Potential Toxicity of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Review

Metallic nanoparticles unveiled: Synthesis, characterization, and their environmental, medicinal, and agricultural applications

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted great interest among scientists and researchers for years due to their unique optical, physiochemical, biological, and magnetic properties. As a result, MNPs have been widely utilized across a variety of scientific fields, including biomedicine, agriculture, electronics, food, cosmetics, and the environment. In this regard, the current review article offers a comprehensive overview of recent studies on the synthesis of MNPs (metal and metal oxide nanoparticles), outlining the benefits and drawbacks of chemical, physical, and biological methods. However, the biological synthesis of MNPs is of great importance considering the biocompatibility and biological activity of certain MNPs. A variety of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and others, have been discussed in depth to gain deeper insights into the unique structural and spectroscopic properties of MNPs. Furthermore, their unique properties and applications in the fields of medicine, agriculture, and the environment are summarized and deeply discussed. Finally, the main challenges and limitations of MNPs synthesis and applications, as well as their future prospects have also been discussed.

Precision-engineered metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles for biomedical imaging and healthcare applications

The growing field of nanotechnology has witnessed numerous advancements over the past few years, particularly in the development of engineered nanoparticles. Compared with bulk materials, metal nanoparticles possess more favorable properties, such as increased chemical activity and toxicity, owing to their smaller size and larger surface area. Metal nanoparticles exhibit exceptional stability, specificity, sensitivity, and effectiveness, making them highly useful in the biomedical field. Metal nanoparticles are in high demand in biomedical nanotechnology, including Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, Zn, Co, Gd, Eu, and Er. These particles exhibit excellent physicochemical properties, including amenable functionalization, non-corrosiveness, and varying optical and electronic properties based on their size and shape. Metal nanoparticles can be modified with different targeting agents such as antibodies, liposomes, transferrin, folic acid, and carbohydrates. Thus, metal nanoparticles hold great promise for various biomedical applications such as photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography (CT), photothermal, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Despite their potential, safety considerations, and regulatory hurdles must be addressed for safe clinical applications. This review highlights advancements in metal nanoparticle surface engineering and explores their integration with emerging technologies such as bioimaging, cancer therapeutics and nanomedicine. By offering valuable insights, this comprehensive review offers a deep understanding of the potential of metal nanoparticles in biomedical research.

Inflammation related to inhalation of nano and micron sized iron oxides: a systematic review

Inhalation exposure to iron oxide occurs in many workplaces and respirable aerosols occur during thermal processes (e.g. welding, casting) or during abrasion of iron and steel products (e.g. cutting, grinding, machining, polishing, sanding) or during handling of iron oxide pigments. There is limited evidence of adverse effects in humans specifically linked to inhalation of iron oxides. This contrasts to oxides of other metals used to alloy or for coating of steel and iron of which several have been classified as being hazardous by international and national agencies. Such metal oxides are often present in the air at workplaces. In general, iron oxides might therefore be regarded as low-toxicity, low-solubility (LTLS) particles, and are often considered to be nontoxic even if very high and prolonged inhalation exposures might result in diseases. In animal studies, such exposures lead to cancer, fibrosis and other diseases. Our hypothesis was that pulmonary-workplace exposure during manufacture and handling of SPION preparations might be harmful. We therefore conducted a systematic review of the relevant literature to understand how iron oxides deposited in the lung are related to acute and subchronic pulmonary inflammation. We included one human and several in vivo animal studies published up to February 2023. We found 25 relevant studies that were useful for deriving occupational exposure limits (OEL) for iron oxides based on an inflammatory reaction. Our review of the scientific literature indicates that lowering of health-based occupational exposure limits might be considered.

Magnetic and pH-responsive magnetite/chitosan (core/shell) nanoparticles for dual-targeted methotrexate delivery in cancer therapy

Methotrexate successful therapy encounters various challenges in chemotherapy, such as poor oral bioavailability, low specificity, side effects and the development of drug resistances. In this study, it is proposed a dual-targeted nanocarrier comprising magnetite/chitosan nanoparticles for an efficient Methotrexate delivery. The formation of the particles was confirmed through morphological analysis using electron microscopy and elemental mappings via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. These nanoparticles exhibited a size of ≈ 270 nm, a zeta potential of ≈ 24 mV, and magnetic responsiveness, as demonstrated by hysteresis cycle analysis and visual observations under a magnetic field. In addition, these particles displayed high stability, as evidenced by size and surface electric charge measurements, during storage at both 4 ºC and 25 ºC for at least 30 days. Electrophoretic properties were examined in relation to pH and ionic strength, confirming these core/shell nanostructure. The nanoparticles demonstrated a pH-responsive drug release as observed by a sustained Methotrexate release over the next 90 h under pH ≈ 7.4, while complete release occurred within 3 h under acidic conditions (pH ≈ 5.5). In the biocompatibility assessment, the magnetite/chitosan particles showed excellent hemocompatibility ex vivo and no cytotoxic effects on normal MCF-10 A and cancer MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the Methotrexate-loaded nanoparticles significantly enhanced the antitumor activity reducing the half-maximal inhibitory concentration by ≈ 2.7-fold less compared to the free chemotherapeutic.

Insights into the prospects of nanobiomaterials in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia

Cardiac arrhythmia, a disorder of abnormal electrical activity of the heart that disturbs the rhythm of the heart, thereby affecting its normal function, is one of the leading causes of death from heart disease worldwide and causes millions of deaths each year. Currently, treatments for arrhythmia include drug therapy, radiofrequency ablation, cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including pacemakers, defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, these traditional treatments have several limitations, such as the side effects of medication, the risks of device implantation, and the complications of invasive surgery. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials provide safer, effective and crucial treatments to improve the quality of life of patients with cardiac arrhythmia. The large specific surface area, controlled physical and chemical properties, and good biocompatibility of nanobiomaterials make them promising for a wide range of applications, such as cardiovascular drug delivery, tissue engineering, and the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of diseases. However, issues related to the genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of nanomaterials remain and require careful consideration. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmia and current treatments for arrhythmia and discuss the potential applications of nanobiomaterials before focusing on the promising applications of nanobiomaterials in drug delivery and cardiac tissue repair. An in-depth study of the application of nanobiomaterials is expected to provide safer and more effective therapeutic options for patients with cardiac arrhythmia, thereby improving their quality of life.

Controlling Action Potentials With Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles

