1
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Flow platform for the synthesis of benzodiazepines. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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2
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Farhid H, Khodkari V, Nazeri MT, Javanbakht S, Shaabani A. Multicomponent reactions as a potent tool for the synthesis of benzodiazepines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3318-3358. [PMID: 33899847 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs), a diverse class of benzofused seven-membered N-heterocycles, display essential pharmacological properties and play vital roles in some biochemical processes. They have mainly been prescribed as potential therapeutic agents, which interestingly represent various biological activities such as anticancer, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculosis, muscle relaxant, and antimicrobial activities. The extensive biological activities of BZDs in various fields have encouraged medicinal chemists to discover and design novel BZD-based scaffolds as potential therapeutic candidates with the favorite biological activity through an efficient protocol. Although certainly valuable and important, conventional synthetic routes to these bicyclic benzene compounds contain methodologies often requiring multistep procedures, which suffer from waste materials generation and lack of sustainability. By contrast, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have recently advanced as a green synthetic strategy for synthesizing BZDs with the desired scope. In this regard, MCRs, especially Ugi and Ugi-type reactions, efficiently and conveniently supply various complex synthons, which can easily be converted to the BZDs via suitable post-transformations. Also, MCRs, especially Mannich-type reactions, provide speedy and economic approaches for the one-pot and one-step synthesis of BZDs. As a result, various functionalized-BZDs have been achieved by developing mild, efficient, and high-yielding MCR protocols. This review covers all aspects of the synthesis of BZDs with a particular focus on the MCRs as well as the mechanism chemistry of synthetic protocols. The present manuscript opens a new avenue for organic, medicinal, and industrial chemists to design safe, environmentally benign, and economical methods for the synthesis of new and known BZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Farhid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vida Khodkari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Nazeri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Siamak Javanbakht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran. and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
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3
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Synthesis of flow‐compatible Ru-Me/Al2O3 catalysts and their application in hydrogenation of 1-iodo-4-nitrobenzene. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe development of an active, selective, and long-term stable heterogeneous catalyst for the reductive hydrogenation of substituted nitrorarenes in continuous operation mode is still challenging. In this work, Ru based nanoparticles catalysts promoted with different transition metals (Zn, Co, Cu, Sn, or Fe) were supported on alumina spheres using spray wet impregnation method. The freshly prepared catalysts were characterized using complementary methods including scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The hydrogenation of 1-iodo-4-nitrobenzene served as model reaction to assess the catalytic performance of the prepared catalysts. The addition of the promotor affected the reducibility of Ru nanoparticles as well as the performance of the catalyst in the hydrogenation reaction. The highest yield of 4-iodoaniline (89 %) was obtained in a continuous flow process using Ru-Sn/Al2O3. The performance of this catalyst was also followed in a long-term experiment. With increasing operation time, a catalyst deactivation occurred which could only briefly compensate by an increase of the reaction temperature.
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4
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Garadi WA, Bakri YE, Lai C, Karthikeyan S, Ghayati LE, Mague JT, Essassi EM. Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Computational Investigation of New 4‐Phenyl‐decahydro‐1 H‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one as Potent Inhibitor of Mu‐opioid Receptor. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Al Garadi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique HétérocycliqueCentre de Recherche des Sciences des MédicamentsPôle de Compétences PharmacochimieURAC 21Faculté des SciencesUniversité Mohammed V Rabat Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014 Rabat Morocco
| | - Youness El Bakri
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique HétérocycliqueCentre de Recherche des Sciences des MédicamentsPôle de Compétences PharmacochimieURAC 21Faculté des SciencesUniversité Mohammed V Rabat Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014 Rabat Morocco
- South Ural State University Lenin prospect 76 Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
| | - Chin‐Hung Lai
- Department of Medical Applied ChemistryChung Shan Medical University Taichung 40241 Taiwan
- Department of Medical EducationChung Shan Medical University Hospital 402 Taichung Taiwan
| | - Subramani Karthikeyan
- Organic Chemistry DepartmentScience FacultyRUDN University Miklukho-Maklayast. 6 117198 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Lhoussaine El Ghayati
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique HétérocycliqueCentre de Recherche des Sciences des MédicamentsPôle de Compétences PharmacochimieURAC 21Faculté des SciencesUniversité Mohammed V Rabat Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014 Rabat Morocco
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of ChemistryTulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - El Mokhtar Essassi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique HétérocycliqueCentre de Recherche des Sciences des MédicamentsPôle de Compétences PharmacochimieURAC 21Faculté des SciencesUniversité Mohammed V Rabat Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014 Rabat Morocco
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5
