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He W, Tan Y, Song Z, Liu B, Xia H, Zheng H, Liu D, Liu C, He P, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Ou X, Wang S, Guo J, Zhao Y. Transmission dynamics of tuberculosis in a high-burden area of China: An 8-year population-based study using whole genome sequencing. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 147:107210. [PMID: 39151786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the transmission patterns of tuberculosis (TB) and its associated risk factors in Hunan province to inform the development of prevention and control strategies in the region. METHODS An 8-year retrospective population-based genomic epidemiological study was conducted. Genomic clusters were defined using distance thresholds of 12-single-nucletide-polymorphisms. Risk factors associated with TB transmission were analyzed using logistic regression model. Kernel Density analysis was used to locate hotspots where transmission occurred. RESULTS Among 2649 TB cases included in this study, 275 clusters were identified, with an overall clustering rate of 24.7% (654/2649). Nearly 95% (620/654) of clustered strains were isolated from the same county. Of the 275 clusters, 23 (8.4%, 23/275) had differences in drug-resistant profiles, with FQs resistance mutations occurring most frequently (52.2%, 12/23). Multivariate analysis identified male TB patients, those aged 30-60 years, ethnic minorities, nonfarmers, retreated TB patients, and individuals infected with MDR/RR-TB as independent risk factors for TB transmission (P < 0.05). Kernel density analysis showed that among the 5 drug-resistant surveillance sites, Leiyang had the highest clustering rate, followed by Yongshun, Qidong, Hecheng, and Taojiang. CONCLUSION Recent transmission in the region is predominantly occurring within counties. The risk factors related to TB transmission and the hotspots where transmission occurs can provide a scientific basis for the formulation of targeted TB prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhong Tan
- Hunan Provincial Chest Hospital, Tuberculosis Control Institution of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zexuan Song
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Hunan Provincial Chest Hospital, Tuberculosis Control Institution of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Xia
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxin Liu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfa Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyuan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xichao Ou
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shengfen Wang
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Guo
- Hunan Provincial Chest Hospital, Tuberculosis Control Institution of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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2
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Lanni A, Iacobino A, Fattorini L, Giannoni F. Eradication of Drug-Tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2022: Where We Stand. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1511. [PMID: 37375013 PMCID: PMC10301435 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs of tuberculosis (TB) patients contain a spectrum of granulomatous lesions, ranging from solid and well-vascularized cellular granulomas to avascular caseous granulomas. In solid granulomas, current therapy kills actively replicating (AR) intracellular bacilli, while in low-vascularized caseous granulomas the low-oxygen tension stimulates aerobic and microaerophilic AR bacilli to transit into non-replicating (NR), drug-tolerant and extracellular stages. These stages, which do not have genetic mutations and are often referred to as persisters, are difficult to eradicate due to low drug penetration inside the caseum and mycobacterial cell walls. The sputum of TB patients also contains viable bacilli called differentially detectable (DD) cells that, unlike persisters, grow in liquid, but not in solid media. This review provides a comprehensive update on drug combinations killing in vitro AR and drug-tolerant bacilli (persisters and DD cells), and sterilizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected BALB/c and caseum-forming C3HeB/FeJ mice. These observations have been important for testing new drug combinations in noninferiority clinical trials, in order to shorten the duration of current regimens against TB. In 2022, the World Health Organization, following the results of one of these trials, supported the use of a 4-month regimen for the treatment of drug-susceptible TB as a possible alternative to the current 6-month regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Federico Giannoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (A.I.); (L.F.)