Non-invasive or minutely invasive and wireless brain stimulation that can target any region of the brain is an open problem in engineering and neuroscience with serious implications for the treatment of numerous neurological diseases. Despite significant recent progress in advancing new methods of neuromodulation, none has successfully replicated the efficacy of traditional wired stimulation and improved on its downsides without introducing new complications. Due to the capability to convert magnetic fields into local electric fields, MagnetoElectric NanoParticle (MENP) neuromodulation is a recently proposed framework based on new materials that can locally sensitize neurons to specific, low-strength alternating current (AC) magnetic fields (50Hz 1.7kOe field). However, the current research into this neuromodulation concept is at a very early stage, and the theoretically feasible game-changing advantages remain to be proven experimentally. To break this stalemate phase, this study leveraged understanding of the non-linear properties of MENPs and the nanoparticles' field interaction with the cellular microenvironment. Particularly, the applied magnetic field's strength and frequency were tailored to the M-H hysteresis loop of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, rectangular prisms instead of the more traditional "spherical" nanoparticle shapes were used to: (i) maximize the magnetoelectric effect and (ii) improve the nanoparticle-cell-membrane surface interface. Neuromodulation performance was evaluated in a series of exploratory in vitro experiments on 2446 rat hippocampus neurons. Linear mixed effect models were used to ensure the independence of samples by accounting for fixed adjacency effects in synchronized firing. Neural activity was measured over repeated 4-minute segments, containing 90 seconds of baseline measurements, 90 seconds of stimulation measurements, and 60 seconds of post stimulation measurements. 87.5% of stimulation attempts produced statistically significant (P < 0.05) changes in neural activity, with 58.3% producing large changes (P < 0.01). In negative controls using either zero or 1.7kOe-strength field without nanoparticles, no experiments produced significant changes in neural activity (P > 0.05 and P > 0.15 respectively). Furthermore, an exploratory analysis of a direct current (DC) magnetic field indicated that the DC field could be used with MENPs to inhibit neuron activity (P < 0.01). These experiments demonstrated the potential for magnetoelectric neuromodulation to offer a near one-to-one functionality match with conventional electrode stimulation without requiring surgical intervention or genetic modification to achieve success, instead relying on physical properties of these nanoparticles as "On/Off" control mechanisms. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: This in vitro neural cell culture study explores how to exploit the non-linear and anisotropic properties of magnetoelectric nanoparticles for wireless neuromodulation, the importance of magnetic field strength and frequency matching for optimization, and demonstrates, for the first time, that magnetoelectric neuromodulation can inhibit neural responses.

Imparting of Nearly Superparamagnetic Properties to Cryogel Scaffolds With Mesoporous MNPs for Magneto-Sensitive Tissue Engineering Strategies

This work reports the assembly of mesoporous iron oxide nanoparticles (meso-MNPs) with cryogel scaffolds composed of chitosan and gelatin. Meso-MNPs with a particle size ranging from 2 and 50 nm, a surface area of 140.52 m2 g-1, and a pore volume of 0.27 cm3 g-1 were synthesized on a porous SiO2 template in the presence of PEG 6000 followed by leaching of SiO2. Different ratios of meso-MNPs were successfully incorporated into chitosan:gelatin cryogels up to an amount equivalent to the entire amount of polymer. The morphological structure and physicochemical properties of the cryogels were directly affected by the amount of MNPs. VSM curves showed that all composite cryogels could be magnetized by applying a magnetic field. In the context of the safety of magnetic cryogel scaffolds for use in biomedicine, it is important to note that all values are below the exposure limit for static magnetic fields, and according to cytotoxicity data, scaffolds containing meso-MNPs showed nontoxicity with cell viability ranging from 150% to 275%. In addition, microbial analysis with gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria showed that the scaffolds exhibited activity against these bacteria.

Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Promising Magnetic Biomaterials in Drug Delivery: A Review

A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages in biosubstance binding. By applying magnetic materials-based biomaterials to different organic polymers, highly advanced multifunctional bio-composites with high specificity, efficiency, and optimal bioavailability are designed and implemented in various bio-applications. In modern drug delivery, the importance of a successful therapy depends on the proper targeting of loaded bioactive components to specific sites in the body. MNPs are nanocarrier-based systems that are magnetically guided to specific regions using an external magnetic field. Therefore, MNPs are an excellent tool for different biomedical applications, in the form of imaging agents, sensors, drug delivery targets/vehicles, and diagnostic tools in managing disease therapy. A great contribution was made to improve engineering skills in surgical diagnosis, therapy, and treatment, while the advantages and applicability of MNPs have opened up a large scope of studies. This review highlights MNPs and their synthesis strategies, followed by surface functionalization techniques, which makes them promising magnetic biomaterials in biomedicine, with special emphasis on drug delivery. Mechanism of the delivery system with key factors affecting the drug delivery efficiency using MNPs are discussed, considering their toxicity and limitations as well.

Targeting anticancer immunity in melanoma tumour microenvironment: unleashing the potential of adjuvants, drugs, and phytochemicals

Melanoma poses a challenge in oncology because of its aggressive nature and limited treatment modalities. The tumour microenvironment (TME) in melanoma contains unique properties such as an immunosuppressive and high-density environment, unusual vasculature, and a high number of stromal and immunosuppressive cells. In recent years, numerous experiments have focused on boosting the immune system to effectively remove malignant cells. Adjuvants, consisting of phytochemicals, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, and cytokines, have shown encouraging results in triggering antitumor immunity and augmenting the therapeutic effectiveness of anticancer therapy. These adjuvants can stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs). Furthermore, nanocarriers can help to deliver immunomodulators and antigens directly to the tumour stroma, thereby improving their efficacy against malignant cells. The remodelling of melanoma TME utilising phytochemicals, agonists, and other adjuvants can be combined with current modalities for improving therapy outcomes. This review article explores the potential of adjuvants, drugs, and their nanoformulations in enhancing the anticancer potency of macrophages, CTLs, and natural killer (NK) cells. Additionally, the capacity of these agents to repress the function of immunosuppressive components of melanoma TME, such as immunosuppressive subsets of macrophages, stromal and myeloid cells will be discussed.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Promising Antibacterial Agents of New Generation

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is growing into a major public health crisis worldwide. The reducing alternatives to conventional agents starve for novel antimicrobial agents. Due to their unique magnetic properties and excellent biocompatibility, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are the most preferable nanomaterials in biomedicine, including antibacterial therapy, primarily through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. IONP characteristics, including their size, shape, surface charge, and superparamagnetism, influence their biodistribution and antibacterial activity. External magnetic fields, foreign metal doping, and surface, size, and shape modification improve the antibacterial effect of IONPs. Despite a few disadvantages, IONPs are expected to be promising antibacterial agents of a new generation.

Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Gadolinium-Based and Iron Oxide-Based Contrast Agents inside the Lymphatic Structure using Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography

PURPOSE

Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents are primarily used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL). However, overcoming venous contamination issues remains challenging. This study aims to assess the MRL efficacy of the newly developed iron-based contrast agent (INV-001) that is specially designed to mitigate venous contamination issues. The study further explores the optimal dosage, including both injection volume and concentration, required to achieve successful visualization of the popliteal lymph nodes and surrounding lymphatic vessels.

PROCEDURES

All animals utilized in this study were male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing between 250 and 300 g. The contrast agents prepared were injected intradermally in the fourth phalanx of both hind limbs using a 30-gauge syringe in SD rats. MRL was performed every 16 min on a coronal 3D time-of-flight sequence with saturation bands using a 9.4-T animal machine.

RESULTS

Contrary to Gd-DOTA, which exhibited venous contamination in most animals irrespective of injection dosages and conditions, INV-001 showed no venous contamination. For Gd-DOTA, the popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels reached peak enhancement 16 min after injection from the injection site and then rapidly washed out. However, with INV-001, they reached peak enhancement between 16 and 32 min after injection, with prolonged visualization of the popliteal lymph node and lymphatic vessels. INV-001 at 0.45 μmol (15 mM, 30 μL) and 0.75 μmol (15 mM, 50 μL) achieved high scores for qualitative image analysis, providing good visualization of the popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels without issues of venous contamination, interstitial space enhancement, or lymph node enlargement.

CONCLUSION

In MRL, INV-001, a novel T1 contrast agent based on iron, enables prolonged enhancement of popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels without venous contamination.

