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Hao L, Luan J. Constructing Direct Z-Scheme Y 2TmSbO 7/GdYBiNbO 7 Heterojunction Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetochlor under Visible Light Irradiation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6871. [PMID: 38999979 PMCID: PMC11241117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a pioneering synthesis of a direct Z-scheme Y2TmSbO7/GdYBiNbO7 heterojunction photocatalyst (YGHP) using an ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal synthesis technique. Additionally, novel photocatalytic nanomaterials, namely Y2TmSbO7 and GdYBiNbO7, were fabricated via the hydrothermal fabrication technique. A comprehensive range of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffractometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, photocurrent testing, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance, was employed to thoroughly investigate the morphological features, composition, chemical, optical, and photoelectric properties of the fabricated samples. The photocatalytic performance of YGHP was assessed in the degradation of the pesticide acetochlor (AC) and the mineralization of total organic carbon (TOC) under visible light exposure, demonstrating eximious removal efficiencies. Specifically, AC and TOC exhibited removal rates of 99.75% and 97.90%, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed that YGHP showcased significantly higher removal efficiencies for AC compared to the Y2TmSbO7, GdYBiNbO7, or N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst, with removal rates being 1.12 times, 1.21 times, or 3.07 times higher, respectively. Similarly, YGHP demonstrated substantially higher removal efficiencies for TOC than the aforementioned photocatalysts, with removal rates 1.15 times, 1.28 times, or 3.51 times higher, respectively. These improvements could be attributed to the Z-scheme charge transfer configuration, which preserved the preferable redox capacities of Y2TmSbO7 and GdYBiNbO7. Furthermore, the stability and durability of YGHP were confirmed, affirming its potential for practical applications. Trapping experiments and electron spin resonance analyses identified active species generated by YGHP, namely •OH, •O2-, and h+, allowing for comprehensive analysis of the degradation mechanisms and pathways of AC. Overall, this investigation advances the development of efficient Z-scheme heterostructural materials and provides valuable insights into formulating sustainable remediation strategies for combatting AC contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hao
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China;
| | - Jingfei Luan
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Balu S, Ganapathy D, Arya S, Atchudan R, Sundramoorthy AK. Advanced photocatalytic materials based degradation of micropollutants and their use in hydrogen production - a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14392-14424. [PMID: 38699688 PMCID: PMC11064126 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01307g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides in modern healthcare and agriculture, along with expanding industrialization, heavily contaminates aquatic environments. This leads to severe carcinogenic implications and critical health issues in living organisms. The photocatalytic methods provide an eco-friendly solution to mitigate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Sunlight-driven photocatalytic wastewater treatment contributes to hydrogen production and valuable product generation. The removal of contaminants from wastewater through photocatalysis is a highly efficient method for enhancing the ecosystem and plays a crucial role in the dual-functional photocatalysis process. In this review, a wide range of catalysts are discussed, including heterojunction photocatalysts and various hybrid semiconductor photocatalysts like metal oxides, semiconductor adsorbents, and dual semiconductor photocatalysts, which are crucial in this dual function of degradation and green fuel production. The effects of micropollutants in the ecosystem, degradation efficacy of multi-component photocatalysts such as single-component, two-component, three-component, and four-component photocatalysts were discussed. Dual-functional photocatalysis stands out as an energy-efficient and cost-effective method. We have explored the challenges and difficulties associated with dual-functional photocatalysts. Multicomponent photocatalysts demonstrate superior efficiency in degrading pollutants and producing hydrogen compared to their single-component counterparts. Dual-functional photocatalysts, incorporating TiO2, g-C3N4, CeO2, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-based composites, exhibit remarkable performance. The future of synergistic photocatalysis envisions large-scale production facilitate integrating advanced 2D and 3D semiconductor photocatalysts, presenting a promising avenue for sustainable and efficient pollutant degradation and hydrogen production from environmental remediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendar Balu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai 600077 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Dhanraj Ganapathy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai 600077 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sandeep Arya
