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Kinkela Devčić M, Pasković I, Kovač Z, Knežević PT, Morelato L, Glažar I, Simonić-Kocijan S. Antimicrobial Activity of Olive Leaf Extract to Oral Candida Isolates. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1726. [PMID: 39203568 PMCID: PMC11357380 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of olive leaf extract (OLE) and the synergistic effect of standard antifungal therapy and OLE against clinical oral Candida species' isolates. MATERIALS AND METHOD The susceptibility of 60 clinical isolates of the Candida species (36 C. albicans, 16 C. krusei, 5 C. glabrata and 3 C. tropicalis) was tested with four concentrations of OLE (60 µg/µL, 120 µg/µL, 240 µg/µL and 333 µg/µL) and the synergistic effect of standard antifungal therapy and OLE (miconazole (MIC) + 333 µg/µL OLE and nystatin (NYS) + 333 µg/µL OLE). The antimicrobial activity was tested using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS All concentrations (60 µg/µL, 120 µg/µL, 240 µg/µL and 333 µg/µL) of OLE showed a statistically significant effect on all Candida species compared to the control (DMSO) except for the lowest concentration (60 µg/µL) tested on C. glabrata. There was a dose-dependent effect of OLE on tested samples. Concentrations of 240 µg/µL and 333 µg/µL showed statistically significant higher antifungal activity compared to the lowest concentration of 60 µg/µL. No statistically significant synergistic effect of OLE and standard antifungal therapy was found compared with standard therapy alone. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study present the significant antimicrobial effect of OLE against all tested Candida species except for the lowest concentration on C. glabrata. Increasing the concentration of OLE also increases its effect on Candida species. This indicates the possible potential effect of OLE in the treatment of Candida-related oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kinkela Devčić
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40/42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.K.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Porec, Croatia;
| | - Zoran Kovač
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40/42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (Z.K.); (P.T.K.)
| | - Petra Tariba Knežević
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40/42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (Z.K.); (P.T.K.)
| | - Luka Morelato
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40/42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.K.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Irena Glažar
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40/42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sunčana Simonić-Kocijan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40/42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (Z.K.); (P.T.K.)
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Gavandi TC, Basrani ST, Chougule SA, Patil SB, Nille OS, Kolekar GB, Yankanchi SR, Karuppayil SM, Jadhav AK. Vidarabine as a novel antifungal agent against Candida albicans: insights on mechanism of action. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00565-z. [PMID: 39126447 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Around 1.5 million mortality cases due to fungal infection are reported annually, posing a massive threat to global health. However, the effectiveness of current antifungal therapies in the treatment of invasive fungal infections is limited. Repurposing existing antifungal drugs is an advisable alternative approach for enhancing their effectiveness. This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of the antiviral drug vidarabine against Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by microbroth dilution assay and further processed to find the minimum fungicidal concentration. Investigation on probable mode of vidarabine action against C. albicans was assessed by using the ergosterol reduction assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, nuclear condensation, and apoptosis assay. Results revealed that C. albicans was susceptible to vidarabine action and exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration at 150 µg/ml. At a concentration of 300 µg/ml, vidarabine had fungicidal activity against C. albicans. 300 µg/ml vidarabine-treated C. albicans cells demonstrated 91% reduced ergosterol content. Annexin/FITC/PI assay showed that vidarabine (150 µg/ml) had increased late apoptotic cells up to 31%. As per the fractional inhibitory concentration index, vidarabine had synergistic activity with fluconazole and caspofungin against this fungus. The mechanism underlying fungicidal action of vidarabine was evaluated at the intracellular level, and probably because of increased nuclear condensation, enhanced ROS generation, and cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, this data is the first to report that vidarabine has potential to be used as a repurposed antifungal agent alone or in combination with standard antifungal drugs, and could be a quick and safe addition to existing therapies for treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjila C Gavandi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, 416-003, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sargun T Basrani
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, 416-003, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayali A Chougule
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, 416-003, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivani B Patil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, 416-003, Maharashtra, India
| | - Omkar S Nille
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416-004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Govind B Kolekar
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416-004, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - S Mohan Karuppayil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, 416-003, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashwini K Jadhav
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, 416-003, Maharashtra, India.