Lack of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of mPEG-silane coated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles doped with magnesium despite cellular uptake in cancerous and noncancerous lung cells

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of novel mPEG-silane coated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles doped with magnesium (Mg0.1-γ-Fe2O3(mPEG-silane)0.5) have been investigated on human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial (A549) and human normal bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. In the studies several molecular and cellular targets addressing to cell membrane, cytoplasm organelles and nucleus components were served as toxicological endpoints. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were found to be stable in the cell culture media and were examined for different concentration and exposure times. No cytotoxicity of the tested nanoparticles was found although these nanoparticles slightly increased reactive oxygen species in both cell types studied. Mg0.1-γ-Fe2O3(mPEG-silane)0.5 nanoparticles did not produce any DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damages in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Different concentration of Mg0.1-γ-Fe2O3(mPEG-silane)0.5 nanoparticles and different incubation time did not affect cell migration. The lung cancer cells' uptake of the nanoparticles was more effective than in normal lung cells. Altogether, the results evidence that mPEG-silane coated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles doped with magnesium do not elucidate any deleterious effects on human normal and cancerous lung cells despite cellular uptake of these nanoparticles. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that these novel biocompatible nanoparticles are promising candidates for further development towards medical applications.

A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles: From Classification to Application and Toxicity

Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.

Magnetic nanomaterials mediate precise magnetic therapy

Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-mediated precision magnet therapy plays a crucial role in treating various diseases. This therapeutic strategy compensates for the limitations of low spatial resolution and low focusing of magnetic stimulation, and realizes the goal of wireless teletherapy with precise targeting of focal areas. This paper summarizes the preparation methods of magnetic nanomaterials, the properties of magnetic nanoparticles, the biological effects, and the measurement methods for detecting magnetism; discusses the research progress of precision magnetotherapy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, neurological injuries, metabolic disorders, and bone-related disorders, and looks forward to the future development trend of precision magnet therapy.

Heterogeneous Iron-Based Catalysts for Organic Transformation Reactions: A Brief Overview

Iron (Fe) is considered to be one of the most significant elements due to its wide applications. Recent years have witnessed a burgeoning interest in Fe catalysis as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to noble metal catalysis in organic synthesis. The abundance and low toxicity of Fe, coupled with its competitive reactivity and selectivity, underscore its appeal for sustainable synthesis. A lot of catalytic reactions have been performed using heterogeneous catalysts of Fe oxide hybridized with support systems like aluminosilicates, clays, carbonized materials, metal oxides or polymeric matrices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in Fe-catalyzed organic transformation reactions. Highlighted areas include cross-coupling reactions, C-H activation, asymmetric catalysis, and cascade processes, showcasing the versatility of Fe across a spectrum of synthetic methodologies. Emphasis is placed on mechanistic insights, elucidating the underlying principles governing iron-catalyzed reactions. Challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed, providing a roadmap for future research endeavors. Overall, this review illuminates the transformative potential of Fe catalysis in driving innovation and sustainability in organic chemistry, with implications for drug discovery, materials science, and beyond.

Nano-Integrated Plant Tissue Culture to Increase the Rate of Callus Induction, Growth, and Curcuminoid Production in Curcuma longa

Turmeric has attracted a significant amount of interest in recent years due to its strong antimicrobial properties. The tissue culture of turmeric is preferred to obtain disease-free, highest number of plantlets with good uniform chemistry. However, there is a need to increase the speed of the whole process to meet the growing demand for planting materials and to save time and resources. Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) showed positive effects on callus initiation time, proliferation rate, percent root response, shoot length, percent rooting, and number of roots per explant. Highest callus induction, i.e., 80%, was recorded in cultures that were grown in the presence of 15 mg/L of Fe3O4 NPs. Callus initiated earlier in culture tubes that received green synthesized iron nanoparticles in a concentration between 10-15 mg/L. Biofabricated nanoparticles were characterized for their size, physiochemical, and optical properties through UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Curcuminoids profiling was performed by implementing LC-Ms that revealed increased quantities in plantlets grown in nano-supplemented media when compared to the control.

The toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles induced on the testicular cells: In vitro study

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have gained significant attention in biomedical research due to their potential applications. However, little is known about their impact and toxicity on testicular cells. To address this issue, we conducted an in vitro study using primary mouse testicular cells, testis fragments, and sperm to investigate the cytotoxic effects of sodium citrate-coated SPIONs (Cit_SPIONs). Herein, we synthesized and physiochemically characterized the Cit_SPIONs and observed that the sodium citrate diminished the size and improved the stability of nanoparticles in solution during the experimental time. The sodium citrate (measured by thermogravimetry) was biocompatible with testicular cells at the used concentration (3%). Despite these favorable physicochemical properties, the in vitro experiments demonstrated the cytotoxicity of Cit_SPIONs, particularly towards testicular somatic cells and sperm cells. Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that Leydig cells preferentially internalized Cit_SPIONs in the organotypic culture system, which resulted in alterations in their cytoplasmic size. Additionally, we found that Cit_SPIONs exposure had detrimental effects on various parameters of sperm cells, including motility, viability, DNA integrity, mitochondrial activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and ROS production. Our findings suggest that testicular somatic cells and sperm cells are highly sensitive and vulnerable to Cit_SPIONs and induced oxidative stress. This study emphasizes the potential toxicity of SPIONs, indicating significant threats to the male reproductive system. Our findings highlight the need for detailed development of iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance reproductive nanosafety.

Fe3O4 and Fe3O4core Aushell-based Hyperthermia Reduces Expression of Proliferation Markers Ki-67, TOP2A and TPX2 in a Human Breast Cancer Cell Line

BACKGROUND/AIM

Hyperthermia represents an adjuvant local anticancer strategy which relies on the increase of temperature beyond the physiological level. In this study, we investigated the anticancer potential of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4core Aushell nanoparticles as hyperthermic agents in terms of cytotoxicity and studied the expression of cellular markers of proliferation (changes in mRNA levels via real-time polymerase chain reaction).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The human breast cancer cell line SK-BR-1 was incubated with either Fe3O4 or Fe3O4core Aushell nanoparticles stabilized with tryptophan, prior to hyperthermia treatment. The normal HEK293 cell line was used as a control. Toxicity was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay to estimate possible toxic effects of the tested nanoparticles. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, mRNA expression of three indicators of proliferation, namely marker of proliferation Ki-67, DNA topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) and TPX2 microtubule nucleation factor (TPX2), was investigated.

RESULTS

At each concentration tested, Fe3O4core Aushell nanoparticles showed greater toxicity compared to Fe3O4, while SK-BR-3 cells were more susceptible to their cytotoxic effects compared to the HEK293 cell line. The expression of Ki-67, TOP2A and TPX2 was reduced in SK-BR-3 cells by both Fe3O4 or Fe3O4core Aushell nanoparticles compared to untreated cells, while the only observed change in HEK293 cells was the up-regulation of TOP2A.

CONCLUSION

Both Fe3O4core Aushell and Fe3O4 NPs exhibit increased cytotoxicity to the cancer cell line tested (SK-BR-3) compared to HEK293 cells. The down-regulation in SK-BR-3 cells of the three proliferative markers studied, Ki-67, TOP2A and TPX2, after incubation with NPs suggests that cells that survived thermal destruction were not actively proliferating.

