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Heath RS, Sangster JJ, Turner NJ. An Engineered Cholesterol Oxidase Catalyses Enantioselective Oxidation of Non-steroidal Secondary Alcohols. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200075. [PMID: 35143703 PMCID: PMC9303356 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective oxidation of 2° alcohols to ketones is an important reaction in synthetic chemistry, especially if it can be achieved using O2 -driven alcohol oxidases under mild reaction conditions. However to date, oxidation of secondary alcohols using alcohol oxidases has focused on activated benzylic or allylic substrates, with unactivated secondary alcohols showing poor activity. Here we show that cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) could be engineered for activity towards a range of aliphatic, cyclic, acyclic, allylic and benzylic secondary alcohols. Additionally, since the variants demonstrated high (S)-selectivity, deracemisation reactions were performed in the presence of ammonia borane to obtain enantiopure (R)-alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Heath
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetM1 7DNManchesterUK
| | - Jack J. Sangster
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetM1 7DNManchesterUK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetM1 7DNManchesterUK
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2
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Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Upadhyay R, Rana R, Sood A, Singh V, Kumar R, Srivastava VC, Maurya SK. Heterogeneous vanadium-catalyzed oxidative cleavage of olefins for sustainable synthesis of carboxylic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5430-5433. [PMID: 33949501 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01742j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of green and sustainable processes to synthesize active pharmaceutical ingredients and key starting materials is a priority for the pharmaceutical industry. A green and sustainable protocol for the oxidative cleavage of olefins to produce pharmaceutically and biologically valuable carboxylic acids is achieved. The developed protocol involves 70% aq. TBHP as an oxidant over a heterogeneous vanadium catalyst system. Notably, the synthesis of industrially important azelaic acid from various renewable vegetable oils is accomplished. The catalyst could be recycled for up to 5 cycles without significant loss in yield and the protocol was successfully demonstrated at the gram-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Upadhyay
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India
| | - Rohit Rana
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India
| | - Aakriti Sood
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India.
| | - Vikash Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247 667, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India
| | - Vimal Chandra Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247 667, India
| | - Sushil K Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India
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4
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Abstract
Enzymatic methods for the oxidation of alcohols are critically reviewed. Dehydrogenases and oxidases are the most prominent biocatalysts, enabling the selective oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes or acids. In the case of secondary alcohols, region and/or enantioselective oxidation is possible. In this contribution, we outline the current state-of-the-art and discuss current limitations and promising solutions.
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Gandomkar S, Jost E, Loidolt D, Swoboda A, Pickl M, Elaily W, Daniel B, Fraaije MW, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Enantioselective Oxidation of Sec-Allylic Alcohols with Flavin-Dependent Oxidases. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 361:5264-5271. [PMID: 31894182 PMCID: PMC6919931 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of allylic alcohols is challenging to perform in a chemo- as well as stereo-selective fashion at the expense of molecular oxygen using conventional chemical protocols. Here, we report the identification of a library of flavin-dependent oxidases including variants of the berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) analogue from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtBBE15) and the 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural oxidase (HMFO) and its variants (V465T, V465S, V465T/W466H and V367R/W466F) for the enantioselective oxidation of sec-allylic alcohols. While primary and benzylic alcohols as well as certain sugars are well known to be transformed by flavin-dependent oxidases, sec-allylic alcohols have not been studied yet except in a single report. The model substrates investigated were oxidized enantioselectively in a kinetic resolution with an E-value of up to >200. For instance HMFO V465S/T oxidized the (S)-enantiomer of (E)-oct-3-en-2-ol (1 a) and (E)-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-ol with E>200 giving the remaining (R)-alcohol with ee>99% at 50% conversion. The enantioselectivity could be decreased if required by medium engineering by the addition of cosolvents (e. g. dimethyl sulfoxide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstr. 288010GrazAustria
| | - Etta Jost
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstr. 288010GrazAustria
| | - Doris Loidolt
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstr. 288010GrazAustria
| | - Alexander Swoboda
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstr. 288010GrazAustria
| | - Mathias Pickl
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstr. 288010GrazAustria
| | - Wael Elaily
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 12/II8010GrazAustria
- Chemistry of Natural & Microbial Products DepartmentNational Research Centre33 El Buhouth St12622CairoEgypt
| | - Bastian Daniel
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 12/II8010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 508010GrazAustria
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 12/II8010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstr. 288010GrazAustria
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Heath RS, Birmingham WR, Thompson MP, Taglieber A, Daviet L, Turner NJ. An Engineered Alcohol Oxidase for the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols. Chembiochem 2018; 20:276-281. [PMID: 30338899 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structure-guided directed evolution of choline oxidase has been carried out by using the oxidation of hexan-1-ol to hexanal as the target reaction. A six-amino-acid variant was identified with a 20-fold increased kcat compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. This variant enabled the oxidation of 10 mm hexanol to hexanal in less than 24 h with 100 % conversion. Furthermore, this variant showed a marked increase in thermostability with a corresponding increase in Tm of 20 °C. Improved solvent tolerance was demonstrated with organic solvents including ethyl acetate, heptane and cyclohexane, thereby enabling improved conversions to the aldehyde by up to 30 % above conversion for the solvent-free system. Despite the evolution of choline oxidase towards hexan-1-ol, this new variant also showed increased specific activities (by up to 100-fold) for around 50 primary aliphatic, unsaturated, branched, cyclic, benzylic and halogenated alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Heath
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - William R Birmingham
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Matthew P Thompson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Andreas Taglieber
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, P. O. Box 239, 1211, Genève 8, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Daviet
- Firmenich SA, Route des Jeunes 1, P. O. Box 239, 1211, Genève 8, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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Abstract
The 19th International Symposium on Flavins and Flavoproteins was held from 2⁻6 July 2017 in Groningen, The Netherlands.[...].
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