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3
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Jawhara S. How Do Polyphenol-Rich Foods Prevent Oxidative Stress and Maintain Gut Health? Microorganisms 2024; 12:1570. [PMID: 39203412 PMCID: PMC11356206 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammatory disorders of the digestive tract. Oxidative stress, associated with increased reactive oxygen species generation, is a major risk factor for IBD pathogenesis. Industrialized lifestyles expose us to a variety of factors that contribute to deteriorating gut health, especially for IBD patients. Many alternative therapeutic strategies have been developed against oxidative stress along with conventional therapy to alleviate IBD pathogenesis. Polyphenol-rich foods have attracted growing interest from scientists due to their antioxidant properties. Polyphenols are natural compounds found in plants, fruits, vegetables, and nuts that exhibit antioxidant properties and protect the body from oxidative damage. This review presents an overview of polyphenol benefits and describes the different types of polyphenols. It also discusses polyphenols' role in inhibiting oxidative stress and fungal growth prevention. Overall, this review highlights how a healthy and balanced diet and avoiding the industrialized lifestyles of our modern society can minimize oxidative stress damage and protect against pathogen infections. It also highlights how polyphenol-rich foods play an important role in protecting against oxidative stress and fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Jawhara
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-20-62-35-46
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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4
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Magyari-Pavel IZ, Moacă EA, Avram Ș, Diaconeasa Z, Haidu D, Ștefănuț MN, Rostas AM, Muntean D, Bora L, Badescu B, Iuhas C, Dehelean CA, Danciu C. Antioxidant Extracts from Greek and Spanish Olive Leaves: Antimicrobial, Anticancer and Antiangiogenic Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:774. [PMID: 39061845 PMCID: PMC11273738 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Olea europaea L. is the most valuable species of the Olea type, and its products offer a wide range of therapeutical uses. The olive tree has been extensively studied for its nourishing qualities, and the "Mediterranean diet", which includes virgin olive oil as a key dietary component, is strongly associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and various malignancies. Olive leaves, a by-product in the olive harvesting process, are valued as a resource for developing novel phytomedicines. For this purpose, two ethanolic extracts obtained from Olivae folium from Spain (OFS) and Greece (OFG) were investigated. Our findings contribute to a wider characterization of olive leaves. Both extracts displayed important amounts of phenolic compounds and pentacyclic triterpenes, OFG having higher concentrations of both polyphenols, such as oleuropein and lutein, as well as triterpenes, such as oleanolic acid and maslinic acid. The antioxidant capacity is similar for the two extracts, albeit slightly higher for OFG, possibly due to metal polyphenol complexes with antioxidant activity. The extracts elicited an antimicrobial effect at higher doses, especially against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes. The extract with lower inorganic content and higher content of polyphenols and triterpenic acids induced a strong anti-radical capacity, a selective cytotoxic effect, as well as antimigratory potential on A375 melanoma cells and antiangiogenic potential on the CAM. No irritability and a good tolerability were noted after evaluating the extracts on the in vivo Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM). Therefore, the present data are suggestive for the possible use of the two types of olive leaf products as high-antioxidant extracts, potentially impacting the healthcare system through their use as antimicrobial agents and as anticancer and anti-invasion treatments for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Zinuca Magyari-Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.Z.M.-P.); (L.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Elena-Alina Moacă
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ștefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.Z.M.-P.); (L.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Zorița Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur, 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Daniela Haidu
- Romanian Academy “Coriolan Dragulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. M. Viteazu, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Mariana Nela Ștefănuț
- Department of Chemical and Electrochemical Syntheses, Laboratory of Electrochemical and Chemical Technologies, National Institute of Research and Development for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Dr. A. P. Podeanu 144, 300569 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Arpad Mihai Rostas
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies-INCDTIM, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Delia Muntean
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Larisa Bora
- Department of Pharmacognosy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.Z.M.-P.); (L.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Bianca Badescu
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Cristian Iuhas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes Street No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.Z.M.-P.); (L.B.); (C.D.)
