlighted that the scalding process without scalding water temperature control or improper scalding increased the risk of APC (odds ratio, OR = 4.84, 95% CI: 2.72-8.61), S. aureus (OR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.29-5.55), Enterococcus spp. (OR = 3.38, 95% CI: 2.01-5.69), coliforms (OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 1.47-6.15), and E. coli (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.58-4.56) contamination on meat samples. Meat from eviscerated carcasses was more likely to be non-compliance due to contamination by E. coli (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.14-3.38). Furthermore, open or semi-closed system slaughterhouses (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.23-2.60) and lack of equipment for specific slaughtering areas (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.04-2.61) increased the likelihood of Salmonella spp. occurrence. This is the first study of factors influencing the non-compliance of meat samples across Thailand. Authorities can use the study findings to enhance food safety strategies at the national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunnanut Klaharn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Pichpol
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tongkorn Meeyam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Tondo EC, Gonçalves CTH. Using Risk–Benefit Analysis to Control Salmonella in Chicken Meat. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have created a risk–benefit analysis (RBA) model to assist in food safety decision-making by analyzing Salmonella control in Brazilian chicken meat. First, we described the issues in a risk profile and used a 5×5 matrix to rank the risks associated with Salmonella. We then classified the magnitude of benefits and costs of control measures using another matrix. Finally, we verified the beneficial effects of recommended control measures using Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA). The RBA classified Salmonella contamination as risk 6, indicating that control measures should be taken in the short and medium terms. It also recommended the adoption of biosecurity measures on farms to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella in birds, better control of carcass washings and chiller tank management, and information placement on packages and campaigns to raise the awareness of the population about the need to control Salmonella contamination before consumption. On the other hand, it did not recommend better controls at scalding and defeathering. QMRA confirmed the beneficial effects of the recommended control measures. For example, as Salmonella prevalence in poultry increased from 4.04 per cent to 50 per cent, the risk of infection per serving also increased from 0.0080 to 0.071. Although better controls in washings and chiller tank management did not affect the risk of infection, it reduced Salmonella counts on carcasses. We assume that the presence of Salmonella on carcasses was due to improper thermal processing or cross-contamination, which increased the risk from 0.0080 to 0.015962. The RBA demonstrated the logic involved in the adoption of control measures, and this can be helpful in the risk management of food safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cesar Tondo
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul–ICTA/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Yazdekhasti A, Wang J, Zhang L, Ma J. A multi-period multi-modal stochastic supply chain model under COVID pandemic: A poultry industry case study in Mississippi. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART E, LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION REVIEW 2021; 154:102463. [PMID: 34512109 PMCID: PMC8418151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tre.2021.102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The poultry industry is one of the most important agricultural sectors, which constitutes a significant part of the per capita consumption of protein and meat. Integrating operations of poultry industry sections including production, distribution and consumption becomes vital. Although the proper poultry supply chain has been established and made plenty of benefits for a long time, the global outbreak of COVID-19 shows that operations under pandemic are still challenge for the poultry industry. In this paper, the impacts of pandemic on poultry industry is investigated by developing a multi-period multi-modal stochastic poultry supply chain. Two models are developed aiming to mitigate the negative effects of pandemic occurrence through product stocking policy. In the first model, distribution system is in accordance with a multi-component structure, while the second model allows direct connections between suppliers (farmers) and demanders (customers). In both models, poultry productions are negatively affected by COVID 19. Due to the complexity of the model, a hybrid solution approach based on Branch and Cut and Dynamic Programming is developed. To validate the performance of the proposed model and solution procedure, a case study on the broiler industry in the state of Mississippi is performed. The results show that storing poultry products in the pre-pandemic along with direct logistics during pandemic period can save the broiler supply chain cost up to 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Yazdekhasti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Daneshpajoohan Pishro Higher Education Institute, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Junfeng Ma
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Park H, Kim J, Kim M, Park Y, Ryu S. Development of new strategy combining heat treatment and phage cocktail for post-contamination prevention. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110415. [PMID: 34112418 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heat treatment is an effective method for ensuring food safety and quality by controlling microbial contamination. However, food poisoning outbreaks have continuously occurred in heat-treated products due to improper thermal treatment and/or post-contamination of foodborne pathogens. This study proposes a novel strategy combining thermostable bacteriophages with thermal processing of food production plants to control foodborne pathogens and even bacterial contamination. Typically, bacteriophages' susceptibility to heat is a major challenge to their application with thermal processing, we isolated thermostable bacteriophages by a modified isolation method of applying heat to samples and characterized the thermostable bacteriophages. Furthermore, we optimized the bacteriophage cocktail components to expand the controllable host range and reduce the risk of bacteriophage resistance development. Finally, we verified this antibacterial strategy by combining heat treatment with thermostable bacteriophages in model systems, including milk and chicken breast. After the phage cocktail and heat treatment, we artificially contaminated the food products to mimic the post-contamination event. Surprisingly, the remaining bacteriophages that withstood heat treatment significantly reduced the number of post-contaminated Salmonella. Altogether, thermostable phages could be applied as complementary tools to control post-contamination after thermal processing of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejoon Park
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Park
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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A quantitative risk assessment model of Salmonella contamination for the yellow-feathered broiler chicken supply chain in China. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kang MS, Park JH, Kim HJ. Predictive Modeling for the Growth of Salmonella spp. in Liquid Egg White and Application of Scenario-Based Risk Estimation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030486. [PMID: 33669000 PMCID: PMC7996612 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to develop a predictive model of Salmonella spp. growth in pasteurized liquid egg white (LEW) and to estimate the salmonellosis risk using the baseline model and scenario analysis. Samples were inoculated with six strains of Salmonella, and bacterial growth was observed during storage at 10–37 °C. The primary models were developed using the Baranyi model for LEW. For the secondary models, the obtained specific growth rate (μmax) and lag phase duration were fitted to a square root model and Davey model, respectively, as functions of temperature (R2 ≥ 0.98). For μmax, the values were satisfied within an acceptable range (Af, Bf: 0.70–1.15). The probability of infection (Pinf) due to the consumption of LEW was zero in the baseline model. However, scenario analysis suggested possible salmonellosis for the consumption of LEW. Because Salmonella spp. proliferated much faster in LEW than in egg white (EW) during storage at 20 and 30 °C (p < 0.01), greater Pinf may be obtained for LEW when these products are stored at the same conditions. The developed predictive model can be applied to the risk management of Salmonella spp. along the food chain, including during product storage and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Seon Kang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.S.K.); (J.H.P.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Park
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.S.K.); (J.H.P.)
