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Végh R, Csóka M, Sörös C, Sipos L. Underexplored food safety hazards of beekeeping products: Key knowledge gaps and suggestions for future research. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13404. [PMID: 39136999 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
These days, a growing consumer demand and scientific interest can be observed for nutraceuticals of natural origin, including apiculture products. Due to the growing emphasis on environmental protection, extensive research has been conducted on the pesticide and heavy metal contamination of bee products; however, less attention is devoted on other food safety aspects. In our review, scientific information on the less-researched food safety hazards of honey, bee bread, royal jelly, propolis, and beeswax are summarized. Bee products originating from certain plants may inherently contain phytotoxins, like pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tropane alkaloids, matrine alkaloids, grayanotoxins, gelsemium alkaloids, or tutin. Several case studies evidence that bee products can induce allergic responses to sensitive individuals, varying from mild to severe symptoms, including the potentially lethal anaphylaxis. Exposure to high temperature or long storage may lead to the formation of the potentially toxic 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Persistent organic pollutants, radionuclides, and microplastics can potentially be transferred to bee products from contaminated environmental sources. And lastly, inappropriate beekeeping practices can lead to the contamination of beekeeping products with harmful microorganisms and mycotoxins. Our review demonstrates the necessity of applying good beekeeping practices in order to protect honeybees and consumers of their products. An important aim of our work is to identify key knowledge gaps regarding the food safety of apiculture products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Végh
- Department of Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mariann Csóka
- Department of Nutrition Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Sörös
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Sipos
- Department of Postharvest, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Commercial and Sensory Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Economics, Centre of Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Budapest, Hungary
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Anjum SI, Ullah A, Gohar F, Raza G, Khan MI, Hameed M, Ali A, Chen CC, Tlak Gajger I. Bee pollen as a food and feed supplement and a therapeutic remedy: recent trends in nanotechnology. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1371672. [PMID: 38899322 PMCID: PMC11186459 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1371672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pollen grains are the male reproductive part of the flowering plants. It is collected by forager honey bees and mixed with their salivary secretions, enzymes, and nectar, which form fermented pollen or "bee bread" which is stored in cells of wax honeycombs. Bee pollen (BP) is a valuable apitherapeutic product and is considered a nutritional healthy food appreciated by natural medicine from ancient times. Recently, BP has been considered a beneficial food supplement and a value-added product that contains approximately 250 different bioactive components. It contains numerous beneficial elements such as Mg, Ca, Mn, K, and phenolic compounds. BP possesses strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, analgesic, immunostimulant, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and hepatoprotective properties. It is used for different purposes for the welfare of mankind. Additionally, there is a growing interest in honey bee products harvesting and utilizing for many purposes as a natural remedy and nutritive function. In this review, the impacts of BP on different organisms in different ways by highlighting its apitherapeutic efficacy are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ishtiaq Anjum
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Protection, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Gohar
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Baltistan, Skardu, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ilyas Khan
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Hameed
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ivana Tlak Gajger
- Department for Biology and Pathology of Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Cvetanoska M, Pocrnić M, Stefova M, Galić N, Petreska Stanoeva J. UHPLC-Q-TOF analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in North-Macedonian honey. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024; 17:5-15. [PMID: 37881029 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2266701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Honey contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) could pose a risk for human consumption, being a widely consumed food product. A fast and simple LC/MS method for the analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey was optimised to collect occurrence data. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by a systematic study of multiple solvent mixtures and clean-up procedures. The best results for PA extraction were obtained using a formic acid/methanol mixture with subsequent clean-up by the QuEChERS method, resulting in a mean recovery range of 91.8-102%. The method validation showed satisfactory intra-day (RSD < 5.1%) and inter-day precision (RSD < 9.1%). The proposed method was applied to 14 samples. A total of six PAs and two N-oxides were detected, with levels between 89 and 8188 µg/kg. This assessment highlights the potential risk of intoxication and the need for further investigations regarding an effective quality system for manufacturers to control PAs in honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Cvetanoska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Marijana Pocrnić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Stefova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Nives Galić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
