Agaricus bisporus Crude Extract: Characterization and Analytical Application

Antibacterial Activities of Agaricus bisporus Extracts and Their Synergistic Effects with the Antistaphylococcal Drug AFN-1252

Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the button mushroom, has attracted attention for its biological properties, including antimicrobial activities. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic and acetonic extracts from white and brown A. bisporus against different bacterial strains, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Bioautography and principal component analysis identified the most active antibacterial compounds for each of the tested bacteria and indicated the main markers responsible for the strain-specific effects. In addition, the mushroom extracts demonstrated a synergistic impact when combined with the antistaphylococcal antibiotic AFN-1252.

Sol-Gel Films Doped with Enzymes and Banana Crude Extract as Sensing Materials for Spectrophotometric Determination

Chromogenic enzymatic reactions are very convenient for the determination of various biochemically active compounds. Sol-gel films are a promising platform for biosensor development. The creation of sol-gel films with immobilized enzymes deserves attention as an effective way to create optical biosensors. In the present work, the conditions are selected to obtain sol-gel films doped with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), mushroom tyrosinase (MT) and crude banana extract (BE), inside the polystyrene spectrophotometric cuvettes. Two procedures are proposed: the use of tetraethoxysilane-phenyltriethoxysilane (TEOS-PhTEOS) mixture as precursor, as well as the use of silicon polyethylene glycol (SPG).In both types of films, the enzymatic activity of HRP, MT, and BE is preserved. Based on the kinetics study of enzymatic reactions catalyzed by sol-gel films doped with HRP, MT, and BE, we found that encapsulation in the TEOS-PhTEOS films affects the enzymatic activity to a lesser extent compared to encapsulation in SPG films. Immobilization affects BE significantly less than MT and HRP. The Michaelis constant for BE encapsulated in TEOS-PhTEOS films almost does not differ from the Michaelis constant for a non-immobilized BE. The proposed sol-gel films allow determining hydrogen peroxide in the range of 0.2–3.5 mM (HRP containing film in the presence of TMB), and caffeic acid in the ranges of 0.5–10.0 mM and 2.0–10.0 mM (MT- and BE-containing films, respectively). BE-containing films have been used to determine the total polyphenol content of coffee in caffeic acid equivalents; the results of the analysis are in good agreement with the results obtained using an independent method of determination. These films are highly stable and can be stored without the loss of activity for 2 months at +4 °C and 2 weeks at +25 °C.

Influence of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom on Pb Toxicokinetic in Pregnant Rats

(Pb) is a toxic metal, responsible for several damages to human health. Agaricus bisporus (Ab) is a mushroom with promising antioxidant properties to be used as an alternative chelator in Pb intoxication. The aim was to understand the Pb toxicokinetic and the potential of Ab as a protective agent. A total of 20 female Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups (n = 5/group): Control (receiving water); Group Ab 100 mg/kg (gavage); Group Pb 100 mg/L in water; and Group Ab + Pb-100 mg/kg + 100 mg/L (gavage and water). Pb administration occurred daily until the 19th day of pregnancy. On day 19 of gestation, the rats were euthanized, and the blood and tissues were collected for Pb measurement, using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The results showed that the levels of Pb in the blood, placenta, and liver of the mothers, and in the brain of the fetuses increased significantly in the Pb group. On the other hand, the combined exposure to Pb + Ab showed a significant decrease in the metal concentration in relation to the Pb group, returning to normal levels. Kidney and bone lead levels also increased significantly in the Pb group. However, in the combined exposure group, levels did not return to the control amounts; there was protection, but the Pb concentration was still significantly higher than in the control. In the brain, no significant differences were observed. In conclusion, we suggest A. bisporus is a natural chelator, because the co-administration of the mushroom was able to interact with Pb ions, minimizing the Pb absorption and distribution. These effects are suggested since A. bisporus have antioxidants and beta glucan that interact with Pb, chelating it and, thus, reducing its toxic effects.

Agaricus bisporus Wild Mushroom Extract as Lectin Source for Engineering a Lactose Photoelectrochemical Biosensor

Agaricus bisporus mushroom biomass contains a lectin, ABL, with remarkable specificity for lactose biorecognition; in this work, this feature was explored to develop a photoelectrochemical biosensor. The high lectin activity found in saline extracts of this macrofungus (640 HU mL^-1), even at critical pH values (4-10) and temperatures (20-100 °C), allowed its direct use as an ABL source. Theoretical and experimental evidence revealed favorable electrostatic and biocompatible conditions to immobilize ABL on a poly(methylene blue)/fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass platform, giving rise to the ABL/PMB/FTO biosensor. The conducting polymer added further photoactivity to the device, allowing the identification of lectin-carbohydrate interactions with even greater sensitivity. The dose-response curves studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed a sigmoidal profile that was well-fitted by Hill's equation, expanding the working dynamic range (15-540 nmol L^-1 lactose; 20.2 pmol L^-1 detection limit) and avoiding undesirable sample dilution or preconcentration procedures. Under the optimized photoelectrochemical conditions, the ABL/PMB/FTO biosensor showed remarkable signal stability, accuracy, specificity, and selectivity to analyze lactose in commercial food products. This research raises interest in ABL-based biosensors and the added value of the crude Agaricus bisporus extract toward the development of greener and more sustainable biotechnological approaches.

Fermentation of Agaricus bisporus for antioxidant activity: response surface optimization, chemical components, and mechanism

Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. The chemical components of A. bisporus have a wide range of biological activities. In order to deeply understand the antioxidant properties of A. bisporus, this study conducted an investigation on the components of A. bisporus fermentation. Through the single factor experiment and response surface optimization, it was found that when the C/N ratio was 45:1, the inoculum concentration was 10%, and the fermentation time was 7 d, the n-butanol extract of the fermentation product had the strongest scavenging capacity for free radical generated through 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS·⁺). The concentration for 50% of the maximal effect (EC₅₀) was 0.33 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Moreover, in order to identify the two main components, the elution-extrusion counter-current chromatography (EECCC) was employed for separation, where 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis(2-furfuraldehyde) and 5-(butoxymethyl) furfural were obtained. The antioxidant activity of 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis(2-furfuraldehyde) (EC₅₀ = 0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL) was superior to that of 5-butylmethyl furfural (EC₅₀ = 1.52 ± 0.02 mg/mL), indicating that 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis(2-furfuraldehyde) was the main antioxidant in the fermentation products. The thermodynamic parameters and frontier molecular orbitals of 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis (2-furanaldehyde) was evaluated by density functional theory (DFT). The result indicated 5,5'-oxy-dimethyl-bis(2-furanaldehyde) scavenged free radicals in polar media through single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT).

Edible fungal polysaccharides, the gut microbiota, and host health

The plasticity of the gut microbiota (GM) creates an opportunity to reshape the biological output of gut microbes by manipulating external factors. It is well known that edible fungal polysaccharides (EFPs) can reach the distal intestine and be assimilated to reshape the GM. The GM has unique devices that utilize various EFPs and produce oligosaccharides, which can selectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and are fermented into short-chain fatty acids that interact closely with intestinal cells. Here we review EFPs-based interventions for the GM, particularly the key microorganisms, functions, and metabolites. In addition, we discuss the bi-directional causality between GM imbalance and diseases, and the beneficial effects of EFPs on host health via GM. This review can offer a valuable reference for the design of edible fungal polysaccharide- or oligosaccharide-based nutrition interventions or drug development for maintaining human health by targeted regulation of the GM.