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3
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Grossman S, Fishwick CWG, McPhillie MJ. Developments in Non-Intercalating Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors: Allosteric and ATPase Inhibitors of DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:261. [PMID: 37259406 PMCID: PMC9964621 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in antibiotic usage and antimicrobial resistance occurrence have caused a dramatic reduction in the effectiveness of many frontline antimicrobial treatments. Topoisomerase inhibitors including fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat a range of infections, which stabilise a topoisomerase-DNA cleavage complex via intercalation of the bound DNA. However, these are subject to bacterial resistance, predominantly in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the active site. Significant research has been undertaken searching for novel bioactive molecules capable of inhibiting bacterial topoisomerases at sites distal to the fluoroquinolone binding site. Notably, researchers have undertaken searches for anti-infective agents that can inhibit topoisomerases through alternate mechanisms. This review summarises work looking at the inhibition of topoisomerases predominantly through non-intercalating agents, including those acting at a novel allosteric site, ATPase domain inhibitors, and those offering unique binding modes and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Grossman
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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4
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He W, Tan Y, Song Z, Liu B, Wang Y, He P, Xia H, Huang F, Liu C, Zheng H, Pei S, Liu D, Ma A, Cao X, Zhao B, Ou X, Wang S, Zhao Y. Endogenous relapse and exogenous reinfection in recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis: A retrospective study revealed by whole genome sequencing. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1115295. [PMID: 36876077 PMCID: PMC9981662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1115295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis may reoccur due to reinfection or relapse after initially successful treatment. Distinguishing the cause of TB recurrence is crucial to guide TB control and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the source of TB recurrence and risk factors related to relapse in Hunan province, a high TB burden region in southern China. Methods A population-based retrospective study was conducted on all culture-positive TB cases in Hunan province, China from 2013 to 2020. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were used to detect drug resistance and distinguish between relapse and reinfection. Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test were applied to compare differences in categorical variables between relapse and reinfection. The Kaplan-Meier curve was generated in R studio (4.0.4) to describe and compare the time to recurrence between different groups. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Of 36 recurrent events, 27 (75.0%, 27/36) paired isolates were caused by relapse, and reinfection accounted for 25.0% (9/36) of recurrent cases. No significant difference in characteristics was observed between relapse and reinfection (all p > 0.05). In addition, TB relapse occurs earlier in patients of Tu ethnicity compared to patients of Han ethnicity (p < 0.0001), whereas no significant differences in the time interval to relapse were noted in other groups. Moreover, 83.3% (30/36) of TB recurrence occurred within 3 years. Overall, these recurrent TB isolates were predominantly pan-susceptible strains (71.0%, 49/69), followed by DR-TB (17.4%, 12/69) and MDR-TB (11.6%, 8/69), with mutations mainly in codon 450 of the rpoB gene and codon 315 of the katG gene. 11.1% (3/27) of relapse cases had acquired new resistance during treatment, with fluoroquinolone resistance occurring most frequently (7.4%, 2/27), both with mutations in codon 94 of gyrA. Conclusion Endogenous relapse is the main mechanism leading to TB recurrences in Hunan province. Given that TB recurrences can occur more than 4 years after treatment completion, it is necessary to extend the post-treatment follow-up period to achieve better management of TB patients. Moreover, the relatively high frequency of fluoroquinolone resistance in the second episode of relapse suggests that fluoroquinolones should be used with caution when treating TB cases with relapse, preferably guided by DST results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhong Tan
- Hunan Provincial Chest Hospital, Tuberculosis Control Institution of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zexuan Song
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Hunan Provincial Chest Hospital, Tuberculosis Control Institution of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xia
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfa Liu
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojun Pei
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxin Liu
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aijing Ma
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xichao Ou
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shengfen Wang
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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5
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Microfluidic dose-response platform to track the dynamics of drug response in single mycobacterial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19578. [PMID: 36379978 PMCID: PMC9666435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical analysis of drug efficacy is critical for drug development. However, conventional bulk-cell assays statically assess the mean population behavior, lacking resolution on drug-escaping cells. Inaccurate estimation of efficacy can lead to overestimation of compounds, whose efficacy will not be confirmed in the clinic, or lead to rejection of valuable candidates. Time-lapse microfluidic microscopy is a powerful approach to characterize drugs at high spatiotemporal resolution, but hard to apply on a large scale. Here we report the development of a microfluidic platform based on a pneumatic operating principle, which is scalable and compatible with long-term live-cell imaging and with simultaneous analysis of different drug concentrations. We tested the platform with mycobacterial cells, including the tubercular pathogen, providing the first proof of concept of a single-cell dose-response assay. This dynamic in-vitro model will prove useful to probe the fate of drug-stressed cells, providing improved predictions of drug efficacy in the clinic.