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Lu YS, Qiu J, Mu XY, Qian YZ, Chen L. Levels, Toxic Effects, and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:536. [PMID: 38397512 PMCID: PMC10888194 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring secondary metabolites of plants. To date, more than 660 types of PAs have been identified from an estimated 6000 plants, and approximately 120 of these PAs are hepatotoxic. As a result of PAs being found in spices, herbal teas, honey, and milk, PAs are considered contaminants in foods, posing a potential risk to human health. Here, we summarize the chemical structure, toxic effects, levels, and regulation of PAs in different countries to provide a better understanding of their toxicity and risk assessment. With recent research on the risk assessment of PAs, this review also discusses the challenges facing this field, aiming to provide a scientific basis for PA toxicity research and safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Xi-Yan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Yong-Zhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
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Çobanoğlu DN, Şeker ME, Temizer İK, Erdoğan A. Investigation of Botanical Origin, Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoids, and Antioxidant Properties of Monofloral and Multifloral Bee Bread. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201124. [PMID: 36730100 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bee bread is a unique natural product made by bees and good for human health. It has many bioactive molecules that can treat or prevent diseases. In this study, melissopalynological methods were used to examine five bee bread samples. Major plant sources found in bee bread were Lotus spp., Trifolium spp., and Xeranthemum spp., which are from the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families. Then, the amount of phenolic compounds and major carotenoids in bee bread (BB) samples were quantified. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found in all BB samples, with β-carotene being the most abundant carotenoid in all but BB1. In addition, the total phenolic/flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of all BB samples were determined. Total flavonoid, total phenolic, DPPH⋅, and ABTS⋅+ values were varied between 5.6-10.00 mg GAE/g DW, 1.2-4.3 mg QE/g DW, 1.2-5.5 mg TEAC/g DW, and 2.6-15.4 mg TEAC/g DW, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Nur Çobanoğlu
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Şeker
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Espiye, Giresun, 28600, Turkey
| | | | - Ayşegül Erdoğan
- Ege University Application and Research Center For Testing and Analysis (EGE MATAL), İzmir, 35100, Turkey
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T. M. C, P. I. SJ, G. N, R. M. N, R. Z. M. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids glycosides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from propolis of Scaptotrigona aff. postica. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2150647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cantero T. M.
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silva Junior P. I.
- Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immuneresponse and cell signaling (CeTICS/CEPID), Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Negri G.
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nascimento R. M.
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mendonça R. Z.
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kaltner F. Fate of Food-Relevant Toxic Plant Alkaloids during Food Processing or Storing and Analytical Strategies to Unveil Potential Transformation Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5975-5981. [PMID: 35544324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxic plant alkaloids (TPAs) may contaminate food and pose a threat to consumer health; as a consequence, they are undesired in foodstuff or food commodities. Similar to other ingredients, TPA may be affected by storing or processing of food, often associated with decreased levels of the parent alkaloids. Up to now, little is known about potential transformation products or if they still may exhibit toxic potential to consumers. This perspective briefly summarizes the current knowledge regarding the behavior of opium, pyrrolizidine, and tropane alkaloids toward processing or storing and highlights analytical strategies to identify and elucidate potential transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kaltner
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Friedle C, Kapp T, Wallner K, Alkattea R, Vetter W. High abundance of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee pollen collected in July 2019 from Southern Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:250. [PMID: 35249161 PMCID: PMC8898241 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary plant defense compounds and known pre-toxins when containing a 1,2-double bond. They are commonly produced by various plants and may thus be present in bee pollen which may be consumed by humans as food supplements. In this study, PA were determined in bee pollen samples from 57 locations in Southern Germany sampled by means of pollen traps in July 2019. Samples were analyzed by using palynological methodology and solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by LC-MS/MS. In total, 52 pollen samples featured total pyrrolizidine alkaloids (ΣPA) with concentrations up to 48,000 ng/g bee pollen, while the N-oxides (NO) echinatine-NO and rinderine-NO clearly dominated. In contrast, the palynological analysis only detected 33 samples with pollen from PA-producing plants. Accordingly, the results showed that palynological analysis is not sufficient to determine PA in pollen. In addition, a risk assessment was followed to estimate the risk of the detected PA concentrations to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Friedle
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kapp
- Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency (CVUA), Stuttgart, Fellbach, Germany
| | - Klaus Wallner