- Department of Physics, University of Jammu 180006 Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University 38541 Gyeongsan Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok K Sundramoorthy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University Chennai 600077 Tamil Nadu India
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Singh G, Devi T. Studies on photocatalytic mineralization of organic pesticides by bimetallic Cu-Zn nanoparticles derived from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) using green chemistry approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:27699-27708. [PMID: 38517626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Compared to monometallic nanoparticles, bimetallic nanoparticle synthesis and characterization have attracted more attention due to their superior environmental protection properties. In this study, we discuss the preparation and characterization of Cu-Zn bimetallic nanoparticles using Zinger extract, as well as their potential role in photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, and cypermethrin. Surface properties were assessed with SEM and TEM, while UV-VIS, XRD, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials. It was observed that higher pH conditions were more conducive to the development of stable Cu-Zn BMNPs with diameters ranging from 60 to 100 nm. UV-VIS spectroscopy showed that the Cu-Zn bimetallic nanoparticles photodegraded 53-95% of the pesticides, monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos, and carbendazim during the 24-72-h incubation period. A number of pesticides may be photocatalytically degraded by primary reactive radicals produced by nanoparticles. We propose that the use of bimetallic nanoparticles could be one alternative strategy for pesticide mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, 144001, India.
| | - Tulsi Devi
- Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, 144001, India
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Rashid R, Shafiq I, Gilani MRHS, Maaz M, Akhter P, Hussain M, Jeong KE, Kwon EE, Bae S, Park YK. Advancements in TiO 2-based photocatalysis for environmental remediation: Strategies for enhancing visible-light-driven activity. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140703. [PMID: 37992908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have focused on efficient techniques for degrading hazardous organic pollutants due to their negative impacts on ecological systems, necessitating immediate remediation. Specifically, TiO2-based photocatalysts, a wide-bandgap semiconductor material, have been extensively studied for their application in environmental remediation. However, the extensive band gap energy and speedy reattachment of electron (e-) and hole (h+) pairs in bare TiO2 are considered major disadvantages for photocatalysis. This review extensively focuses on the combination of semiconducting photocatalysts for commercial outcomes to develop efficient heterojunctions with high photocatalytic activity by minimizing the e-/h+ recombination rate. The improved activity of these heterojunctions is due to their greater surface area, rich active sites, narrow band gap, and high light-harvesting tendency. In this context, strategies for increasing visible light activity, including doping with metals and non-metals, surface modifications, morphology control, composite formation, heterojunction formation, bandgap engineering, surface plasmon resonance, and optimizing reaction conditions are discussed. Furthermore, this review critically assesses the latest developments in TiO2 photocatalysts for the efficient decomposition of various organic contaminants from wastewater, such as pharmaceutical waste, dyes, pesticides, aromatic hydrocarbons, and halo compounds. This review implies that doping is an effective, economical, and simple process for TiO2 nanostructures and that a heterogeneous photocatalytic mechanism is an eco-friendly substitute for the removal of various pollutants. This review provides valuable insights for researchers involved in the development of efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhma Rashid
- Institute of Chemical Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Iqrash Shafiq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Maaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Parveen Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, 1-km Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Murid Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Kwang-Eun Jeong
- Chemical & Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), P.O. Box 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Bae