Microrobotics in endodontics: A perspective

Microorganisms are the primary aetiological factor of apical periodontitis. The goal of endodontic treatment is to prevent and eliminate the infection by removing the microorganisms. However, microbial biofilms and the complex root canal anatomy impair the disinfection process. Effective and precise endodontic therapy could potentially be achieved using advanced multifunctional technologies that have the ability to access hard-to-reach surfaces and perform simultaneous biofilm killing, removal, and detection of microorganisms. Advances in microrobotics are providing novel therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities with high precision and efficacy to address current biofilm-related challenges in biomedicine. Concurrently, multifunctional magnetic microrobots have been developed to overcome the disinfection challenges of current approaches to disrupt, kill, and retrieve biofilms with the goal of enhancing the efficacy and precision of endodontic therapy. This article reviews the recent advances of microrobotics in healthcare and particularly advances to overcome disinfection challenges in endodontics, and provides perspectives for future research in the field.

Ultrastructural investigation of iron oxide nanoparticles accumulation in the liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758)

In recent years, the intensive production of nanoparticles with a wide application has led to their transfer to the environment, including the water ecosystem. The accumulation of nanoparticles in fish, causing various pathological changes in the host, raises certain concerns. In the current study, we investigated the penetration and bioaccumulation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, in the liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758). Common carp juveniles were exposed to Fe3O4 nanoparticles at concentrations of 10 and 100 mg. After 7 days, their livers were examined by light and transmission electron microscopes. Compared to normal fish's liver, after using a small concentration (10 mg) of nanoparticles, changes were observed in erythrocytes, hepatocytes, intracellular canaliculi, and bile ducts of the liver. At a high concentration (100 mg), the intensity of changes increased significantly. The liver's capsule was damaged, and a considerable number of hepatocytes were completely destroyed. Additionally, the walls of blood vessels and biliary ductule walls was notably disturbed. It was found that the intensity of pathologies occurring in the liver, increases proportionally with higher concentrations of nanoparticles. Confirmation via electron microscopic methods revealed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles, when administered with food to common carp, enter the fish's liver through erythrocytes localized in the lumen of blood vessels. From there, they traverse through the endothelium of vessels, proceed to hepatocytes, including cytoplasmic organelles, intracellular canaliculi, biliary ductules, and eventually reach the bile ducts. Fe3O4 nanoparticles in all structural elements of fish liver was up to 20 nm. Therefore, high concentrations of nanoparticles in the environment harms the bodies of aquatic organisms, including fish. The changes identified in the liver of common carp in the present study are valuable information in assessing possible risks to other components of the aquatic ecosystem and organisms.

Impact of Fe3O4-porphyrin hybrid nanoparticles on wheat: Physiological and metabolic advance

Iron-magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-NMPs) are widely used in environmental remediation, while porphyrin-based hybrid materials anchored to silica-coated Fe3O4-nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) have been used for water disinfection purposes. To assess their safety on plants, especially concerning potential environmental release, it was investigated for the first time, the impact on plants of a silica-coated Fe3O4-NPs bearing a porphyrinic formulation (FORM) - FORM@NMP. Additionally, FORM alone and the magnetic nanoparticles without FORM anchored (NH2@NMP) were used for comparison. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was chosen as a model species and was subjected to three environmentally relevant doses during germination and tiller development through root application. Morphological, physiological, and metabolic parameters were assessed. Despite a modest biomass decrease and alterations in membrane properties, no major impairments in germination or seedling development were observed. During tiller phase, both Fe3O4-NPs increased leaf length, and photosynthesis exhibited varied impacts: both Fe3O4-NPs and FORM alone increased pigments; only Fe3O4-NPs promoted gas exchange; all treatments improved the photochemical phase. Regarding oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation decreased in FORM and FORM@NMP, yet with increased O2-• in FORM@NMP; total flavonoids decreased in NH2@NMP and antioxidant enzymes declined across all materials. Phenolic profiling revealed a generalized trend towards a decrease in flavones. In conclusion, these nanoparticles can modulate wheat physiology/metabolism without apparently inducing phytotoxicity at low doses and during short-time exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Iron-magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in environmental remediation and fertilization, besides of new applications continuously being developed, making them emerging contaminants. Soil is a major sink for these nanoparticles and their fate and potential environmental risks in ecosystems must be addressed to achieve more sustainable environmental applications. Furthermore, as the reuse of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is being claimed, it is of major importance to disclose the impact on crops of the nanoparticles used for wastewater decontamination, such as those proposed in this work.

Selenium Nanoparticles as Neuroprotective Agents: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms for Parkinson's Disease Treatment

Oxidative stress and the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain are the main causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several nanoparticles have been used as therapeutics for PD. Despite their therapeutic potential, these nanoparticles induce multiple stresses upon entry. Selenium (Se), an essential nutrient in the human body, helps in DNA formation, stress control, and cell protection from damage and infections. It can also regulate thyroid hormone metabolism, reduce brain damage, boost immunity, and promote reproductive health. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs), a bioactive substance, have been employed as treatments in several disciplines, particularly as antioxidants. Se-NP, whether functionalized or not, can protect mitochondria by enhancing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes in the brain. They can also promote dopamine synthesis. By inhibiting the aggregation of tau, α-synuclein, and/or Aβ, they can reduce the cellular toxicities. The ability of the blood-brain barrier to absorb Se-NPs which maintain a healthy microenvironment is essential for brain homeostasis. This review focuses on stress-induced neurodegeneration and its critical control using Se-NP. Due to its ability to inhibit cellular stress and the pathophysiologies of PD, Se-NP is a promising neuroprotector with its anti-inflammatory, non-toxic, and antimicrobial properties.

Toxicity of different-sized cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles to Oncorhynchus mykiss at early development stages

As innovative and versatile agents with potential applications in a wide range of fields including medicine, electronics, wastewater treatment, cosmetics, and energy storage devices, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are significant attention. However, our knowledge of the harmful effects of different-sized NPs, particularly of their effects on aquatic animals, is limited. In this study, we evaluated the impact of different-sized (sub-2, 5, and 15 nm) cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) NPs on the biological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos and larvae. The NPs were characterized using techniques such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) for imaging, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystallographic analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for elemental analysis, and were tested for impact through a series of toxicity, genotoxicity, and biochemical assays at a concentration of 100 mg/L. The obtained results showed that toxicity of CoFe2O4 NPs depended on the size of NPs and the developmental stage of the fish. Our results, which revealed significant changes in biological parameters of O. mykiss under exposure to CoFe2O4 NPs, imply that these NPs may be not environmentally safe. The hierarchical cluster analysis showed that embryos of the control group were clearly separated from those exposed to NPs of various sizes. However, in the exposed larvae, the effects of control and the smallest-sized NPs (sub-2 nm) differed from those induced by larger NPs (5 nm and 15 nm). Additional research is necessary to comprehend the mechanisms underlying the observed variations, which would be advantageous for both managing the risk of NPs to humans and advancing the field of aquatic nanotoxicology.

Liposome-based hybrid drug delivery systems with DNA nanostructures and metallic nanoparticles

INTRODUCTION

This review discusses novel hybrid assemblies that are based on liposomal formulations. The focus is on the hybrid constructs that are formed through the integration of liposomes/vesicles with other nano-objects such as nucleic acid nanostructures and metallic nanoparticles. The aim is to introduce some of the recent, specific examples that bridge different technologies and thus may form a new platform for advanced drug delivery applications.

AREAS COVERED

We present selected examples of liposomal formulations combined with complex nanostructures either based on biomolecules like DNA origami or on metallic materials - metal/metal oxide/magnetic particles and metallic nanostructures, such as metal organic frameworks - together with their applications in drug delivery and beyond.