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Bernini R, Campo M, Cassiani C, Fochetti A, Ieri F, Lombardi A, Urciuoli S, Vignolini P, Villanova N, Vita C. Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Agroindustrial Waste and Byproducts: Results and Perspectives According to the Green Chemistry and Circular Economy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12871-12895. [PMID: 38829927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural secondary metabolites found in plants endowed with multiple biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and anticancer). In view of these properties, they find many applications and are used as active ingredients in nutraceutical, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic formulations. In accordance with green chemistry and circular economy strategies, they can also be recovered from agroindustrial waste and reused in various sectors, promoting sustainable processes. This review described structural characteristics, methods for extraction, biological properties, and applications of polyphenolic extracts obtained from two selected plant materials of the Mediterranean area as olive (Olea europaea L.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) based on recent literature, highlighting future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bernini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Margherita Campo
- Department of Statistics, Informatics, Applications "G. Parenti" (DiSIA), PHYTOLAB Laboratory, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassiani
- Department of Statistics, Informatics, Applications "G. Parenti" (DiSIA), PHYTOLAB Laboratory, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Fochetti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesca Ieri
- Institute of Bioscience and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lombardi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Urciuoli
- Department of Statistics, Informatics, Applications "G. Parenti" (DiSIA), PHYTOLAB Laboratory, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Vignolini
- Department of Statistics, Informatics, Applications "G. Parenti" (DiSIA), PHYTOLAB Laboratory, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Noemi Villanova
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Chiara Vita
- QuMAP - PIN, University Center "Città di Prato" Educational and Scientific Services for the University of Florence, 59100 Prato, Italy
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6
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Esfandiary MA, Khosravi AR, Asadi S, Nikaein D, Hassan J, Sharifzadeh A. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of oleuropein against Escherichia coli and fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:154. [PMID: 38704559 PMCID: PMC11069153 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs, as well as their high cost, have prompted a search for low-cost herbal medicinal substances with fewer side effects. These substances can be used as supplements to medicine or to strengthen their effects. The current study investigated the effect of oleuropein on the inhibition of fungal and bacterial biofilm in-vitro and at the molecular level. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, antimicrobial properties were evaluated using microbroth dilution method. The effect of oleuropein on the formation and eradication of biofilm was assessed on 96-well flat bottom microtiter plates and their effects were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its effect on key genes (Hwp1, Als3, Epa1, Epa6, LuxS, Pfs) involved in biofilm formation was investigated using the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal/bactericidal concentration (MFC/MBC) for oleuropein were found to be 65 mg/ml and 130 mg/ml, respectively. Oleuropein significantly inhibited biofilm formation at MIC/2 (32.5 mg/ml), MIC/4 (16.25 mg/ml), MIC/8 (8.125 mg/ml) and MIC/16 (4.062 mg/ml) (p < 0.0001). The anti-biofilm effect of oleuropein was confirmed by SEM. RT-qPCR indicated significant down regulation of expression genes involved in biofilm formation in Candida albicans (Hwp1, Als3) and Candida glabrata (Epa1, Epa6) as well as Escherichia coli (LuxS, Pfs) genes after culture with a MIC/2 of oleuropein (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that oleuropein has antifungal and antibacterial properties that enable it to inhibit or destroy the formation of fungal and bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Esfandiary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Asadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Donya Nikaein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
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Rivas-Garcia L, Navarro-Hortal MD, Romero-Marquez JM, Llopis J, Forbes-Hernández TY, Xiao J, Quiles JL, Sanchez-Gonzalez C. Valorization of Olea europaea and olive oil processing by-products/wastes. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 107:193-212. [PMID: 37898540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea) is a native species from the Mediterranean region and widely cultivated for its edible fruit, known as olives. Olives are a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, and polyphenols, and have been shown to have various health benefits. They are commonly used for cooking and are also employed in cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry. The extract obtained from olive fruits and several subproducts of the olive industry has demonstrated several biological activities mainly associated with their antioxidant and inflammatory properties. Thus, olives, olive-derived products, and subproducts of the olive industry have gained popularity in recent years due to their potential health benefits and their use in traditional medicine. The present chapter summarizes the main applications of Olea europaea and olive oil processing by-products as therapeutic agents against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rivas-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Maria D Navarro-Hortal