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6
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Govender P, Müller R, Singh K, Reddy V, Eyermann CJ, Fienberg S, Ghorpade SR, Koekemoer L, Myrick A, Schnappinger D, Engelhart C, Meshanni J, Byl JAW, Osheroff N, Singh V, Chibale K, Basarab GS. Spiropyrimidinetrione DNA Gyrase Inhibitors with Potent and Selective Antituberculosis Activity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6903-6925. [PMID: 35500229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New antibiotics with either a novel mode of action or novel mode of inhibition are urgently needed to overcome the threat of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). The present study profiles new spiropyrimidinetriones (SPTs), DNA gyrase inhibitors having activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. While the clinical candidate zoliflodacin has progressed to phase 3 trials for the treatment of gonorrhea, compounds herein demonstrated higher inhibitory potency against Mtb DNA gyrase (e.g., compound 42 with IC50 = 2.0) and lower Mtb minimum inhibitor concentrations (0.49 μM for 42). Notably, 42 and analogues showed selective Mtb activity relative to representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. DNA gyrase inhibition was shown to involve stabilization of double-cleaved DNA, while on-target activity was supported by hypersensitivity against a gyrA hypomorph. Finally, a docking model for SPTs with Mtb DNA gyrase was developed, and a structural hypothesis was built for structure-activity relationship expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preshendren Govender
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Rudolf Müller
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Kawaljit Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Virsinha Reddy
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Charles J Eyermann
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Stephen Fienberg
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Sandeep R Ghorpade
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Lizbé Koekemoer
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D) South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Alissa Myrick
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D) South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Curtis Engelhart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jaclynn Meshanni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jo Ann W Byl
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Neil Osheroff
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D) South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D) South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Basarab
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa
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7
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Beuchel A, Robaa D, Negatu DA, Madani A, Alvarez N, Zimmerman MD, Richter A, Mann L, Hoenke S, Csuk R, Dick T, Imming P. Structure-Activity Relationship of Anti- Mycobacterium abscessus Piperidine-4-carboxamides, a New Class of NBTI DNA Gyrase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:417-427. [PMID: 35300094 PMCID: PMC8919391 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus causes difficult-to-cure pulmonary infections. The bacterium is resistant to most anti-infective agents, including first line antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs. MMV688844 (844) is a piperidine-4-carboxamide (P4C) with bactericidal properties against M. abscessus. We recently identified DNA gyrase as the molecular target of 844. Here, we present in silico docking and genetic evidence suggesting that P4Cs display a similar binding mode to DNA gyrase as gepotidacin. Gepotidacin is a member of the Novel Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors (NBTIs), a new class of nonfluoroquinolone DNA gyrase poisons. Thus, our work suggests that P4Cs present a novel structural subclass of NBTI. We describe structure-activity relationship studies of 844 leading to analogues showing increased antibacterial activity. Selected derivatives were tested for their inhibitory activity against recombinant M. abscessus DNA gyrase. Further optimization of the lead structures led to improved stability in mouse plasma and increased oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Beuchel
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dereje A Negatu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States.,Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Abdeldjalil Madani
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Nadine Alvarez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Matthew D Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lea Mann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sophie Hoenke
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States.,Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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8
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Spiropyrimidinetriones: a Class of DNA Gyrase Inhibitors with Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and without Cross-Resistance to Fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0219221. [PMID: 35266826 PMCID: PMC9017349 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02192-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Described here is a series of spiropyrimidinetrione (SPT) compounds with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis through inhibition of DNA gyrase. The SPT class operates via a novel mode of inhibition, which involves Mg2+-independent stabilization of the DNA cleavage complex with DNA gyrase and is thereby not cross-resistant with other DNA gyrase-inhibiting antibacterials, including fluoroquinolones. Compound 22 from the series was profiled broadly and showed in vitro cidality as well as intracellular activity against M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Evidence for the DNA gyrase mode of action was supported by inhibition of the target in a DNA supercoiling assay and elicitation of an SOS response seen in a recA reporter strain of M. tuberculosis. Pharmacokinetic properties of 22 supported evaluation of efficacy in an acute model of M. tuberculosis infection, where modest reduction in CFU numbers was seen. This work offers promise for deriving a novel drug class of tuberculosis agent without preexisting clinical resistance.
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9
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Abstract
New, more-effective drugs for the treatment of lung disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are needed. Among NTM opportunistic pathogens, Mycobacterium abscessus is the most difficult to cure and intrinsically multidrug resistant. In a whole-cell screen of a compound collection active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we previously identified the piperidine-4-carboxamide (P4C) MMV688844 (844) as a hit against M. abscessus. Here, we identified a more potent analog of 844 and showed that both the parent and improved analog retain activity against strains representing all three subspecies of the M. abscessus complex. Furthermore, P4Cs showed bactericidal and antibiofilm activity. Spontaneous resistance against the P4Cs emerged at a frequency of 10−8/CFU and mapped to gyrA and gyrB encoding the subunits of DNA gyrase. Biochemical studies with recombinant M. abscessus DNA gyrase showed that P4Cs inhibit the wild-type enzyme but not the P4C-resistant mutant. P4C-resistant strains showed limited cross-resistance to the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin, which is in clinical use for the treatment of macrolide-resistant M. abscessus disease, and no cross-resistance to the benzimidazole SPR719, a novel DNA gyrase inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of mycobacterial diseases. Analyses of P4Cs in recA promoter-based DNA damage reporter strains showed induction of recA promoter activity in the wild type but not in the P4C-resistant mutant background. This indicates that P4Cs, similar to fluoroquinolones, cause DNA gyrase-mediated DNA damage. Together, our results show that P4Cs present a novel class of mycobacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors with attractive antimicrobial activities against the M. abscessus complex.