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Raghdan Alkattea
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170B), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wang W, Jin J, Xu H, Shi Y, Boersch M, Yin Y. Comparative analysis of the main medicinal substances and applications of Echium vulgare L. and Echium plantagineum L.: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114894. [PMID: 34871767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Echium vulgare L. and Echium plantagineum L. originated in the Mediterranean, and were later domesticated in Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania, where they were widely used to treat many diseases including cough, urinary tract infection, fever, inflammation and muscle strain. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this review is to provide scientific literature on the traditional uses, bioactive chemical components and pharmacological activities of two species of Echium, and to critically analyze the information provided, so as to understand the current work on these two species and explore the possible prospect of this plant in pharmaceutical research. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to Prisma guidelines, and the related literatures searched on Google Academic, Science Direct, Baidu Scholars and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to June 2021 were reviewed. The key words used are: Echium, E.vulgare, E.plantagineum, plant components, chemical components, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical products and applications. Thereafter all eligible studies are analyzed and summarized in this review. The selection of manuscripts is based on the following inclusion criteria: the article has years of research or publication, is published in English, Portuguese or Spanish and Chinese, and there are keywords in the title, abstract, keywords or full text of the article. For the selection of manuscripts, first, select articles according to titles, then summarize them, and finally, analyze the full text of the publication. Elimination criteria: 1. Duplicate reports; 2. There are research design defects and poor quality; 3. Incomplete data and unclear ending effect; 4. The statistical method is wrong and cannot be corrected. RESULTS The pharmacological characteristics of E.vulgare and E.plantagineum can basically support their traditional use, but the medicinal substances contained in them are quite different in composition and content, and the development and application of corresponding products are also different. CONCLUSIONS At present, there is little clinical data about drugs related to the two species, and more research is needed in the future, especially human experiments and clinical trials, to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms based on pharmacological, biological activity and safety studies, and to provide more powerful scientific basis for their traditional medicinal properties. In addition, the further application and development of the medicinal products of E.vulgare and E.plantagineum still need to be precise and identified, so as to give full play to their medicinal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wang
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Ju Jin
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Huifeng Xu
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Yanling Shi
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Mark Boersch
- Gold Coast Private Hospital, 15 Hill Street, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia.
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, No.7186 Weixing Road, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130022, China.
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Martinello M, Manzinello C, Gallina A, Mutinelli F. In‐house validation and application of UHPLC‐MS/MS method for the quantification of pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in commercial honey bee‐collected pollen, teas and herbal infusions purchased on Italian market in 2019‐2020 referring to recent European Union regulations. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martinello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Chiara Manzinello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Albino Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
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Characterization and Lifetime Dietary Risk Assessment of Eighteen Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid N-Oxides in New Zealand Honey. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120843. [PMID: 34941681 PMCID: PMC8704962 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a large group of botanical toxins of concern, as they are considered genotoxic carcinogens, with long-term dietary exposure presenting an elevated risk of liver cancer. PAs can contaminate honey through honeybees visiting the flowers of PA-containing plant species. A program of monitoring New Zealand honey has been undertaken over several years to build a comprehensive dataset on the concentration, regional and seasonal distribution, and botanical origin of 18 PAs and PA N-oxides. A bespoke probabilistic exposure model has then been used to assess the averaged lifetime dietary risk to honey consumers, with exposures at each percentile of the model characterized for risk using a margin of exposure from the Joint World Health Organization and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Benchmark Dose. Survey findings identify the typical PA types for New Zealand honey as lycopsamine, echimidine, retrorsine and senecionine. Regional and seasonal variation is evident in the types and levels of total PAs, linked to the ranges and flowering times of certain plants. Over a lifetime basis, the average exposure an individual will receive through honey consumption is considered within tolerable levels, although there are uncertainties over high and brand-loyal consumers, and other dietary contributors. An average lifetime risk to the general population from PAs in honey is not expected. However, given the uncertainties in the assessment, risk management approaches to limit or reduce exposures through honey are still of value.