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose M Romero-Marquez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Llopis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Tamara Y Forbes-Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense E, Spain
| | - Jose L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
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8
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Hajigholamreza H, Sharifzadeh A, Hassan J, Shokri H, Akbaripazouki A, Pakbin B, Tamai IA. Influence of menthol on biofilm formation, ergosterol content, and cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida glabrata. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad065. [PMID: 37429611 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to synthetic antifungals has become one of the leading public health challenges around the world. Accordingly, novel antifungal products like naturally occurring molecules can be one of the potential ways to reach efficient curative approaches to control candidiasis. This work evaluated the effect of menthol on cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), biofilm formation, growth, and ergosterol content of Candida glabrata, a yeast with a high resistance against antifungal agents. Disc diffusion method (susceptibility to synthetic antifungals), broth micro-dilution method (Susceptibility to menthol), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay (biofilm formation), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique (ergosterol content), and adherence to n-hexadecane (CSH) were employed to determine the influence of menthol against C. glabrata isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of menthol versus C. glabrata was 1250-5000 µg/mL (mean ± SD: 3375 ± 1375 µg/mL). The mean rate of C. glabrata biofilm formation was decreased up to 97.67%, 81.15%, 71.21%, 63.72%, 47.53%, 26.31%, and 0.051% at 625, 1250, 2500, 5000, 10 000, 20 000, and 40 000 µg/mL concentrations, respectively. The percentages of CSH were significant in groups treated with MIC/2 (17.51 ± 5.52%) and MIC/4 (26 ± 5.87%) concentrations of menthol. Also, the percentage changes in membrane ergosterol were 15.97%, 45.34%, and 73.40% at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/mL concentrations of menthol, respectively, in comparison with untreated control. The results showed the menthol impact versus sessile and planktonic C. glabrata cells, and the interference with ergosterol content, CSH, and biofilm formation, which made it a potent natural antifungal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hajigholamreza
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol 4615664616, Iran
| | - Ali Akbaripazouki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Babak Pakbin
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenberg Str. 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, Sion 2 1950, Switzerland
| | - Iradj Ashrafi Tamai
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
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9
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Targeting Virulence Factors of Candida albicans with Natural Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192951. [PMID: 36230026 PMCID: PMC9562657 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products derived from natural resources, including nutritional functional food, play an important role in human health. In recent years, the study of anti-fungal and other properties of agri-foods and derived functional compounds has been a hot research topic. Candida albicans is a parasitic fungus that thrives on human mucosal surfaces, which are colonized through opportunistic infection. It is the most prevalent cause of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised individuals, resulting in a wide variety of clinical symptoms. Moreover, the efficacy of classical therapeutic medications such as fluconazole is often limited by the development of resistance. There is an ongoing need for the development of novel and effective antifungal therapy and medications. Infection of C. albicans is influenced by a great quantity of virulence factors, like adhesion, invasion-promoting enzymes, mycelial growth, and phenotypic change, and among others. Furthermore, various natural products especially from food sources that target C. albicans virulence factors have been researched, providing promising prospects for C. albicans prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss the virulence factors of C. albicans and how functional foods and derived functional compounds affect them. Our hope is that this review will stimulate additional thoughts and suggestions regarding nutritional functional food and therapeutic development for patients afflicted with C. albicans.