EXPERT OPINION

Merging the above-mentioned techniques could lead to development of drug delivery vehicles with the most desirable properties; multifunctionality, biocompatibility, high drug loading efficiency/accuracy/capacity, and stimuli-responsiveness. In the near future, we believe that especially the strategies combining dynamic, triggerable and programmable DNA nanostructures and liposomes could be used to create artificial liposome clusters for multiple applications such as examining protein-mediated interactions between lipid bilayers and channeling materials between liposomes for enhanced pharmacokinetic properties in drug delivery.

Toxicity and magnetometry evaluation of the uptake of core-shell maghemite-silica nanoparticles by neuroblastoma cells

Nanoparticle uptake by cells is a key parameter in their performance in biomedical applications. However, the use of quantitative, non-destructive techniques to obtain the amount of nanoparticles internalized by cells is still uncommon. We have studied the cellular uptake and the toxicity of core-shell maghemite-silica magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), with a core diameter of 9 nm and a shell thickness of 3 nm. The internalization of the nanoparticles by mouse neuroblastoma 2a cells was evaluated by sensitive and non-destructive Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometry and corroborated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. We were thus able to study the toxicity of the nanoparticles for well-quantified MNP uptake in terms of nanoparticle density within the cell. No significant variation in cell viability or growth rate was detected for any tested exposure. Yet, an increase in both the amount of mitochondrial superoxide and in the lysosomal activity was detected for the highest concentration (100 μg ml-1) and incubation time (24 h), suggesting the onset of a disruption in ROS homeostasis, which may lead to an impairment in antioxidant responses. Our results validate SQUID magnetometry as a sensitive technique to quantify MNP uptake and demonstrate the non-toxic nature of these core-shell MNPs under our culture conditions.

Magnetic Modulation of Biochemical Synthesis in Synthetic Cells

Synthetic cells can be constructed from diverse molecular components, without the design constraints associated with modifying 'living' biological systems. This can be exploited to generate cells with abiotic components, creating functionalities absent in biology. One example is magnetic responsiveness, the activation and modulation of encapsulated biochemical processes using a magnetic field, which is absent from existing synthetic cell designs. This is a critical oversight, as magnetic fields are uniquely bio-orthogonal, noninvasive, and highly penetrative. Here, we address this by producing artificial magneto-responsive organelles by coupling thermoresponsive membranes with hyperthermic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and embedding them in synthetic cells. Combining these systems enables synthetic cell microreactors to be built using a nested vesicle architecture, which can respond to alternating magnetic fields through in situ enzymatic catalysis. We also demonstrate the modulation of biochemical reactions by using different magnetic field strengths and the potential to tune the system using different lipid compositions. This platform could unlock a wide range of applications for synthetic cells as programmable micromachines in biomedicine and biotechnology.

Targeted Thrombolysis with Magnetic Nanotherapeutics: A Translational Assessment

Plasminogen activators, such as recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activators (rtPAs), while effective in treating thromboembolic diseases, often induce hemorrhagic complications due to non-specific enzyme activities in the systemic circulation. This study evaluated the targeting efficiency, efficacy, biodistribution, and potential toxicity of a rtPA covalently attached to chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (chitosan-MNP-rtPA). The thrombolytic activity of a chitosan-MNP-rtPA was preserved by protection from an endogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in whole blood and after circulation in vivo, as examined by thromboelastometry. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) demonstrated real-time retention of a 99mTc-MNP-rtPA induced by magnet application in a rat embolic model; an 80% reduction in rtPA dosage for a chitosan-MNP-rtPA with magnetic guidance was shown to restore blood flow. After treatment, iron deposition was observed in the reticuloendothelial systems, with portal edema and neutrophil infiltration in the liver at a ten-fold higher dose but not the regular dose. Nevertheless, no liver or renal toxicity was observed at this higher dose. In conclusion, the liver may still be the major deposit site of rtPA nanocomposites after targeted delivery; chitosan-coated MNPs are potentially amenable to target therapeutics with parenteral administration.

Magnetite nanoparticles: an emerging adjunctive tool for the improvement of cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a groundbreaking field, offering promising and transformative tools for oncological research and treatment. However, it faces several limitations, including variations in cancer types, dependence on the tumor microenvironments (TMEs), immune cell exhaustion, and adverse reactions. Magnetic nanoparticles, particularly magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), with established pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics for clinical use, hold great promise in this context and are now being explored for therapeutic aims. Numerous preclinical studies have illustrated their efficacy in enhancing immunotherapy through various strategies, such as modulating leukocyte functions, creating favorable TMEs for cytotoxic T lymphocytes, combining with monoclonal antibodies, and stimulating the immune response via magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) treatment (Front Immunol. 2021;12:701485. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701485). However, the current clinical trials of MNPs are mostly for diagnostic aims and as a tool for generating hyperthermia for tumor ablation. With concerns about the adverse effects of MNPs in the in vivo systems, clinical translation and clinical study of MNP-boosted immunotherapy remains limited. The lack of extensive clinical investigations poses a current barrier to patient application. Urgent efforts are needed to ascertain both the efficacy of MNP-enhanced immunotherapy and its safety profile in combination therapy. This article reviews the roles, potential, and challenges of using MNPs in advancing cancer immunotherapy. The application of MNPs in boosting immunotherapy, and its perspective role in research and development is also discussed.

From diagnosis to resistance: a symphony of miRNAs in pheochromocytoma progression and treatment response

Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that produces and secretes catecholamine from either the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal locations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miR) can be used as biomarkers to detect cancer or the return of a previously treated disease. Blood-borne miRNAs might be envisioned as noninvasive markers of malignancy or prognosis, and new studies demonstrate that microRNAs are released in body fluids as well as tissues. MiRNAs have the potential to be therapeutic targets, which would greatly increase the restricted therapy options for adrenal tumors. This article aims to consolidate and synthesize the most recent studies on miRNAs in PCC, discussing their potential clinical utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers while also addressing their limitations.

Magnetic Particle Imaging: From Tracer Design to Biomedical Applications in Vasculature Abnormality

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging non-invasive tomographic technique based on the response of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to oscillating drive fields at the center of a static magnetic gradient. In contrast to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is driven by uniform magnetic fields and projects the anatomic information of the subjects, MPI directly tracks and quantifies MNPs in vivo without background signals. Moreover, it does not require radioactive tracers and has no limitations on imaging depth. This article first introduces the basic principles of MPI and important features of MNPs for imaging sensitivity, spatial resolution, and targeted biodistribution. The latest research aiming to optimize the performance of MPI tracers is reviewed based on their material composition, physical properties, and surface modifications. While the unique advantages of MPI have led to a series of promising biomedical applications, recent development of MPI in investigating vascular abnormalities in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, and cancer are also discussed. Finally, recent progress and challenges in the clinical translation of MPI are discussed to provide possible directions for future research and development.

In vivo assessment of the toxic impact of exposure to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using Drosophila melanogaster

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have useful properties, such as strong magnetism and compatibility with living organisms which is preferable for medical applications such as drug delivery and imaging. However, increasing use of these materials, especially in medicine, has raised concerns regarding potential risks to human health. In this study, IONPs were coated with silicon dioxide (SiO2), citric acid (CA), and polyethylenimine (PEI) to enhance their dispersion and biocompatibility. Both coated and uncoated IONPs were assessed for genotoxic effects on Drosophila melanogaster. Results showed that uncoated IONPs induced genotoxic effects, including mutations and recombinations, while the coated IONPs demonstrated reduced or negligible genotoxicity. Additionally, bioinformatic analyses highlighted potential implications of induced recombination in various cancer types, underscoring the importance of understanding nanoparticle-induced genomic instability. This study highlights the importance of nanoparticle coatings in reducing potential genotoxic effects and emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive toxicity assessments in nanomaterial research.