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Yoo WJ, Ishitani H, Saito Y, Laroche B, Kobayashi S. Reworking Organic Synthesis for the Modern Age: Synthetic Strategies Based on Continuous-Flow Addition and Condensation Reactions with Heterogeneous Catalysts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5132-5145. [PMID: 32069417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While organic synthesis carried out in most laboratories uses batch methods, there is growing interest in modernizing fine chemical synthesis through continuous-flow processes. As a synthetic method, flow processes have several advantages over batch systems in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety, and recent advances have allowed for the synthesis of several complex molecules, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Nevertheless, due to several reasons related to the difficulties arising from byproduct formation during the flow process, such as lower yields, poor selectivities, clogging of columns due to poor solubility, catalyst poisoning, etc., successful examples of continuous-flow synthesis of complex organic molecules are still limited. In order to solve this bottleneck, the development of selective and atom-economical continuous-flow organic transformations are needed. This perspective highlights examples of atom-economical addition and condensation reactions with heterogeneous catalysts under continuous-flow conditions and their applications for the synthesis of complex organic molecules such as natural products and APIs. In order to realize new continuous-flow methodologies, based on addition and condensation reactions, in place of substitution reactions, the development of novel reactions and heterogeneous catalysts is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Yoo
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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6
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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7
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8
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Huang SC, Wang PW, Kuo PC, Hung HY, Pan TL. Hepatoprotective Principles and Other Chemical Constituents from the Mycelium of Phellinus linteus. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071705. [PMID: 30002357 PMCID: PMC6099599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic fibrosis Wistar rat model, the mycelium extract of Phellinus linteus (PLE) (20 mg/Kg) displayed significant protection against hepatic fibrosis. The present investigation characterized eleven new ionone derivatives, phellinulins D–N (4–14), from the P. linteus mycelium extract and the relative stereochemical structures were constructed according to the spectroscopic and spectrometric analytical results. Some purified compounds were examined for their inhibitory effects on activated rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and several isolates did exhibit significant protection. The results indicated that the mycelium of P. linteus could be explored as a hepatoprotective drug or healthy food candidate in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiow-Chyn Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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9
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Alex H, Loos P, Baramov T, Barry J, Godiawala T, Hassfeld J, Steinfeldt N. Polymer Encapsulated Cobalt-Based Catalysts (Co EnCatTM
) for Selective Continuous Hydrogenation of 1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Alex
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Patrick Loos
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Bayer AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
- Present address: Mercachem B.V.; Kerkenbos 1013 6546 BB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Todor Baramov
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Bayer AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
| | - John Barry
- Reaxa Limited, BioHub; Alderley Edge Cheshire SK10 4TG United Kingdom
| | - Tanmay Godiawala
- Reaxa Limited, BioHub; Alderley Edge Cheshire SK10 4TG United Kingdom
| | - Jorma Hassfeld
- Bayer AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Norbert Steinfeldt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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10
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Damião MCFCB, Galaverna R, Kozikowski AP, Eubanks J, Pastre JC. Telescoped continuous flow generation of a library of highly substituted 3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An integrated continuous flow process for the synthesis of 3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles is reported. A small library of 18 compounds was prepared in just 48 minutes of residence time in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renan Galaverna
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | | | - James Eubanks
- Division of Genetics and Development
- Krembil Research Institute
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
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11
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Baramov T, Loos P, Hassfeld J, Alex H, Beller M, Stemmler T, Meier G, Gottfried M, Roggan S. Encapsulated Cobalt Oxide on Carbon Nanotube Support as Catalyst for Selective Continuous Hydrogenation of the Showcase Substrate 1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todor Baramov
- Bayer Pharma AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Patrick Loos
- Bayer Pharma AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Mercachem B.V.; Kerkenbos 1013 6546 BB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Hassfeld
- Bayer Pharma AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Hannes Alex
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Tobias Stemmler
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Gregor Meier
- CAT Catalytic Center; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
- Oxea GmbH; Global Technology; Otto-Roelen-Str. 3 46147 Oberhausen Germany
| | | | - Stefan Roggan
- Bayer AG; Engineering & Technology (E&T); 51368 Leverkusen Germany
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12
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Stępień M, Gońka E, Żyła M, Sprutta N. Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3479-3716. [PMID: 27258218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 868] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natasza Sprutta