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Metabolic Toxification of 1,2-Unsaturated Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Causes Human Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome: The Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910419. [PMID: 34638760 PMCID: PMC8508847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated and unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are present in more than 6000 plant species growing in countries all over the world. They have a typical heterocyclic structure in common, but differ in their potential toxicity, depending on the presence or absence of a double bond between C1 and C2. Fortunately, most plants contain saturated PAs without this double bond and are therefore not toxic for consumption by humans or animals. In a minority of plants, however, PAs with this double bond between C1 and C2 exhibit strong hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, and tumorigenic potentials. If consumed in error and in large emouns, plants with 1,2-unsaturated PAs induce metabolic breaking-off of the double bonds of the unsaturated PAs, generating PA radicals that may trigger severe liver injury through a process involving microsomal P450 (CYP), with preference of its isoforms CYP 2A6, CYP 3A4, and CYP 3A5. This toxifying CYP-dependent conversion occurs primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes equivalent to the microsomal fraction. Toxified PAs injure the protein membranes of hepatocytes, and after passing their plasma membranes, more so the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), leading to life-threatening hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). This injury is easily diagnosed by blood pyrrolizidine protein adducts, which are perfect diagnostic biomarkers, supporting causality evaluation using the updated RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method). HSOS is clinically characterized by weight gain due to fluid accumulation (ascites, pleural effusion, and edema), and may lead to acute liver failure, liver transplantation, or death. In conclusion, plant-derived PAs with a double bond between C1 and C2 are potentially hepatotoxic after metabolic removal of the double bond, and may cause PA-HSOS with a potential lethal outcome, even if PA consumption is stopped.
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De Jesus Inacio L, Merlanti R, Lucatello L, Bisutti V, Carraro L, Larini I, Vitulo N, Cardazzo B, Capolongo F. Natural contaminants in bee pollen: DNA metabarcoding as a tool to identify floral sources of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and fungal diversity. Food Res Int 2021; 146:110438. [PMID: 34119245 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of bee pollen as a food supplement has increased in recent years as it contains several nutrients and phytochemicals. However, depending on floral composition, bee pollen can be contaminated by pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), PA N-oxides (PANOs) and toxigenic fungi found in plants, which may pose a potential health risk for consumers. Thus, a DNA metabarcoding approach based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region was used to identify the plant sources of 17 PAs/PANOs detected by a validated method in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as floral and fungal diversity in 61 bee pollen samples. According to LC-MS/MS analysis, 67% of the samples contained PAs/PANOs with mean concentration of 339 µg/kg. The contamination pattern was characterised by lycopsamine- and senecionine-type PAs/PANOs. PA/PANO-producing plants were identified in 54% of the PA/PANO-contaminated samples analysed by DNA metabarcoding, which also allowed identifying the overall floral and fungal composition of 56 samples. To evaluate the performance of the molecular approach, a subset of 25 samples was analysed by classical palynology. Palynological analysis partially confirmed the results of DNA metabarcoding, which had a better performance in distinguishing pollens of different genera from Asteraceae (76%) and Brassicaceae (88%). However, the molecular analysis did not identify pollens from Castanea, Eucalyptus, Hedera and Salix, which were abundant in 11 samples according to palynology. On the other hand, the molecular analysis allowed identifying several fungal genera in 33 samples, including the toxigenic fungi Alternaria and Aspergillus, which were positively correlated to the plant genus Hypericum. Despite limitations in identifying some pollen types, these preliminary results suggest that the DNA metabarcoding could be applied in a multidisciplinary approach to give a picture of floral and fungal diversity, which can be sources of natural contaminants in bee pollen and would help to control its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana De Jesus Inacio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Roberta Merlanti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lorena Lucatello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Vittoria Bisutti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lisa Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ilaria Larini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Brugnerotto P, Seraglio SKT, Schulz M, Gonzaga LV, Fett R, Costa ACO. