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Andonova T, Petkova Z, Teneva O, Antova G, Apostolova E, Naimov S, Mladenova T, Slavov I, Dimitrova-Dyulgerova I. Ailanthus altissima Seed Oil-A Valuable Source of Lipid-Soluble Components with DNA Protective and Antiproliferative Activities. Foods 2024; 13:1268. [PMID: 38672940 PMCID: PMC11048806 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study is focused on the chemical and lipid composition of seed oil of the European ornamental and invasive wood plant Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae). Total lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ash, and moisture in the seeds were determined. A high yield of glyceride oil (30.7%) was found, as well as a high content of fibers (29.6%) and proteins (18.7%). Physicochemical properties of the oil define it as semi-dry (129.4 g I2/100 g Iodine value) with oxidative stability, refractive index, saponification value, and relative density similar to widely used oils with nutritional value and health benefits. The composition of the seed oil was determined chromatographically. Unsaturated fatty acids (95.3%) predominated in the seed oil, of which linoleic acid (48.6%) and oleic acid (44.8%) were the major ones. The main lipid-soluble bioactive components were β-sitosterol (72.6%), γ-tocopherol (74.6%), phosphatidylinositol (29.5%), and phosphatidic acids (25.7%). The proven in vitro DNA-protective ability of seed oil is reported for the first time. The seed oil exhibited a weak antiproliferative effect on HT-29 and PC3 tumor cell lines and showed no cytotoxicity on the BALB/c 3T3 cell line. In brief, the present study reveals that A. altissima seed oil can be used as a healthy food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Andonova
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Asen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.A.); (T.M.); (I.D.-D.)
| | - Zhana Petkova
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Asen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (O.T.); (G.A.)
| | - Olga Teneva
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Asen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (O.T.); (G.A.)
| | - Ginka Antova
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Asen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (O.T.); (G.A.)
| | - Elena Apostolova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Asen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (E.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Samir Naimov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Asen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (E.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Tsvetelina Mladenova
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Asen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.A.); (T.M.); (I.D.-D.)
| | - Iliya Slavov
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivanka Dimitrova-Dyulgerova
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tzar Asen Street, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.A.); (T.M.); (I.D.-D.)
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Tan Q, Zhu J, Ju Y, Chi X, Cao T, Zheng L, Chen Q. Antiviral Activity of Ailanthone from Ailanthus altissima on the Rice Stripe Virus. Viruses 2023; 16:73. [PMID: 38257773 PMCID: PMC10820994 DOI: 10.3390/v16010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe disease caused by the rice stripe virus (RSV), which infects many Poaceae species in nature, is one of the most devastating plant viruses in rice that causes enormous losses in production. Ailanthone is one of the typical C20 quassinoids synthesized by the secondary metabolism of Ailanthus altissima, which has been proven to be a biologically active natural product with promising prospects and great potential for use as a lead structure for pesticide development. Based on the achievement of the systemic infection and replication of RSV in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and rice protoplasts, the antiviral properties of Ailanthone were investigated by determining its effects on viral-coding RNA gene expression using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. Ailanthone exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on RSV NSvc3 expression in the assay in both virus-infected tobacco plants and rice protoplasts. Further efforts revealed a potent inhibitory effect of Ailanthone on the expression of seven RSV protein-encoding genes, among which NS3, NSvc3, NS4, and NSvc4 are the most affected genes. These facts promoted an extended and greater depth of understanding of the antiviral nature of Ailanthone against plant viruses, in addition to the limited knowledge of its anti-tobacco mosaic virus properties. Moreover, the leaf disc method introduced and developed in the study for the detection of the antiviral activity of Ailanthone facilitates an available and convenient screening method for anti-RSV natural products or synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
- Institute of Plant Virus Research, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianxuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuanyuan Ju
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xinlin Chi
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Tangdan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
- Institute of Plant Virus Research, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qijian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
- Institute of Plant Virus Research, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Zhang M, Zheng C, Li J, Wang X, Liu C, Li X, Xu Z, Du K. Genetic diversity, population structure, and DNA fingerprinting of Ailanthus altissima var. erythrocarpa based on EST-SSR markers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19315. [PMID: 37935877 PMCID: PMC10630516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ailanthus altissima var. erythrocarpa is an A. altissima variety with high economic, ecological and ornamental value, but there have been no reports on the development of SSR primers for it. According to the SSR primer information provided by the transcriptome of A. altissima var. erythrocarpa, 120 individuals with different redness levels were used to screen polymorphic primers. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 10,681 SSR loci, of which mononucleotide repeats were dominant (58.3%), followed by dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats (16.6%, 15.1%) and pentanucleotide repeats (0.2%). Among 140 pairs of randomly selected primers, nineteen pairs of core primers with high polymorphism were obtained. The average number of alleles (Na), average number of effective alleles (Ne), average Shannon's diversity index (I), average observed heterozygosity (Ho), average expected heterozygosity (He), fixation index (F) and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 11.623, 4.098, 1.626, 0.516, 0.696, 0.232 and 0.671, respectively. Nineteen EST-SSR markers were used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of A. altissima var. erythrocarpa. The phylogenetic tree, PCoA, and structure analysis all divided the tested resources into two categories, clearly showing the genetic variation between individuals. The population showed high genetic diversity, mainly derived from intraspecific variation. Among nineteen pairs of primers, 4 pairs (p33, p15, p46, p92) could effectively distinguish and be used for fingerprinting of the tested materials. This study is of great significance for genetic diversity analysis and molecular-assisted breeding of A. altissima var. erythrocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhang
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Conghui Zheng
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Jida Li
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Xueyong Wang
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Chunpeng Liu
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China.