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Antifungal activity of "HO21-F", a formulation based on Olea europaea plant extract, in honey bees infected with Nosema ceranae. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 193:107801. [PMID: 35863438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nosema ceranae is a microsporidium parasite that silently affects honey bees, causing a disease called nosemosis. This parasite produces resistant spores and germinates in the midgut of honey bees, extrudes a polar tubule that injects an infective sporoplasm in the host cell epithelium, proliferates, and produces intestinal disorders that shorten honey bee lifespan. The rapid extension of this disease has been reported to be widespread among adult bees, and treatments are less effective and counterproductive weakening colonies. This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of a prototype formulation based on a non-toxic plant extract (HO21-F) against N. ceranae. In laboratory, honey bees were infected artificially, kept in cages for 17 days and samples were taken at 7 and 14 days post infection (dpi). At the same time, in field conditions we evaluated the therapeutic effect of HO21-F for 28 days in naturally infected colonies. The effectiveness of the treatment has been demonstrated by a reduction of 83.6 % of the infection levels observed in laboratory conditions at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 g/L without affecting the survival rate. Besides, in-field conditions we reported a reduction of 88 % of the infection level at a concentration of 2.5 g/L, obtaining better antifungal effectiveness in comparison to other commercially available treatments. As a result, we observed that the use of HO21-F led to an increase in population size and honey production, both parameters associated with colony strength. The reported antifungal activity of HO21-F against N. ceranae, with a significant control of spore proliferation in worker bees, suggests the promising commercial application use of this product against nosemosis, and it will encourage new research studies to understand the mechanism of action, whether related to the spore-inhibition effect and/or a stimulating effect in natural response of colonies to counteract the disease.
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Penland M, Pawtowski A, Pioli A, Maillard MB, Debaets S, Deutsch SM, Falentin H, Mounier J, Coton M. Brine salt concentration reduction and inoculation with autochthonous consortia: Impact on Protected Designation of Origin Nyons black table olive fermentations. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of a New Olive Pomace Functional Ingredient. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090913. [PMID: 34577612 PMCID: PMC8471359 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive pomace, an olive oil processing byproduct, can be upcycled and meet the current demand for natural and sustainable food ingredients. In this work, a patented process was used to obtain a functional ingredient from different olive pomaces. The nutritional, chemical and antioxidant profiles, as well as the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans, were investigated for the first time. The amount of phenolics ranged between 3.1 and 3.8 g gallic acid eq./100 g in all samples and flavonoids between 2.0 and 3.2 g catechin eq/100 g. No significant differences were found regarding the antioxidant activity. The total fat varied between 5 and 11%, α-tocopherol being the major vitamer and oleic acid the main fatty acid. The protein and ash contents were 1–4% and 10–17%, respectively. The functional ingredient with a higher hydroxytyrosol content (220 mg/100 g) also presented the best minimal inhibitory concentration against the tested bacteria. No activity against C. albicans was verified. This new functional ingredient presents the potential to be used as a natural preservative or as a nutritional profile enhancer. Moreover, it can be an advantageous ingredient in food products, since it comprises specific lipid and hydrophilic bioactive compounds usually not present in other plant extracts.