Evaluating the effects of graphene nanoparticles combined radio-frequency thawing on the physicochemical quality and protein conformation in hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) dorsal muscle

BACKGROUND

The thawing process is an essential step for a frozen marine fish. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of graphene magnetic nanoparticles combined radio-frequency thawing methods on frozen hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) dorsal muscle. Seven thawing methods were used: air thawing, 4 °C cold storage thawing, water thawing, radio-frequency thawing (RT), radio frequency thawing combined with graphene nanoparticles (G-RT), radio frequency thawing combined with graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO-RT) and radio-frequency thawing combined with graphene magnetic nanoparticles (GM-RT). The thawing loss and centrifugal loss, electric conductivity, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and color of thawed hairtail dorsal muscle were determined. The carbonyl content, total sulfhydryl groups, Ca2+ -ATPase activity, raman spectroscopy measurements and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry measurements were determined using myofibrillar extracted from the dorsal muscle of hairtail. The water distribution was determined using low-field NMR techniques.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that the RT, G-RT, GO-RT and GM-RT could significantly shorten the thawing time. Moreover, GO-RT and GM-RT efficiently preserved the color of fish dorsal muscle and reduced the impact of thawing on fish quality by reducing lipid and protein oxidation. Meanwhile, the myofibrillar protein structure thawed by GO-RT and GM-RT were more stable and had a more stable secondary structure, which maintained strong systemic stability at the same time as slowing down protein oxidation.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that GO-RT and GM-RT can significantly improve the thawing efficiency at the same time as effectively maintaining and improving the color and texture of thawed fish, slowing down the oxidation of proteins and lipids, and maintaining a good quality of thawed fish meat. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Direct binding and characterization of laccase onto iron oxide nanoparticles

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) exhibit unique magnetic properties and possess a high surface-to-volume ratio, making them ideal candidates for the conjugation of substances, including enzymes. Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), an oxidative enzyme with diverse applications, presents an opportunity for enhancing stability and reusability through innovative immobilization techniques, thus reducing overall process costs. In this study, we employed a direct binding procedure via carbodiimide activation to conjugate laccase onto IONPs synthesized using thermal chemical coprecipitation. Stabilization of the nanoparticles was achieved using thioglycerol and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as capping agents. Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was conducted using UV-spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy analysis confirmed successful laccase binding to magnetic nanoparticles, with binding efficiencies of 90.65% and 73.02% observed for thioglycerol and PVA capped IONPs, respectively. Furthermore, the conjugated enzyme exhibited remarkable stability, retaining nearly 50% of its initial activity after 20 reuse cycles. This research demonstrates that immobilizing laccase onto IONPs enhances its activity, stability, and reusability, with the potential for significant cost savings and expanded applications in various fields.

A new bodipy/pillar[5]arene functionalized magnetic sporopollenin for the detection of Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions in aqueous solution

In this study, a new bodipy/pillar[5]arene functionalized magnetic MS-Sp-P[5]-bodipy microcapsule sensor was prepared based on the use of environmentally friendly for the selective and sensitive detection of Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions in aqueous media. SEM results used in the characterization process of the materials synthesized at each stage confirmed the structural and morphological changes in the pore structure, while other characterization results (FT-IR and XRD) elucidated the role of pillar[5]arene compound and bodipy dye in the synthesis of magnetic microcapsule sensors. The colloidal solution of MS-Sp-P[5]-bodipy (water/ethanol)) showed two fluorescence bands centered at 402 and 540 nm. The detection limits of MS-Sp-P[5]-bodipy for Hg(II) and Cu(II) were calculated to be 0.06 µM and 2.27 µM, respectively (at 540 nm). The linear range of the magnetic sensor for Hg(II) and Cu(II) was found to be in the range of 1-150 µM and 10-150 µM, respectively. The experimental results (response time, pH, temperature, sensitivity and selectivity) demonstrated the applicability and potential of the prepared magnetic microcapsule sensor for the detection of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in water and tap water samples containing heavy metal ions.

Selective cytotoxic effects of nitrogen-doped graphene coated mixed iron oxide nanoparticles on HepG2 as a new potential therapeutic approach

New selective therapeutics are needed for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the 7th most common cancer. In this study, we compared the cytotoxic effect induced by the release of pH-dependent iron nanoparticles from nitrogen-doped graphene-coated mixed iron oxide nanoparticles (FexOy/N-GN) with the cytotoxic effect of nitrogen-doped graphene (N-GN) and commercial graphene nanoflakes (GN) in Hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells and healthy cells. The cytotoxic effect of nanocomposites (2.5-100 ug/ml) on HepG2 and healthy fibroblast (BJ) cells (12-48 h) was measured by Cell Viability assay, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated. After the shortest (12 h) and longest incubation (48 h) incubation periods in HepG2 cells, IC50 values of FexOy/N-GN were calculated as 21.95 to 2.11 µg.mL-1, IC50 values of N-GN were calculated as 39.64 to 26.47 µg.mL-1 and IC50 values of GN were calculated as 49.94 to 29.94, respectively. After 48 h, FexOy/N-GN showed a selectivity index (SI) of 10.80 for HepG2/BJ cells, exceeding the SI of N-GN (1.27) by about 8.5-fold. The high cytotoxicity of FexOy/N-GN was caused by the fact that liver cancer cells have many transferrin receptors and time-dependent pH changes in their microenvironment increase iron release. This indicates the potential of FexOy/N-GN as a new selective therapeutic.

Surface Modification Strategies for Chrysin-Loaded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Boost Their Anti-Tumor Efficacy in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

Enhancing nanoparticles' anti-cancer capabilities as drug carriers requires the careful adjustment of formulation parameters, including loading efficiency, drug/carrier ratio, and synthesis method. Small adjustments to these parameters can significantly influence the drug-loading efficiency of nanoparticles. Our study explored how chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings affect the structural properties, drug-loading efficiency, and anti-cancer efficacy of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs). The loading efficiency of the NPs was determined using FTIR spectrometry and XRD. The quantity of chrysin incorporated into the coated NPs was examined using UV-Vis spectrometry. The effect of the NPs on cell viability and apoptosis was determined by employing the HCT 116 human colon carcinoma cell line. We showed that a two-fold increase in drug concentration did not impact the loading efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs coated with PEG. However, there was a 33 Å difference in the crystallite sizes obtained from chitosan-coated Fe3O4 NPs and drug concentrations of 1:0.5 and 1:2, resulting in decreased system stability. In conclusion, PEG coating exhibited a higher loading efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs compared to chitosan, resulting in enhanced anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, variations in the loaded amount of chrysin did not impact the crystallinity of PEG-coated NPs, emphasizing the stability and regularity of the system.

SPIONs: Superparamagnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticles for the delivery of microRNAi-therapeutics in cancer

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-based therapeutics that induce RNA interference (RNAi), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have drawn considerable attention as a novel class of targeted cancer therapeutics because of their capacity to specifically target oncogenes/protooncogenes that regulate key signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis, tumor growth and progression, metastasis, cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. However, clinical translation of miRNA-based therapeutics, in particular, has been challenging due to the ineffective delivery of ncRNA molecules into tumors and their uptake into cancer cells. Recently, superparamagnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticles (SPIONs) have emerged as highly effective and efficient for the delivery of therapeutic RNAs to malignant tissues, as well as theranostic (therapy and diagnostic) applications, due to their excellent biocompatibility, magnetic responsiveness, broad functional surface modification, safety, and biodistribution profiles. This review highlights recent advances in the use of SPIONs for the delivery of ncRNA-based therapeutics with an emphasis on their synthesis and coating strategies. Moreover, the advantages and current limitations of SPIONs and their future perspectives are discussed.

