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Rietzler B, Karlsson M, Kwan I, Lawoko M, Ek M. Fundamental Insights on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Organosolv Lignin from Norway Spruce Bark. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3349-3358. [PMID: 35815507 PMCID: PMC9364314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the bark and the attempt to add value to its utilization have increased over the last decade. By applying an integrated bark biorefinery approach, it is possible to investigate the recovery of compounds that can be used to develop green and sustainable alternatives to fossil-based materials. In this work, the focus is on extracting Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark lignin via organosolv extraction. Following the removal of the extractives and the subcritical water extraction to remove the polysaccharides, a novel cyclic organosolv extraction procedure was applied, which enabled the recovery of lignin with high quality and preserved structure. Main indicators for low degradation and preservation of the lignin structure were a high β-O-4' content and low amounts of condensed structures. Furthermore, high purity and low polydispersity of the lignin were observed. Thus, the obtained lignin exhibits high potential for use in the direct development of polymer precursors and other bio-based materials. During the extraction sequence, around 70% of the bark was extracted. Besides the lignin, the extractives as well as pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses were recovered with only minor degradation, which could potentially be used for the production of biofuel or other high-value products such as emulsifiers or adhesives.
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Schneider H, Schmitz T, Flores CG, Tessaro IC, Marcilio NR. Influence of Temperature and Residence Time in the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Rice Husk and Exhausted Black Wattle Bark. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thaís Schmitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila Gomes Flores
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabel Cristina Tessaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nilson Romeu Marcilio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Utilization of Suberinic Acids Containing Residue as an Adhesive for Particle Boards. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112304. [PMID: 35683976 PMCID: PMC9182914 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The birch (Betula spp.) outer bark is a valuable product rich in betulin. After removal of betulin extractives, suberin containing tissues are left. Suberin is a biopolyester built from α,ω-bifunctional fatty acids (suberinic acids), which after depolymerization together with lignocarbohydrate complex is a potential adhesive as a side-stream product (residue) from obtaining suberinic acids for polyol synthesis. In this work, we studied the utilization possibilities in particleboards of the said residue obtained by depolymerization in four different solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and 1-butanol). The adhesives were characterised by chemical (acid number, solubility in tetrahydrofuran, epoxy and ash content) and instrumental analytical methods (SEC-RID, DSC, TGA and FTIR). Based on the results of mechanical characteristics, ethanol was chosen as the most suitable depolymerization medium. The optimal hot-pressing parameters for particleboards were determined using the design of experiments approach: adhesive content 20 wt%; hot-pressing temperature 248 °C, and hot-pressing time 6.55 min.
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Organosolv Lignin from European Tree Bark: Influence of Bark Pretreatment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247774. [PMID: 34947367 PMCID: PMC8703965 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As lignin is becoming more and more attractive to industry and the circular economy continues to grow, the utilization of a byproduct that, to date, has been underrated by the wood industry is investigated as an abundantly available source of lignin. Bark from spruce, larch and beech tress is extracted using the organosolv process with and without prior hot water extraction. The influence of the treatment on chemical properties of the lignin was determined by spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and vibrational spectroscopy. It was found that hot water extraction prior to organosolv extraction influences the chemical composition, antioxidative properties and molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. While hot water extracts are rich in flavonoids, organosolv fractions can contain high amounts of organic acids depending on whether they are from a hardwood or softwood source. This investigation lays the foundation for further research into the utilization of byproducts to generate high-value resources.
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Korpinen RI, Kilpeläinen P, Sarjala T, Nurmi M, Saloranta P, Holmbom T, Koivula H, Mikkonen KS, Willför S, Saranpää PT. The Hydrophobicity of Lignocellulosic Fiber Network Can Be Enhanced with Suberin Fatty Acids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234391. [PMID: 31805659 PMCID: PMC6930657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Suberin fatty acids were extracted from outer bark of Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) using an isopropanolic sodium hydroxide solution. Laboratory sheets composed of lignocellulosic fiber networks were prepared from unbleached and unrefined softwood kraft pulp and further impregnated with suberin fatty acid monomers and cured with maleic anhydride in ethanol solution. The treatment resulted in hydrophobic surfaces, in which the contact angles remained over 120 degrees during the entire measurement. The fiber network also retained its water vapor permeability and enhanced fiber–fiber bonding resulted in improved tensile strength of the sheets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the curing agent, together with suberin fatty acids, was evenly distributed on the fiber surfaces and smoothing occurred over the wrinkled microfibrillar structure. High concentrations of the curing agent resulted in globular structures containing betulinol derivates as revealed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Also, the larger amount of suberin fatty acid monomers slightly impaired the optical properties of sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto I. Korpinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (P.K.); (T.S.); (P.T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-532-3571
| | - Petri Kilpeläinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (P.K.); (T.S.); (P.T.S.)
| | - Tytti Sarjala
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (P.K.); (T.S.); (P.T.S.)
| | - Maristiina Nurmi
- Laboratory of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500 Turku, Finland; (M.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Pauliina Saloranta
- Laboratory of Paper Coating and Converting, Center for Functional Materials, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500 Turku, Finland; (M.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Thomas Holmbom
- Oy Separation Research Ab, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Hanna Koivula
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.K.); (K.S.M.)
| | - Kirsi S. Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.K.); (K.S.M.)
| | - Stefan Willför
- Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Pekka T. Saranpää
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (P.K.); (T.S.); (P.T.S.)