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and beehive products: A review. Food Chem 2020; 342:128384. [PMID: 33214040 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary metabolites of plants, which are mostly found in the genus Senecio, Echium, Crotalaria, and Eupatorium. The presence of 1,2-unsaturated PA in foods is a concern to food regulators around the world because these compounds have been associated to acute and chronic toxicity, mainly in the liver. The intake foods with PA/PANO usually occur through accidental ingestion of plants and their derivatives, besides to products of vegetal-animal origin, such as honey. PA/PANO are transferred to honey by their presence in nectar, honeydew, and pollen, which are collected from the flora by bees. In addition to honey, other beekeeping products, such as pollen, royal jelly, propolis, and beeswax, are also vulnerable to PA contamination. In this context, this review provides information about chemical characteristics, regulation, and toxicity, as well as summarizes and critically discusses scientific publications that evaluated PA in honeys, pollens, royal jelly, and propolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Brugnerotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | | | - Mayara Schulz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciano Valdemiro Gonzaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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16
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Discriminant analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination in bee pollen based on near-infrared data from lab-stationary and portable spectrometers. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBee pollen may be contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs), which are mainly detected by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), even though the use of fast near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an ongoing alternative. Therefore, the main challenge of this study was to assess the feasibility of both a lab-stationary (Foss) and a portable (Polispec) NIR spectrometer in 60 dehydrated bee pollen samples. After an ANOVA-feature selection of the most informative NIR spectral data, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was performed to distinguish three quantitative PA/PANO classes (µg/kg): < LOQ (0.4), low; 0.4–400, moderate; > 400, high. According to the LC–MS/MS analysis, 77% of the samples were contaminated with PAs/PANOs and the sum content of the 17 target analytes was higher than 400 µg/kg in 28% of the samples. CDA was carried out on a pool of 18 (Foss) and 22 (Polispec) selected spectral variables and allowed accurate classification of samples from the low class as confirmed by the high values of Matthews correlation coefficient (≥ 0.91) for both NIR spectrometers. Leave-one-out cross-validation highlighted precise recognition of samples characterised by a high PA/PANO content with a low misclassification rate (0.02) as false negatives. The most informative wavelengths were within the < 1000, 1000–1660 and > 2400 nm regions for Foss and > 1500 nm for Polispec that could be associated with cyclic amines, and epoxide chemical structures of PAs/PANOs. In sum, both lab-stationary and portable NIR systems are reliable and fast techniques for detecting PA/PANO contamination in bee pollen.
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Gottschalk C, Kaltner F, Zimmermann M, Korten R, Morris O, Schwaiger K, Gareis M. Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E441. [PMID: 32645818 PMCID: PMC7405020 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA N-oxides (PANO) are secondary plant metabolites exhibiting genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. Apart from the roots and leaves, PA/PANO are particularly present in pollen and nectar. Therefore, the spread of Jacobaea vulgaris in certain regions of northern Germany has an impact on the safety of honey produced in that region. In this study, raw honey samples (n = 437) were collected from usually three individual beehives per site (n = 73) in the district of Ostholstein and analyzed for 25 PA/PANO. The results reveal mean levels of 8.4, 1.5, and 72.6 µg/kg and maximum levels of 111, 59.4, and 3313 µg/kg, depending on the season (summer 2015 and spring/summer 2016, respectively). As far as individual data are concerned, sites near areas with J. vulgaris growth did not necessarily result in high PA/PANO values. Furthermore, intra-site investigations revealed remarkable differences in PA/PANO levels of raw honey collected by different bee colonies at the same site. Consumption of these regionally produced honeys entails an increased exposure to PA/PANO, especially in children and high consumers. Margin of exposure values of <10,000 and an exceedance of the health-based guidance value highlight that regionally produced and marketed honey must be considered with care for a proper risk assessment and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rainer Korten
- Interessengemeinschaft Jakobskreuzkraut, Zarnekauer Siedlung 2, 23701 Zarnekau, Germany; (R.K.); (O.M.)
| | - Oliver Morris
- Interessengemeinschaft Jakobskreuzkraut, Zarnekauer Siedlung 2, 23701 Zarnekau, Germany; (R.K.); (O.M.)