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.S.K.); (J.H.P.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9271
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Khalid T, Hdaifeh A, Federighi M, Cummins E, Boué G, Guillou S, Tesson V. Review of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment in Poultry Meat: The Central Position of Consumer Behavior. Foods 2020; 9:E1661. [PMID: 33202859 PMCID: PMC7697500 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food of animal origin, especially meat products, represent the main vehicle of foodborne pathogens and so are implicated in foodborne outbreaks. Poultry meat is a widely consumed food in various forms, but it is also a reservoir of thermotolerant Campylobacter and Salmonella bacterial species. To assess human health risks associated with pathogenic bacteria in poultry meat, the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has increased over the years as it is recognized to address complex food safety issues and is recommended by health authorities. The present project reviewed poultry meat QMRA, identified key steps of the farm-to-fork chain with significant impacts on food safety, highlighted current knowledge gaps, and provided risk mitigation advices. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-based systematic analysis was carried out and enabled the collection of 4056 studies including 42 QMRA kept for analysis after screening. The latter emphasized Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. contaminations during the consumer stage as the main concern. The role of consumer handling on cross-contamination and undercooking events were of major concern. Thus, proper hygiene and safety practices by consumers have been suggested as the main intervention and would need to be followed with regular surveys to assess behavior changes and reduce knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahreem Khalid
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Ammar Hdaifeh
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Géraldine Boué
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Sandrine Guillou
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Tesson
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
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Distribution of Salmonella Serovars in Humans, Foods, Farm Animals and Environment, Companion and Wildlife Animals in Singapore. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165774. [PMID: 32785026 PMCID: PMC7460486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the epidemiological distribution of Salmonella serovars in humans, foods, animals and the environment as a One-Health step towards identifying risk factors for human salmonellosis. Throughout the 2012-2016 period, Salmonella ser. Enteritidis was consistently the predominating serovar attributing to >20.0% of isolates in humans. Other most common serovars in humans include Salmonella ser. Stanley, Salmonella ser. Weltevreden, Salmonella ser. Typhimurium and Salmonella ser. 4,5,12:b:-(dT+). S. Enteritidis was also the most frequent serovar found among the isolates from chicken/chicken products (28.5%) and eggs/egg products (61.5%) during the same period. In contrast, S. Typhimurium (35.2%) and Salmonella ser. Derby (18.8%) were prevalent in pork/pork products. S. Weltevreden was more frequent in seafood (19.2%) than others (≤3.0%). Most isolates (>80.0%) from farms, companion and wildlife animals belonged to serovars other than S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium. Findings demonstrate the significance of a One-Health investigative approach to understand the epidemiology Salmonella for more effective and integrated surveillance systems.
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Xiao X, Wang W, Zhang J, Liao M, Yang H, Fang W, Li Y. Modeling the Reduction and Cross-Contamination of Salmonella in Poultry Chilling Process in China. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E448. [PMID: 31614953 PMCID: PMC6843316 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
: The study was to establish a predictive model for reduction and cross-contamination of Salmonella on chicken in chilling process. Reduction of Salmonella on chicken was 0.75 ± 0.04, 0.74 ± 0.08, and 0.79 ± 0.07 log CFU/g with 20, 50, and 100 mg/L of chlorine, respectively. No significant differences of bacterial reductions with 20-100 mg/L of chlorine were found and a Normal (-0.75, 0.1) distribution could describe the uncertainty of bacterial reductions. Inoculated and non-inoculated chicken samples were washed together and bacterial transfer rates among them were 0.13%-0.004% with 20-100 mg/L of chlorine. No significant differences of transfer rates with 50-100 mg/L of chlorine were observed and a Triangle (-2.5, -1.5, -1.1) distribution could describe the log transfer rate. Additionally, a 3-factor response surface model based on the central composite design was developed to evaluate the effects of initial contamination level (1-5 log CFU/g), pre-chill incidence (3%-40%) and chlorine concentration (0-100 mg/L) on post-chill incidence. The post-chill incidences in these treatments were within 30%-91.7%. The developed model showed a satisfactory performance to predict the post-chill incidence as evidenced by statistical indices (pseudo-R2 = 0.9; p < 0.0001; RMSE = 0.21) and external validation parameters (Bf = 1.02; Af = 1.11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingning Xiao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, MOA Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Hangzhou), Institute of Quality and Standard of Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, MOA Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Hangzhou), Institute of Quality and Standard of Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, MOA Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Hangzhou), Institute of Quality and Standard of Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Weihuan Fang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yanbin Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, A.R. 72701, USA.
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