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Tailoring Celluclast® Cocktail’s Performance towards the Production of Prebiotic Cello-Oligosaccharides from Waste Forest Biomass. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study focused on the sustainable production of cellobiose and other cellulose-derived oligosaccharides from non-edible sources, more specifically, from forest residues. For this purpose, a fine-tuning of the performance of the commercially available enzyme mixture Celluclast® was conducted towards the optimization of cellobiose production. By enzyme reaction engineering (pH, multi-stage hydrolysis with buffer exchange, addition of β-glucosidase inhibitor), a cellobiose-rich product with a high cellobiose to glucose ratio (37.4) was achieved by utilizing organosolv-pretreated birch biomass. In this way, controlled enzymatic hydrolysis combined with efficient downstream processing, including product recovery and purification through ultrafiltration and nanofiltration, can potentially support the sustainable production of food-grade oligosaccharides from forest biomass. The potential of the hydrolysis product to support the growth of two Lactobacilli probiotic strains as a sole carbon source was also demonstrated.
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Tupciauskas R, Rizhikovs J, Grinins J, Paze A, Andzs M, Brazdausks P, Puke M, Plavniece A. Investigation of suberinic acids-bonded particleboard. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Karnaouri A, Matsakas L, Krikigianni E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Valorization of waste forest biomass toward the production of cello-oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic activity by utilizing customized enzyme cocktails. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:285. [PMID: 31827613 PMCID: PMC6902470 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of value-added materials from lignocellulosic biomass residues is an emerging sector that has attracted much attention as it offers numerous benefits from an environmental and economical point of view. Non-digestible oligosaccharides represent a group of carbohydrates that are resistant to gastrointestinal digestion, and therefore, they are considered as potential prebiotic candidates. Such oligosaccharides can derive from the biomass cellulose fraction through a controlled enzymatic hydrolysis that eliminates the yield of monomers. RESULTS In the present study, hydrolysis of organosolv-pretreated forest residues (birch and spruce) was tested in the presence of four cellulases (EG5, CBH7, CBH6, EG7) and one accessory enzyme (LPMO). The optimal enzyme combinations were comprised of 20% EG5, 43% CBH7, 22% TtLPMO, 10% PaCbh6a and 5% EG7 in the case of birch and 35% EG5, 45% CBH7, 10% TtLPMO, 10% PaCbh6a and 5% EG7 in the case of spruce, leading to 22.3% and 19.1 wt% cellulose conversion into cellobiose, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis was applied on scale-up reactions, and the produced oligosaccharides (consisted of > 90% cellobiose) were recovered and separated from glucose through nanofiltration at optimized temperature (50 °C) and pressure (10 bar) conditions, yielding a final product with cellobiose-to-glucose ratio of 21.1 (birch) and 20.2 (spruce). Cellobiose-rich hydrolysates were tested as fermentative substrates for different lactic acid bacteria. It was shown that they can efficiently stimulate the growth of two Lactobacilli strains. CONCLUSIONS Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis with processive cellulases, combined with product recovery and purification, as well as enzyme recycling can potentially support the sustainable production of food-grade oligosaccharides from forest biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Eleni Krikigianni
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Matsakas L, Novak K, Enman J, Christakopoulos P, Rova U. Acetate-detoxification of wood hydrolysates with alkali tolerant Bacillus sp. as a strategy to enhance the lipid production from Rhodosporidium toruloides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 242:287-294. [PMID: 28412146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current work was to convert an acetate-rich hemicellulose liquid fraction (LF) from hot-water extraction of Betula pendula to oils for biodiesel, with Rhodosporidium toruloides. The toxicity of acetate was circumvented by biological detoxification with an isolated alkali-tolerant and acetate-resistant Bacillus sp. strain. Removal of other lignocellulose-derived inhibitors, such as furfural and phenols, was evaluated by two strategies; an activated carbon (AC) treatment of the undiluted LF, and dilution of the LF by 25% (0.75LF) and 50%. (0.50LF). The bacterium consumed most of the acetic acid in 6-8days in the treated or diluted media, which were subsequently used for cultivation of the yeast, for conversion of sugars to oils. The oil concentration reached 2.8 and 1.8g/L, in the AC LF and 0.75LF medium, respectively. In comparison, the oil accumulation in the same media without prior cultivation of Bacillus sp. was 0.86 and 0.03g/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Katharina Novak
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Josefine Enman
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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Abstract
The catalytic organosolv pulping of sugar maple bark was performed adopting the concept of forest biorefinery in order to transform bark into several valuable products. Our organosolv process, consisting of pre-extracting the lignocellulosic material followed by pulping with ferric chloride as a catalyst, was applied to sugar maple bark. The pre-extraction step has yielded a mixture of phenolic extractives, applicable as antioxidants. The organosolv pulping of extractives-free sugar maple bark yielded a solid cellulosic pulp (42.3%) and a black liquor containing solubilized bark lignin (24.1%) and products of sugars transformation (22.9% of hemicelluloses), mainly represented by furfural (0.35%) and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF, 0.74%). The bark cellulosic pulp was determined to be mainly constituted of glucose, with a high residual lignin content, probably related to the protein content of the original bark (containing cambium tissue). The biorefinery approach to the transformation of a solid bark residue into valuable biopolymers (lignin and cellulose) along with phenolic antioxidants from pre-extraction and the HMF derivatives from black liquor (applicable for 2,5-diformylfuran production) is an example of a catalytic process reposing on sustainable engineering and green chemistry concepts.
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