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Silva TC, de Ávila RI, Zara ALSA, Santos AS, Ataídes F, Freitas VAQ, Costa CR, Valadares MC, Silva MDRR. Punicalagin triggers ergosterol biosynthesis disruption and cell cycle arrest in Cryptococcus gattii and Candida albicans : Action mechanisms of punicalagin against yeasts. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1719-1727. [PMID: 32856241 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Punicalagin is a phenolic compound extracted from Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil (Lythraceae) leaves. It has demonstrated interesting activity against pathogenic fungi, e.g., Cryptococcus gattii and Candida albicans, by inhibiting fungi growth in a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 4 μg/mL. However, the mechanisms behind its antifungal action are not well understood. In this study, certain parameters were investigated, by transmission electron microscopy, ergosterol synthesis inhibition, and flow cytometry analyses, to gain insight into the possible biological targets of punicalagin (4 or 16 μg/mL) against yeast cells. Data showed that, in contrast to untreated cells, punicalagin triggered severe ultrastructural changes in C. gattii and C. albicans, such as disorganization of cytoplasmic content and/or thickened cell walls. In addition, it caused a decrease in yeast plasma membrane ergosterol content in a concentration-dependent manner. However, it was unable to bring about significant fungal cell membrane rupture. On the other hand, punicalagin (16 μg/mL) significantly arrested C. albicans and C. gattii cells at the G0/G1 phase, with a consequent reduction in cells at the G2/M phase in both fungi isolates, and thereby prevented progression of the normal yeast cell cycle. However, these alterations showed no involvement of reactive oxygen species overproduction in C. albicans and C. gattii cells, although punicalagin triggered a significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in C. albicans. These findings suggest that punicalagin is a promising plant-derived compound for use in developing new antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaísa Cristina Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Toxicologia In Vitro - Tox In, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Andressa Santana Santos
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ataídes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Rodrigues Costa
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Toxicologia In Vitro - Tox In, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Leila A, Lamjed B, Roudaina B, Najla T, Taamalli A, Jellouli S, Mokhtar Z. Isolation of an antiviral compound from Tunisian olive twig cultivars. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:245-249. [PMID: 30633983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
(1) Many studies demonstrated that olive oil and the leaves have several biological activities, but the works on olive twigs remain very limited. In this report, we investigated for anti-coxsackievirus B-3 (CVB-3) and anti-herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) activities of olive twigs from two Tunisian varieties: Chemlali (CM) and Chétoui (CT). Extraction from the olive twigs was carried out using successively hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The obtained extracts were evaluated for their anti-CVB-3 and anti-HSV-2 activities by MTT and plaque reduction assays, respectively. Only hexane extracts exhibited significant activity with a selectivity index of 6.32±0.67 and 5.24±0.82 for CM and CT, respectively. The active compound was isolated through bio-guided assays using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and identified as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This work is the first study that demonstrated an antiviral activity of both olive twigs and DTBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abaza Leila
- University of Tunis El Manar, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, LR15CBBC05 Olive Biotechnology, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Bouslama Lamjed
- University of Tunis El Manar, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, LR15CBBC03 Bioactive Substances, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Benzekri Roudaina
- University of Tunis El Manar, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, LR15CBBC03 Bioactive Substances, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Trabelsi Najla
- University of Tunis El Manar, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, LR15CBBC05 Olive Biotechnology, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ameni Taamalli
- University of Tunis El Manar, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, LR15CBBC05 Olive Biotechnology, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Selim Jellouli
- University of Tunis El Manar, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, LR15CBBC03 Bioactive Substances, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zarrouk Mokhtar
- University of Tunis El Manar, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, LR15CBBC05 Olive Biotechnology, 2050, Tunis, Tunisia
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Diallinas G, Rafailidou N, Kalpaktsi I, Komianou AC, Tsouvali V, Zantza I, Mikros E, Skaltsounis AL, Kostakis IK. Hydroxytyrosol (HT) Analogs Act as Potent Antifungals by Direct Disruption of the Fungal Cell Membrane. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2624. [PMID: 30459736 PMCID: PMC6232300 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections constitute an emerging threat and a prevalent health problem due to increasing number of immunocompromised people and pharmacological or other treatments aiming at viral infections, cancer or allergies. Currently used antifungals suffer from inefficiency, toxic side effects and developing drug-resistance. Additionally, over the last two decades no new classes of antifungals have been approved, emphasizing the urgent need for developing a novel generation of antifungals. Here, we investigate the antifungal activity of a series of chemically synthesized Hydroxytyrosol (HT) analogs. HT is one of the major phenolic compounds in olive oil, shown to possess radical-scavenging antioxidant, antiproliferative, proapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. No previous report has studied HT analogs as antifungals. We show that specific analogs have broad and strong antifungal activity, significantly stronger than the parent compound HT. Using Aspergillus nidulans as an in vivo cellular model system, we show that antifungal HT analogs have an unprecedented efficiency in fungal plasma membrane destruction. Importantly, antifungal HT analogs did not show toxicity in a mammalian cell line, whereas no resistance to HT analogs was obtained by standard mutagenesis. Our results open the way for the development of a novel, efficient and safer class of antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nausica Rafailidou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kalpaktsi