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Ren Y, Wang G, Bai X, Su Y, Zhang Z, Han J. Research progress on remediation of organochlorine pesticide contamination in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:25. [PMID: 38225511 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Deteriorated soil pollution has grown into a worldwide environmental concern over the years. Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues, featured with ubiquity, persistence and refractoriness, are one of the main pollution sources, causing soil degradation, fertility decline and nutritional imbalance, and severely impacting soil ecology. Furthermore, residual OCPs in soil may enter the human body along with food chain accumulation and pose a serious health threat. To date, many remediation technologies including physicochemical and biological ways for organochlorine pollution have been developed at home and abroad, but none of them is a panacea suitable for all occasions. Rational selection and scientific decision-making are grounded in in-depth knowledge of various restoration techniques. However, soil pollution treatment often encounters the interference of multiple factors (climate, soil properties, cost, restoration efficiency, etc.) in complex environments, and there is still a lack of systematic summary and comparative analysis of different soil OCP removal methods. Thus, to better guide the remediation of contaminated soil, this review summarized the most commonly used strategies for OCP removal, evaluated their merits and limitations and discussed the application scenarios of different methods. It will facilitate the development of efficient, inexpensive and environmentally friendly soil remediation strategies for sustainable agricultural and ecological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ren
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuanjiao Bai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuying Su
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Orozco-Gonzalez LR, Acosta-Najarro DR, Magaña-Zavala CR, Tavizón-Pozos JA, Cervantes-Cuevas H, Chavez-Esquivel G. Photocatalytic degradation of naproxen using single-doped TiO 2/FTO and co-doped TiO 2-VO 2/FTO thin films synthesized by sonochemistry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2022-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Single-doped TiO2/FTO and co-doped TiO2-VO2/FTO thin films were prepared by sonochemistry and spray pyrolysis deposition on FTO substrates. The co-deposition of TiO2-VO2 on FTO significantly changed the morphological, structural, optical, and photocatalytical properties compared to the single-deposition. X-ray diffraction and HRTEM results showed polycrystalline film structures composed of SnO2-tetragonal from FTO, anatase-TiO2, rutile-TiO2, and monoclinic-VO2 phases. The co-deposition technique increases the particle size distribution by approximately two times compared to simple deposition. The single-doped TiO2/FTO thin film had a 15% higher bandgap than the co-doped TiO2-VO2/FTO thin film, and the electrical resistivity calculated from the van der Pauw method was 55.3 MΩ sq−1 for the TiO2-VO2/FTO co-doped thin film, 2.7 times lower than that obtained for the TiO2/FTO thin film. Single-doped TiO2/FTO and co-doped TiO2-VO2/FTO thin films presented pseudo-first-order reactions at pH 6.5, with kinetic constants of 0.026 and 0.015 min−1, respectively. This behavior is related to the production of inactive or less active aggregates by the addition of vanadium during the co-doping process, which led to lattice contraction, which encouraged the formation of the rutile phase rather than the anatase phase. However, the co-doped thin film can modify the metal-insulator transition compared to the single-doped TiO2/FTO thin film. Furthermore, co-deposition decreased the bandgap value by 16% compared to single-deposition thin film. In this sense, co-doped TiO2-VO2/FTO thin films inhibited the recombination of photogenerated carriers and the formation of reactive oxygen species involved in the photocatalytic degradation of naproxen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rene Orozco-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuidad Universitaria , Coyoacan , Ciudad de México 20364 , México
| | - Dwight Roberto Acosta-Najarro
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuidad Universitaria , Coyoacan , Ciudad de México 20364 , México
| | - Carlos Raúl Magaña-Zavala
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuidad Universitaria , Coyoacan , Ciudad de México 20364 , México
| | - Jesus Andres Tavizón-Pozos
- Investigadoras e Investigadores por México CONACYT, Área Académica de Química , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo , Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5 , Pachuca 42184 , Hidalgo , México
| | - Humberto Cervantes-Cuevas
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México 02200 , México
| | - Gerardo Chavez-Esquivel
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México 02200 , México
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Kumar R, George L, Jun Z, Mukherji S. Photocatalytic activity of graphene oxide-TiO 2 nanocomposite on dichlorvos and malathion and assessment of toxicity changes due to photodegradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136402. [PMID: 36103923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis was used for the removal of two widely used organophosphorus pesticides, dichlorvos, and malathion from water. Graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GOT) was synthesized and used as a photocatalyst for the removal of these pesticides. Batch studies for optimizing photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of pesticides over 80 min were conducted by varying the pH (2-10), catalyst dose (20 mg/L-200 mg/L), and initial pesticide concentration (0.5 mg/L-20 mg/L), and