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10
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Knoll KE, Lindeque Z, Adeniji AA, Oosthuizen CB, Lall N, Loots DT. Elucidating the Antimycobacterial Mechanism of Action of Decoquinate Derivative RMB041 Using Metabolomics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:693. [PMID: 34200519 PMCID: PMC8228794 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), still remains one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. The high prevalence of this disease is mostly ascribed to the rapid development of drug resistance to the current anti-TB drugs, exacerbated by lack of patient adherence due to drug toxicity. The aforementioned highlights the urgent need for new anti-TB compounds with different antimycobacterial mechanisms of action to those currently being used. An N-alkyl quinolone; decoquinate derivative RMB041, has recently shown promising antimicrobial activity against Mtb, while also exhibiting low cytotoxicity and excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics. Its exact mechanism of action, however, is still unknown. Considering this, we used GCxGC-TOFMS and well described metabolomic approaches to analyze and compare the metabolic alterations of Mtb treated with decoquinate derivative RMB041 by comparison to non-treated Mtb controls. The most significantly altered pathways in Mtb treated with this drug include fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycerol metabolism, and the urea cycle. These changes support previous findings suggesting this drug acts primarily on the cell wall and secondarily on the DNA metabolism of Mtb. Additionally, we identified metabolic changes suggesting inhibition of protein synthesis and a state of dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E. Knoll
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Zander Lindeque
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Adetomiwa A. Adeniji
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Carel B. Oosthuizen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.B.O.); (N.L.)
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.B.O.); (N.L.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
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11
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Knoll KE, Lindeque Z, Adeniji AA, Oosthuizen CB, Lall N, Loots DT. Elucidating the Antimycobacterial Mechanism of Action of Ciprofloxacin Using Metabolomics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061158. [PMID: 34071153 PMCID: PMC8228629 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the interest of developing more effective and safer anti-tuberculosis drugs, we used a GCxGC-TOF-MS metabolomics research approach to investigate and compare the metabolic profiles of Mtb in the presence and absence of ciprofloxacin. The metabolites that best describe the differences between the compared groups were identified as markers characterizing the changes induced by ciprofloxacin. Malic acid was ranked as the most significantly altered metabolite marker induced by ciprofloxacin, indicative of an inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and glyoxylate cycle of Mtb. The altered fatty acid, myo-inositol, and triacylglycerol metabolism seen in this group supports previous observations of ciprofloxacin action on the Mtb cell wall. Furthermore, the altered pentose phosphate intermediates, glycerol metabolism markers, glucose accumulation, as well as the reduction in the glucogenic amino acids specifically, indicate a flux toward DNA (as well as cell wall) repair, also supporting previous findings of DNA damage caused by ciprofloxacin. This study further provides insights useful for designing network whole-system strategies for the identification of possible modes of action of various drugs and possibly adaptations by Mtb resulting in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E. Knoll
- Department of Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Zander Lindeque
- Department of Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Adetomiwa A. Adeniji
- Department of Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Carel B. Oosthuizen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.B.O.); (N.L.)
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.B.O.); (N.L.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Department of Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-(0)18-299-1818
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Dissecting the RecA-(In)dependent Response to Mitomycin C in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Transcriptional Profiling and Proteomics Analyses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051168. [PMID: 34064944 PMCID: PMC8151990 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria exploit at least two independent global systems in response to DNA damage: the LexA/RecA-dependent SOS response and the PafBC-regulated pathway. Intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are exposed to oxidative and nitrosative stress during the course of infection while residing inside host macrophages. The current understanding of RecA-independent responses to DNA damage is based on the saprophytic model of Mycobacterium smegmatis, a free-living and nonpathogenic mycobacterium. The aim of the present study was to identify elements of RecA-independent responses to DNA damage in pathogenic intracellular mycobacteria. With the help of global transcriptional profiling, we were able to dissect RecA-dependent and RecA-independent pathways. We profiled the DNA damage responses of an M. tuberculosis strain lacking the recA gene, a strain with an undetectable level of the PafBC regulatory system, and a strain with both systems tuned down simultaneously. RNA-Seq profiling was correlated with the evaluation of cell survival in response to DNA damage to estimate the relevance of each system to the overall sensitivity to genotoxic agents. We also carried out whole-cell proteomics analysis of the M. tuberculosis strains in response to mitomycin C. This approach highlighted that LexA, a well-defined key element of the SOS system, is proteolytically inactivated during RecA-dependent DNA repair, which we found to be transcriptionally repressed in response to DNA-damaging agents in the absence of RecA. Proteomics profiling revealed that AlkB was significantly overproduced in the ΔrecA pafBCCRISPRi/dCas9 strain and that Holliday junction resolvase RuvX was a DNA damage response factor that was significantly upregulated regardless of the presence of functional RecA and PafBC systems, thus falling into a third category of DNA damage factors: RecA- and PafBC-independent. While invisible to the mass spectrometer, the genes encoding alkA, dnaB, and dnaE2 were significantly overexpressed in the ΔrecA pafBCCRISPRi/dCas9 strain at the transcript level.
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