Optical Microscopy Using the Faraday Effect Reveals in Situ Magnetization Dynamics of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biological Samples

The study of exogenous and endogenous nanoscale magnetic material in biology is important for developing biomedical nanotechnology as well as for understanding fundamental biological processes such as iron metabolism and biomineralization. Here, we exploit the magneto-optical Faraday effect to probe intracellular magnetic properties and perform magnetic imaging, revealing the location-specific magnetization dynamics of exogenous magnetic nanoparticles within cells. The opportunities enabled by this method are shown in the context of magnetic hyperthermia; an effect where local heating is generated in magnetic nanoparticles exposed to high-frequency AC magnetic fields. Magnetic hyperthermia has the potential to be used as a cellular-level thermotherapy for cancer, as well as for other biomedical applications that target heat-sensitive cellular function. However, previous experiments have suggested that the cellular environment modifies the magnetization dynamics of nanoparticles, thus dramatically altering their heating efficiency. By combining magneto-optical and fluorescence measurements, we demonstrate a form of biological microscopy that we used here to study the magnetization dynamics of nanoparticles in situ, in both histological samples and living cancer cells. Correlative magnetic and fluorescence imaging identified aggregated magnetic nanoparticles colocalized with cellular lysosomes. Nanoparticles aggregated within these lysosomes displayed reduced AC magnetic coercivity compared to the same particles measured in an aqueous suspension or aggregated in other areas of the cells. Such measurements reveal the power of this approach, enabling investigations of how cellular location, nanoparticle aggregation, and interparticle magnetic interactions affect the magnetization dynamics and consequently the heating response of nanoparticles in the biological milieu.

The Impact of Nanomedicine on Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treated by Radiotherapy and/or Hyperthermia: A Review

This article presents a comprehensive review of nanoparticle-assisted treatment approaches for soft tissue sarcoma (STS). STS, a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal-origin tumors with aggressive behavior and low overall survival rates, necessitates the exploration of innovative therapeutic interventions. In contrast to conventional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy (RT), hyperthermia (HT), and chemotherapy, nanomedicine offers promising advancements in STS management. This review focuses on recent research in nanoparticle applications, including their role in enhancing RT and HT efficacy through improved drug delivery systems, novel radiosensitizers, and imaging agents. Reviewing the current state of nanoparticle-assisted therapies, this paper sheds light on their potential to revolutionize soft tissue sarcoma treatment and improve patient therapy outcomes.

Iron oxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

BACKGROUND

Nanotechnology and material science have developed enormously fast in recent years. Due to their excellent magnetic properties, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been broadly applied in the field of bioengineering and biomedical. Thus, it is important to evaluate the safety issues and health effects of these nanomaterials. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of IONPs on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

METHODS

The cytotoxic potential of IONPs was assessed by MTT and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. The impact of IONPs on oxidative stress markers (glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was also examined. Furthermore, the toxic effect of IONPs was quantified by assessing DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis by quantitative real time PCR.

RESULTS

We found that IONPs induce a dose-dependent cytotoxicity on HUVECs with IC50 value of 79.13 μg/mL. The results also displayed that IONPs induce oxidative stress, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction. The comet assay results exhibited IONPs induces DNA damage in HUVECs. We found significant cell cycle arrest at SubG1 phase in treated cells and consequent cell death was evidenced by microscopic analysis. Moreover, IONPs display substantial up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene evidenced by real time qPCR.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our results clearly demonstrated that IONPs have the potential to induce cytotoxicity, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in HUVECs mediated through oxidative stress and ROS production. Thus, IONPs are cytotoxic and it should be handled with proper care.

Iron oxide nanoparticle-based nanocomposites in biomedical application

Iron-oxide-based biomagnetic nanocomposites, recognized for their significant properties, have been utilized in MRI and cancer treatment for several decades. The expansion of clinical applications is limited by the occurrence of adverse effects. These limitations are largely attributed to suboptimal material design, resulting in agglomeration, reduced magnetic relaxivity, and inadequate functionality. To address these challenges, various synthesis methods and modification strategies have been used to tailor the size, shape, and properties of iron oxide nanoparticle (FeONP)-based nanocomposites. The resulting modified nanocomposites exhibit significant potential for application in diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic contexts, including MRI, drug delivery, and anticancer and antimicrobial activity. Yet, their biosafety profile must be rigorously evaluated. Such efforts will facilitate the broader clinical translation of FeONP-based nanocomposites in biomedical applications.

Development of light and pH-dual responsive self-quenching theranostic SPION to make EGFR overexpressing micro tumors glow and destroy

Drug resistant and undetectable tumors easily escape treatment leading metastases and/or recurrence of the lethal disease. Therefore, it is vital to diagnose and destroy micro tumors using simple yet novel approaches. Here, we present fluorescence-based detection and light-based destruction of cancer cells that are known to be resistant to standard therapies. We developed a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-based theranostic agent that is composed of self-quenching light activated photosensitizer (BPD) and EGFR targeting ligand (Anti-EGFR ScFv or GE11 peptide). Photosensitizer (BPD) was immobilized to PEG-PEI modified SPION with acid-labile linker. Prior to stimulation of the theranostic system by light its accumulation within cancer cells is vital since BPD phototoxicity and fluorescence is activated by lysosomal proteolysis. As BPD is cleaved, the system switches from off to on position which triggers imaging and therapy. Targeting, therapeutic and diagnostic features of the theranostic system were evaluated in high and moderate level EGFR expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our results indicate that the system distinguishes high and moderate EGFR expression levels and yields up to 4.3-fold increase in intracellular fluorescence intensity. Amplification of fluorescence signal was as low as 1.3-fold in the moderate or no EGFR expressing cell lines. Anti-EGFR ScFv targeted SPION caused nearly 2-fold higher cell death via apoptosis in high EGFR expressing Panc-1 cell line. The developed system, possessing advanced targeting, enhanced imaging and effective therapeutic features, is a promising candidate for multi-mode detection and destruction of residual drug-resistant cancer cells.