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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13
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Johnson MD, May SA, Calvin JR, Lambertus GR, Kokitkar PB, Landis CR, Jones BR, Abrams ML, Stout JR. Continuous Liquid Vapor Reactions Part 1: Design and Characterization of a Reactor for Asymmetric Hydroformylation. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Johnson
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Joel R. Calvin
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Gordon R. Lambertus
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Prashant B. Kokitkar
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Clark R. Landis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bradley R. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. Leigh Abrams
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James R. Stout
- D&M Continuous Solutions, LLC, Greenwood, Indiana 46143, United States
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14
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Ilangovan A, Sakthivel P, Sakthivel P. Green and practical transition metal-free one-pot conversion of substituted benzoic acids to anilines using tosyl azide. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00343e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for conversion of 2-iodo/2-nitro benzoic acids and dihydropyranone-fused benzoic acids into corresponding anilines, using tosyl azide, under transition metal-free conditions was developed. Steric and electronic effects play crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andivelu Ilangovan
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli – 620 024
- India
| | | | - Pandaram Sakthivel
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli – 620 024
- India
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15
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Kim H, Lee HJ, Kim DP. Flow-Assisted Synthesis of [10]Cycloparaphenylene through Serial Microreactions under Mild Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1422-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hyune-Jea Lee
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH; Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 790-784 South Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH; Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 790-784 South Korea
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16
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Kim H, Lee HJ, Kim DP. Flow-Assisted Synthesis of [10]Cycloparaphenylene through Serial Microreactions under Mild Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hyune-Jea Lee
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH; Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 790-784 South Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH; Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 790-784 South Korea
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J. Mallia
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
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18
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1194-219. [PMID: 26425178 PMCID: PMC4578405 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow processing as a key enabling technology has transformed the way we conduct chemistry and has expanded our synthetic capabilities. As a result many new preparative routes have been designed towards commercially relevant drug compounds achieving more efficient and reproducible manufacture. This review article aims to illustrate the holistic systems approach and diverse applications of flow chemistry to the preparation of pharmaceutically active molecules, demonstrating the value of this strategy towards every aspect ranging from synthesis, in-line analysis and purification to final formulation and tableting. Although this review will primarily concentrate on large scale continuous processing, additional selected syntheses using micro or meso-scaled flow reactors will be exemplified for key transformations and process control. It is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation of the innovative technology and transformational nature that flow chemistry can leverage to an overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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19
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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20
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Viviano M, Milite C, Rescigno D, Castellano S, Sbardella G. A continuous-flow synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepin-5-ones, privileged scaffolds for drug discovery. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13392g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous-flow strategy to achieve the benzodiazepine privileged structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - Donatella Rescigno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
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Herwig G, Hornung CH, Peeters G, Ebdon N, Savage GP. Porous double-layer polymer tubing for the potential use in heterogeneous continuous flow reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:22838-22846. [PMID: 25419902 DOI: 10.1021/am5070427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Functional polymer tubing with an OD of 1/16 or 1/8 in. was fabricated by a simple polymer coextrusion process. The tubing was made of an outer impervious polypropylene layer and an inner layer, consisting of a blend of a functional polymer, polyethylene-co-methacrylic acid, and a sacrificial polymer, polystyrene. After a simple solvent leaching step using common organic solvents, the polystyrene was removed, leaving behind a porous inner layer that contains functional carboxylic acid groups, which could then be used for the immobilization of target molecules. Solution-phase reactions using amines or isocyanates have proven successful for the immobilization of a series of small molecules and polymers. This flexible multilayered functional tubing can be easily cut to the desired length and connected via standard microfluidic fittings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Herwig
- Manufacturing Flagship, CSIRO , Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
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