the irradiation source (125 W UV and visible lamp). Degradation kinetics for the pesticides were evaluated. Ellman assay was used to estimate the toxic effect of pesticides and evaluate toxicity reduction due to treatment. The highest degradation and mineralization of dichlorvos and malathion was observed at pH 6 and the optimum catalyst dose was 60 mg/L. Under UV irradiation, 80% and 90% degradation were observed for dichlorvos and malathion, respectively for 0.5 mg/L initial pesticide concentration. The photocatalytic degradation reaction followed Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics. A high degree of mineralization was achieved for both the pesticides. Analysis of the results revealed that the residual toxic effect after photocatalysis was primarily due to the residual parent compound. A comparative study revealed that GOT yielded better pesticide degradation compared to commercially available TiO2 under both UV and visible irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeti Kumar
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India; Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liya George
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Zhao Jun
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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A Brief Review of Photocatalytic Reactors Used for Persistent Pesticides Degradation. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6060089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide pollution is a major issue, given their intensive use in the 20th century, which led to their accumulation in the environment. At the international level, strict regulations are imposed on the use of pesticides, simultaneously with the increasing interest of researchers from all over the world to find methods of neutralizing them. Photocatalytic degradation is an intensively studied method to be applied for the degradation of pesticides, especially through the use of solar energy. The mechanisms of photocatalysis are studied and implemented in pilot and semi-pilot installations on experimental platforms, in order to be able to make this method more efficient and to identify the equipment that can achieve the photodegradation of pesticides with the highest possible yields. This paper proposes a brief review of the impact of pesticides on the environment and some techniques for their degradation, with the main emphasis on different photoreactor configurations, using slurry or immobilized photocatalysts. This review highlights the efforts of researchers to harmonize the main elements of photocatalysis: choice of the photocatalyst, and the way of photocatalyst integration within photoreaction configuration, in order to make the transfer of momentum, mass, and energy as efficient as possible for optimal excitation of the photocatalyst.
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Evaluation of DNA Damage, Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, and Status of Antioxidant Enzymes in Freshwater Fish ( Labeo rohita) Exposed to Pyriproxyfen. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5859266. [PMID: 35720182 PMCID: PMC9205694 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5859266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen (PPF) mimics a natural hormone in insects and disrupts their growth. It is a well-known synthetic insecticide and aromatic juvenile hormone analog frequently used in agriculture and vegetable crops to control various insect species. At present, scanty information is available about the possible potential threats of PPF in aquatic organisms. Therefore, in this study, different toxico-pathologic endpoints of PPF like DNA damage, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and status of antioxidant enzymes were determined in Labeo rohita (freshwater fish). In our study, 60 active, free from any external obvious ailments, same size, age, and body mass were randomly allocated to four glass aquaria (T0-T3) separately containing 100 L water. The fish present in groups T1, T2, and T3 were administered PPF dissolved in water 300, 600, and 900 μg/L for 30 days. Different tissues including the blood and visceral organs were obtained from each fish on days 10, 20, and 30 of the experiment. Results on various morphological and nuclear changes in red blood cells of PPF-exposed Labeo rohita fish including pear-shaped erythrocytes, spherocytes, red blood cells with a blebbed nucleus, micronucleus, and nuclear remnants were significantly increased. Our results on genotoxicity (comet assay) recorded significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased DNA damage in various tissues of insecticide-exposed fish. The results on oxidative stress profile (reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and antioxidant enzymes (reduced glutathione superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) in multiple tissues of Labeo rohita fish concluded significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher quantity of biomarkers of oxidative stress and lower concentrations of different antioxidant enzymes in treated fish. Hence, the findings of our experimental research determine that PPF could induce adverse toxic impacts on multiple tissues of Labeo rohita fish.
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