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
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18
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Safflospermidines from the bee pollen of Helianthus annuus L. exhibit a higher in vitro antityrosinase activity than kojic acid. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03638. [PMID: 32215336 PMCID: PMC7090343 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ozone deterioration in the atmosphere has become a severe problem causing overexposure of ultraviolet light, which results in humans in melanin overproduction and can lead to many diseases, such as skin cancer and melasma, as well as undesirable esthetic appearances, such as freckles and hyperpigmentation. Although many compounds inhibit melanin overproduction, some of them are cytotoxic, unstable, and can cause skin irritation. Thus, searching for new natural compounds with antityrosinase activity and less/no side effects is still required. Here, bee pollen derived from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was evaluated. Materials and methods Sunflower bee pollen (SBP) was collected from Apis mellifera bees in Lopburi province, Thailand in 2017, extracted by methanol and sequentially partitioned with hexane and dichloromethane (DCM). The in vitro antityrosinase activity was evaluated using mushroom tyrosinase and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is reported. The antioxidation activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reported as the half maximal effective concentration. Two pure compounds with antityrosinase activity were isolated by silica gel 60 column chromatography (SG60CC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their chemical structure deduced by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. Results The DCM partitioned extract of SBP (DCMSBP) had an antityrosinase activity (IC50, 159.4 μg/mL) and was fractionated by SG60CC, providing five fractions (DCMSBP1-5). The DCMSBP5 fraction was the most active (IC50 = 18.8 μg/mL) and further fractionation by HPLC gave two active fractions, revealed by NMR analysis to be safflospermidine A and B. Interestingly, both safflospermidine A and B had a higher antityrosinase activity (IC50 of 13.8 and 31.8 μM, respectively) than kojic acid (IC50 of 44.0 μM). However, fraction DCMSBP5 had no significant antioxidation activity, while fractions DCMSBP1-4 showed a lower antioxidation activity than ascorbic acid. Conclusion Safflospermidine A and B are potential natural tyrosinase inhibitors.
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De Jesus Inacio L, Merlanti R, Lucatello L, Bisutti V, Contiero B, Serva L, Segato S, Capolongo F. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee pollen identified by LC-MS/MS analysis and colour parameters using multivariate class modeling. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03593. [PMID: 32258459 PMCID: PMC7118412 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) can be present in bee pollen depending on the plants visited by bees. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to monitor 17 PAs/PANOs in 44 bee pollens. The CIE-L∗a∗b∗ colour coordinates with the specular component either included or excluded were recorded in pellets and ground aliquots. Lightness (L∗) and yellowness (b∗) of ground bee pollen were significantly correlated to PAs/PANOs content. The L∗ and b∗ cut-offs sorted by a receiver operating characteristic analysis to predict PAs/PANOs presence showed a significant increase in the relative risk to detect amounts higher than 84 μg kg-1. Two supervised canonical discriminant analyses confirmed that pollen without PAs could be distinguished from those containing PAs/PANOs. The data suggest that instrumental colour coupled with supervised models could be used as a screening test for PAs/PANOs in bee pollen, before the confirmatory LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana De Jesus Inacio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Roberta Merlanti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lorena Lucatello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Vittoria Bisutti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Serva
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Severino Segato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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The Application of Pollen as a Functional Food and Feed Ingredient-The Present and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010084. [PMID: 31948037 PMCID: PMC7023195 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen is recognized as an excellent dietary supplement for human nutrition, which is why it can be found in different forms on the market (granules, capsules, tablets, pellets, and powders). But, the digestibility of pollen’s nutrients is strongly affected by the presence of a pollen shell, which can decrease the bioavailability of nutrients by 50% and more. Since consumers have become more aware of the benefits of a healthy diet and the necessity to improve pollen digestibility, different pollen-based functional food products have been developed and extensive studies were done to estimate the beneficial effects of pollen-based feed on animal growth, health, and rigor mortise stage. Considering the positive effects of pollen nutrients and phytometabolites on human and animal health, the aim of this paper was to give an overview of recent achievements in the application of pollen in the formulation of functional food and animal diets. Special attention was paid to the effects of pollen’s addition on the nutritional, functional, techno-functional, and sensory properties of the new formulated food products. Anti-nutritional properties of pollen were also discussed. This review points out the benefits of pollen addition to food and feed and the possible directions in the further development of functional food and feed for the wellbeing of everyone.
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