The Relationship Between the Cross-Linker on Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles and the Properties of Immobilized Papain

The immobilized enzymes' properties can be affected by cross-linkers on the surface of supports. To study how cross-linkers alter enzymes function, chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs) with immobilized papain were prepared using glutaraldehyde and or genipin, and then, the properties of the nanoparticles and the immobilized enzymes were assessed. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results showed that the CMNPs were prepared and papain molecules were immobilized on CMNPs by glutaraldehyde (CMNP-Glu-Papain) or by genipin (CMNP-Gen-Papain). Also, the results associated with enzymes activity indicated that the immobilization by glutaraldehyde and genipin increased the pH optimum of papain from 7 to 7.5 and 9, respectively. The kinetic results indicated that the immobilization by genipin slightly affects the enzyme affinity to the substrate. The stability results showed that CMNP-Gen-Papain has more thermal stability than CMNP-Glu-Papain and papain immobilization on CMNPs by genipin leads to stabilization of the enzyme in the presence of polar solvents, probably due to the more hydroxyl groups on CMNPs activated by genipin. In conclusion, this study suggests that there is a relationship between the types of cross-linker on the surface of supports, and the mechanism of action, kinetic parameters, and the stability of immobilized papain.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with and without Cobalt Functionalization Provoke Changes in the Transcription Profile via Epigenetic Modulation of Enhancer Activity

Despite the progress in the field of nanotoxicology, much about the cellular mechanisms that mediate the adverse effects of nanoparticles (NPs) and, in particular, the possible role of epigenetics in nanotoxicity, remains to be clarified. Therefore, we studied the changes occurring in the genome-wide distribution of H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K9me2, and H3K27me3 histone modifications and compared them with the transcriptome after exposing NIH3T3 cells to iron-based magnetic NPs (i.e., Fe2O3 and Fe2O3@Co NPs). We found that the transcription response is mainly due to changes in the genomic distribution of H3K27ac that can modulate the activity of enhancers. We propose that alteration of the epigenetic landscape is a key mechanism in defining the gene expression program changes resulting in nanotoxicity. With this approach, it is possible to construct a data set of genomic regions that could be useful for defining toxicity in a manner that is more comprehensive than what is possible with the present toxicology assays.

Current Overview of Metal Nanoparticles' Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications, with a Focus on Silver and Gold Nanoparticles

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered considerable attention, due to their unique physicochemical properties, that render them promising candidates for various applications in medicine and industry. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in the manufacturing, characterization, and biomedical utilization of metal NPs, with a primary focus on silver and gold NPs. Their potential as effective anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents, drug delivery systems, and imaging agents in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of disorders is reviewed. Moreover, their translation to therapeutic settings, and the issue of their inclusion in clinical trials, are assessed in light of over 30 clinical investigations that concentrate on administering either silver or gold NPs in conditions ranging from nosocomial infections to different types of cancers. This paper aims not only to examine the biocompatibility of nanomaterials but also to emphasize potential challenges that may limit their safe integration into healthcare practices. More than 100 nanomedicines are currently on the market, which justifies ongoing study into the use of nanomaterials in medicine. Overall, the present review aims to highlight the potential of silver and gold NPs as innovative and effective therapeutics in the field of biomedicine, citing some of their most relevant current applications.

Recent Advancements and Strategies for Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier Using Albumin-Based Drug Delivery Systems to Treat Brain Cancer, with a Focus on Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor, and the most prevalent primary malignant tumor affecting the brain and central nervous system. Recent research indicates that the genetic profile of GBM makes it resistant to drugs and radiation. However, the main obstacle in treating GBM is transporting drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Albumin is a versatile biomaterial for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The efficiency of albumin-based delivery systems is determined by their ability to improve tumor targeting and accumulation. In this review, we will discuss the prevalence of human glioblastoma and the currently adopted treatment, as well as the structure and some essential functions of the BBB, to transport drugs through this barrier. We will also mention some aspects related to the blood-tumor brain barrier (BTBB) that lead to poor treatment efficacy. The properties and structure of serum albumin were highlighted, such as its role in targeting brain tumors, as well as the progress made until now regarding the techniques for obtaining albumin nanoparticles and their functionalization, in order to overcome the BBB and treat cancer, especially human glioblastoma. The albumin drug delivery nanosystems mentioned in this paper have improved properties and can overcome the BBB to target brain tumors.

mAb-Functionalized Biomimetic MamC-Mediated-Magnetoliposomes as Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy

In cancer therapy, new therapeutic nanoformulations able to mediate targeted chemotherapy are required. Recently, biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) mediated by MamC, a magnetosome protein from Magnetococcus marinus MC-1, have proven, in vitro and in vivo, to be effective drug nanocarriers (following the application of an external gradient magnetic field) and to allow combination with hyperthermia. However, these nanoassemblies require further optimization to improve cytocompatibility, stability and active targeting ability. Herein, we describe the production of the magnetoliposomes (LP) embedding BMNPs functionalized (or not) with doxorubicin (DOXO), [LP(+/-DOXO-BMNPs)], and their surface modification with the DO-24 mAb, which targets the human Met/HGF receptor's ectodomain (overexpressed in many cancers). Nanoformulations were extensively characterized using TEM, DLS, FTIR and when tested in vitro, the lipid coating increased the colloidal stability and their biocompatibility, favoring the cellular uptake in cells overexpressing the cognate receptor. Indeed, the magnetoliposomes mAb-LP(+/-DOXO-BMNPs) exerted a specific active targeting ability by the presence of the mAb that preserved its immunocompetence. Both LP(BMNPs) and mAb-LP(BMNPs) were not toxic to cells, while +/-mAb-LP(DOXO-BMNPs) nanoformulations were indeed cytotoxic. Therefore, this study represents a proof of concept for the development of promising drug carriers for cancer therapy based on local chemotherapy directed by mAbs.

Magnetic force-based cell manipulation for in vitro tissue engineering

Cell manipulation techniques such as those based on three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidic systems have recently been developed to reconstruct complex 3D tissue structures in vitro. Compared to these technologies, magnetic force-based cell manipulation is a simpler, scaffold- and label-free method that minimally affects cell viability and can rapidly manipulate cells into 3D tissue constructs. As such, there is increasing interest in leveraging this technology for cell assembly in tissue engineering. Cell manipulation using magnetic forces primarily involves two key approaches. The first method, positive magnetophoresis, uses magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) which are either attached to the cell surface or integrated within the cell. These MNPs enable the deliberate positioning of cells into designated configurations when an external magnetic field is applied. The second method, known as negative magnetophoresis, manipulates diamagnetic entities, such as cells, in a paramagnetic environment using an external magnetic field. Unlike the first method, this technique does not require the use of MNPs for cell manipulation. Instead, it leverages the magnetic field and the motion of paramagnetic agents like paramagnetic salts (Gadobutrol, MnCl2, etc.) to propel cells toward the field minimum, resulting in the assembly of cells into the desired geometrical arrangement. In this Review, we will first describe the major approaches used to assemble cells in vitro-3D bioprinting and microfluidics-based platforms-and then discuss the use of magnetic forces for cell manipulation. Finally, we will highlight recent research in which these magnetic force-based approaches have been applied and outline challenges to mature this technology for in vitro tissue engineering.

Endocrine Effect of Some Mycotoxins on Humans: A Clinical Review of the Ways to Mitigate the Action of Mycotoxins

Fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp., which are commonly found in the environment, pose a serious global health problem. This study aims to present the results of epidemiological studies, including clinical cases, on the relationship between human exposure to some mycotoxins, especially zearalenone and aflatoxin, and the occurrence of reproductive disorders. In addition, examples of methods to reduce human exposure to mycotoxins are presented. In March 2023, various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Web of Science) were systematically searched using Google Chrome to identify studies evaluating the association between exposure to mycotoxins and the occurrence of complications related to impaired fertility or cancer incidence. The analysed data indicate that exposure to the evaluated mycotoxins is widespread and correlates strongly with precocious puberty, reduced fertility and increased cancer incidence in women and men worldwide. There is evidence to suggest that exposure to the Aspergillus mycotoxin aflatoxin (AF) during pregnancy can impair intrauterine foetal growth, promote neonatal jaundice and cause perinatal death and preterm birth. In contrast, exposure to the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) leads to precocious sexual development, infertility, the development of malformations and the development of breast cancer. Unfortunately, the development of methods (biological, chemical or physical) to completely eliminate exposure to mycotoxins has limited practical application. The threat to human health from mycotoxins is real and further research is needed to improve our knowledge and specific public health interventions.