| | - Kejiu Du
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
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Shao Q, Li TY, Quan W, Wang H, Yan KY, Qiu PC, Tang HF, Lu YY. The alkaloids with neuroprotective effect from the root bark of Ailanthus altissima. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3751-3757. [PMID: 36416576 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2149518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemical constituent investigation on the root bark of Ailanthus altissima leads to the isolation of a new β-carboline alkaloid, 14(S),15-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-β-carboline (1), along with nine known alkaloids. The structure of new compound was elucidated on basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, especially two-dimensional (2D) NMR techniques and the absolute configuration of C-14 was determined by ECD calculation. The neuroprotective effect of the isolated compounds on PC12 cells against the serum deprivation injury was evaluated by MTT method. As a result, compound 7 revealed protective effect on PC12 cells and the cell survival rate was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shao
- Xi'an Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Xi'an Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke-Yu Yan
- Xi'an Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Qiu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai-Feng Tang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Yang Lu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Ma SB, Liu L, Li X, Xie YH, Shi XP, Wang SW. Virtual screening-molecular docking-activity evaluation of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) swingle bark in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:197. [PMID: 37322476 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. The objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic basis of the dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle for the treatment of ulcerative colitis based on Virtual Screening-Molecular Docking-Activity Evaluation technology. METHODS By searching the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology TCMSP Database and Analysis Platform, 89 compounds were obtained from the chemical components of the dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Then, after preliminarily screening the compounds based on Lipinski's rule of five and other relevant conditions, the AutoDock Vina molecular docking software was used to evaluate the affinity of the compounds to ulcerative colitis-related target proteins and their binding modes through use of the scoring function to identify the best candidate compounds. Further verification of the compound's properties was achieved through in vitro experiments. RESULTS Twenty-two compounds obtained from the secondary screening were molecularly docked with ulcerative colitis-related target proteins (IL-1R, TLR, EGFR, TGFR, and Wnt) using AutoDock Vina. The free energies of the highest scoring compounds binding to the active cavity of human IL-1R, TLR, EGFR, TGFR, and Wnt proteins were - 8.7, - 8.0, - 9.2, - 7.7, and - 8.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The potential compounds, dehydrocrebanine, ailanthone, and kaempferol, were obtained through scoring function and docking mode analysis. Furthermore, the potential compound ailanthone (1, 3, and 10 µM) was found to have no significant effect on cell proliferation, though at 10 µM it reduced the level of pro-inflammatory factors caused by lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION Among the active components of the dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, ailanthone plays a major role in its anti-inflammatory properties. The present study shows that ailanthone has advantages in cell proliferation and in inhibiting of inflammation, but further animal research is needed to confirm its pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Bo Ma
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lun Liu
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Hua Xie
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Si-Wang Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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Choonong R, Ruangdachsuwan S, Churod T, Palabodeewat S, Punyahathaikul S, Juntarapornchai S, Ketsuwan K, Komaikul J, Masrinoul P, Kitisripanya T, Juengwatanatrakul T, Yusakul G, Kanchanapoom T, Putalun W. Evaluating the in Vitro Efficacy of Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia and Eurycoma harmandiana against Common Cold Human Coronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 Using In-Cell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2779-2788. [PMID: 36399766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has become a pandemic and public health crisis. SARS-CoV-2 and the seasonal common cold coronavirus (HCoV-OC43) belong to the beta genus of human coronaviruses (HCoVs). In-cell ELISA assays were performed using HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated the antiviral activity of herbal plants. Eurycoma longifolia (EL) and Eurycoma harmandiana (EH) roots (antipyretic properties) and their constituent quassinoids, especially chaparrinone and eurycomalactone, showed potent anti-HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 activities, and the low IC50 values of the mentioned constituents were observed in the range of 0.32-0.51 μM. Eurycomanone and 13β,21-dihydroeurycomanone may contribute to the antiviral activity of EL, whereas chaparrinone is the major and active antiviral constituent of EH root. The content of quassinoids, β-carboline, and canthin-6-one alkaloids and the cytotoxicity profile of EL and EH extracts were varied regarding extraction solvents. The boiled water and 50% EtOH extractions of both plants were less toxic than those with 95% EtOH as the extraction solvent. Our research suggests that quassinoids, which come from EL and EH roots and are anti-coronavirus compounds, are potential treatment candidates for COVID-19 and merit further in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasiporn Ruangdachsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Theeraporn Churod
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somnuek Palabodeewat