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vivian Tsouvali
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iliana Zantza
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis K Kostakis
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Influence of Eugenia uniflora Extract on Adhesion to Human Buccal Epithelial Cells, Biofilm Formation, and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity of Candida spp. from the Oral Cavity of Kidney Transplant Recipients. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102418. [PMID: 30241381 PMCID: PMC6222389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of the extract of Eugenia uniflora in adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells (HBEC) biofilm formation and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of kidney transplant patients. To evaluate virulence attributes in vitro, nine yeasts were grown in the presence and absence of 1000 μg/mL of the extract. Adhesion was quantified using the number of Candida cells adhered to 150 HBEC determined by optical microscope. Biofilm formation was evaluated using two methodologies: XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and crystal violet assay, and further analyzed by electronic scan microscopy. CSH was quantified with the microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons test. We could detect that the extract of E. uniflora was able to reduce adhesion to HBEC and CSH for both Candida albicans and non-Candida albicansCandida species. We also observed a statistically significant reduced ability to form biofilms in biofilm-producing strains using both methods of quantification. However, two highly biofilm-producing strains of Candida tropicalis had a very large reduction in biofilm formation. This study reinforces the idea that besides growth inhibition, E. uniflora may interfere with the expression of some virulence factors of Candida spp. and may be possibly applied in the future as a novel antifungal agent.
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Rivera-Yañez CR, Terrazas LI, Jimenez-Estrada M, Campos JE, Flores-Ortiz CM, Hernandez LB, Cruz-Sanchez T, Garrido-Fariña GI, Rodriguez-Monroy MA, Canales-Martinez MM. Anti-Candida Activity of Bursera morelensis Ramirez Essential Oil and Two Compounds, α-Pinene and γ-Terpinene-An In Vitro Study. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122095. [PMID: 29206158 PMCID: PMC6149968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The candidiasis caused by C. albicans is a public health problem. The abuse of antifungals has contributed to the development of resistance. B. morelensis has demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities. In this work the activity of the essential oil of B. morelensis was evaluated and for its two pure compounds with analysis of the different mechanisms of pathogenesis important for C. albicans. The essential oil was obtained by the hydro-distillation method and analyzed using GC–MS. The anti-Candida activity was compared between to essential oil, α-Pinene and γ-Terpinene. GC–MS of the essential oil demonstrated the presence of 13 compounds. The essential oil showed antifungal activity against four C. albicans strains. The most sensitive strain was C. albicans 14065 (MFC 2.0 mg/mL and MIC50 0.125 mg/mL) with α-Pinene and γ-Terpinene having MFCs of 4.0 and 16.0 mg/mL respectively. The essential oil inhibited the growth of the germ tube in 87.94% (8.0 mg/mL). Furthermore, it was observed that the essential oil diminishes the transcription of the gene INT1. This work provides evidence that confirms the anti-Candida activity of the B. morelensis essential oil and its effect on the growth of the germ tube and transcription of the gene INT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rebeca Rivera-Yañez
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México C.P. 54090, Mexico.
| | - L Ignacio Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México C.P. 54090, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Jimenez-Estrada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jorge E Campos
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Molecular, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México C.P. 54090, Mexico.
| | - Cesar M Flores-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO y Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala UNAM. Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México C.P. 54090, Mexico.
| | - Luis B Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO y Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala UNAM. Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México C.P. 54090, Mexico.
| | - Tonatiuh Cruz-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Campo 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Edo. de México C.P. 54700, Mexico.
| | - German I Garrido-Fariña
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a Histología y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Campo 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Edo. de México C.P. 54700, Mexico.
| | - Marco A Rodriguez-Monroy
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios Numero 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México C.P. 54090, Mexico.
| | - M Margarita Canales-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México C.P. 54090, Mexico.
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Barlocco D, Meneghetti F. Special Issue: Frontiers in Antimicrobial Drug Discovery and Design. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071127. [PMID: 28684701 PMCID: PMC6152282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barlocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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