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Surat Punyahathaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sanjira Juntarapornchai
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kunjimas Ketsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Jukrapun Komaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Promsin Masrinoul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Tharita Kitisripanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | | | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Insights into the Bioactivities and Chemical Analysis of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many species of the so-called exotic plants coexist with native species in a balanced way, but others thrive very quickly and escape human control, becoming harmful—these are called invasive alien species. In addition to overcoming geographic barriers, these species can defeat biotic and abiotic barriers, maintaining stable populations. Ailanthus altissima is no exception; it is disseminated worldwide and is considered high risk due to its easy propagation and resistance to external environmental factors. Currently, it has no particular use other than ornamental, even though it is used to treat epilepsy, diarrhea, asthma, ophthalmic diseases, and seborrhoea in Chinese medicine. Considering its rich composition in alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, and flavonoids, doubtlessly, its use in medicine or other fields can be maximised. This review will focus on the knowledge of the chemical composition and the discovery of the biological properties of A. altissima to understand this plant better and maximise its possible use for purposes such as medicine, pharmacy, or the food industry. Methods for the extraction and detection to know the chemical composition will also be discussed in detail.
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New lignans from the fruits of Leonurus japonicus and their hepatoprotective activities. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105252. [PMID: 34390972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Twelve tetrahydrofuran lignans (1-12), including six new compounds (1-6), were isolated from the 70% EtOH extract of the fruits of Leonurus japonicus. Spectroscopic analyses and ECD and OR calculations were used to determine their structures. Compounds 5 and 6 were unusual alkaloidal lignans with a butyrolactam unit. Based on the beneficial effects of the fruits of L. japonicus (Chongweizi in Chinese) on the liver in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the hepatocyte protective activities of the isolates were studied by MTT, Hoechst 33,342 staining, and western blotting. The MTT results revealed that compounds 1, 2, 7, and 8 significantly increased the survival rates of HL-7702 cells injured by acetaminophen, with EC50 values of 10.41 ± 0.90 μM, 19.86 ± 3.13 μM, 9.68 ± 1.93 μM, and 21.35 ± 3.58 μM, respectively. In the Hoechst 33,342 fluorescence staining, compounds 1 and 7 suppressed the apoptosis of the injured HL-7702 cells. Furthermore, the western blot analysis showed that compounds 1 and 7 increased the Bcl-2/Bax protein expression ratio and procaspase-3 protein expression, indicating that compounds 1 and 7 may exert hepatoprotective activity by regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Li X, Li Y, Ma S, Zhao Q, Wu J, Duan L, Xie Y, Wang S. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle bark: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114121. [PMID: 33862103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (BAA), commonly designated as "Chunpi" in Chinese, is extensively used as a common traditional medicine in China, Korea, and India. It has been used to treat multiple ailments, including asthma, epilepsy, spermatorrhea, bleeding, and ophthalmic diseases, for thousands of years. AIM OF THE REVIEW To present a comprehensive and constructive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, traditional uses, quality control, and toxicology of BAA; to aid the assessment of the therapeutic potential of BAA; to guide researchers working on the development of novel therapeutic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to BAA (from 1960 to 2020) was retrieved from a wide variety of electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Google Scholar. Additional information and materials were acquired from Chinese Medicine Monographs, the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and several web sources, such as the official website of The Plant List and Flora of China. Additionally, perspectives for future investigations and applications of BAA were extensively explored. RESULTS Approximately 221 chemical compounds, including alkaloids, quassinoids, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, volatile oils, and other compounds, have been isolated and characterized from BAA; among these, the quassinoid ailanthone is the most typical. The crude extracts and active compounds of BAA have been reported to exert a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, herbicidal, and insecticidal activities. Although BAA is safe when administered at a conventional dose, at higher doses, it exhibits toxicity due to the presence of quassinoids. Thus, more studies are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BAA. CONCLUSION Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that BAA, as a valuable medicinal resource, possesses the potential to treat a wide variety of ailments, especially, cancer and gastrointestinal inflammation. These studies present a wide range of perspectives for the development of new drugs related to BAA. However, only a few traditional uses are associated with the reported pharmacological activities of BAA and have been confirmed by preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and quality control of BAA should be considered indispensable research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yao Li
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Shanbo Ma
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Junsheng Wu
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Linrui Duan
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Northwest University Faculty of Life and Health Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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