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Nechchadi H, Nadir Y, Benhssaine K, Alem C, Sellam K, Boulbaroud S, Berrougui H, Ramchoun M. Hypolipidemic activity of phytochemical combinations: A mechanistic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Food Chem 2024; 459:140264. [PMID: 39068825 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, a condition characterized by elevated levels of lipids in the blood, poses a significant risk factor for various health disorders, notably cardiovascular diseases. Phytochemical compounds are promising alternatives to the current lipid-lowering drugs, which cause many undesirable effects. Based on in vivo and clinical studies, combining phytochemicals with other phytochemicals, prebiotics, and probiotics and their encapsulation in nanoparticles is more safe and effective for managing hyperlipidemia than monotherapy. To this end, the results obtained and the mechanisms of action of these combinations were examined in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiba Nechchadi
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco.
| | - Youssef Nadir
- Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Khalid Benhssaine
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Chakib Alem
- Biochemistry of Natural Products Team, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, 52000 Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Khalid Sellam
- Biology, Environment and Health Team, Faculty of sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, 52000 Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Samira Boulbaroud
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Vadakkan K, Sathishkumar K, Mapranathukaran VO, Ngangbam AK, Nongmaithem BD, Hemapriya J, Nair JB. Critical review on plant-derived quorum sensing signaling inhibitors in pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107649. [PMID: 39029321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a biofilm-forming organism with complex quorum mechanisms (Las, Rhl, PQS, and IQS), poses an imminent danger to the healthcare sector and renders current treatment options for chemotherapy ineffectual. The pathogen's diverse pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, and biofilms make it difficult to eradicate it effectively. Quorum sensing, a complex system reliant on cell density, controls P. aeruginosa's pathogenesis. Quorum-sensing genes are key components of P. aeruginosa's pathogenic arsenal, and their expression determines how severe the spread of infection becomes. Over the past ten years, there has been a noticeable increase in the quest for and development of new antimicrobial medications. Quorum sensing may be an effective treatment for infections triggered by bacteria. Introducing quorum-sensing inhibitors as an anti-virulent strategy might be an intriguing therapeutic method that can be effectively employed along with current medications. Amongst the several speculated processes, a unique anti-virulence strategy using anti-quorum sensing and antibiofilm medications for targeting pseudomonal infestations seems to be at the forefront. Due to their noteworthy quorum quenching capabilities, biologically active phytochemicals have become more well-known in the realm of science in this context. Recent research showed how different phytochemical quorum quenching actions affect P. aeruginosa's QS-dependent pathogenicity. This review focuses on the most current data supporting the implementation of plant bio-actives to treat P.aeruginosa-associated diseases, as well as the benefits and future recommendationsof employing them in anti-virulence therapies as a supplementary drug development approach towards conventional antibiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeen Vadakkan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India; Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur 795140, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
| | | | | | | | - Janarthanam Hemapriya
- Department of Microbiology, DKM College for Women, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632001, India
| | - Jyotsna B Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, JDT Islam College of Arts and Science, Vellimadukunnu, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
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Kiatti DD, Koura BI, Vastolo A, Chiacchio MF, Vitaglione P, Dossa LH, Cutrignelli MI, Calabrò S. Sustainable ruminant nutrition in West Africa by in vitro characterization of cashew apple by-products. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37737. [PMID: 39315231 PMCID: PMC11417178 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale L.) are planted for primarily their nuts, but they also generate apples which are mostly thrown away due to their astringent taste. The current study aimed to explore the possible utilization of cashew apple by-products (CABP) in West Africa as an alternative feedstuff for small ruminants' nutrition. To achieve this aim, five parts of cashew apple by-products (whole, up, down and middle part, and pomace) of two cashew varieties (red and yellow) were collected in two different agroecological zones (Sudanian Zone, SZ and Sudano-Guinea Zone, SZ) to be characterized for the chemical composition, including polyphenols and sugars, and the in vitro fermentation pattern. In general, the results showed that CABP characteristics depend more on sampling area than on variety. The dry matter (DM) in SZ and SGZ varied from 12.76 to 26.10 % and 7.41-22.9 %, respectively. The pomace showed the highest crude protein, lipids, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (SZ: 9.48, 3.94 and 31.66 % DM; SGZ: 14.03, 4.94 and 34.12 % DM, respectively) but the lowest nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and sugar for both zones. Regarding the in vitro fermentation, the organic matter degradability (dOM) was higher in the middle part (73.73 %) and whole apple (61.62 %) of SZ and SGZ, respectively. In contrast, the pomace from both zones showed the lowest in vitro fermentation parameters. The total polyphenols were more concentrated in the CABP from SZ (whole: 2736 μg/g DW; pomace: 3813 μg/g DW) compared to those from SGZ (whole: 1755 μg/g DW; pomace: 1374 μg/g DW). Results suggest that CABP should be collected in each cultivation zone regardless of variety, separating pomace from other by-products and may be used as alternative feedstuff for small ruminants during the dry season in the West Africa region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieu donné Kiatti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Ecole de Gestion et d'Exploitation des Systèmes d'Elevage, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
| | - Bossima Ivan Koura
- Ecole de Gestion et d'Exploitation des Systèmes d'Elevage, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
| | - Alessandro Vastolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luc Hippolyte Dossa
- Ecole des Sciences et Techniques de Production Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Serena Calabrò
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Cruz Neto JPR, de Luna Freire MO, de Albuquerque Lemos DE, Ribeiro Alves RMF, de Farias Cardoso EF, de Moura Balarini C, Duman H, Karav S, de Souza EL, de Brito Alves JL. Targeting Gut Microbiota with Probiotics and Phenolic Compounds in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2024; 13:2886. [PMID: 39335815 DOI: 10.3390/foods13182886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease. Dysregulated lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation are the major mechanisms implicated in the development of AS. In addition, evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis plays an important role in atherogenesis, and modulation of the gut microbiota with probiotics and phenolic compounds has emerged as a promising strategy for preventing and treating AS. It has been shown that probiotics and phenolic compounds can improve atherosclerosis-related parameters by improving lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition, these compounds may modulate the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota and improve atherosclerosis. The studies evaluated in the present review showed that probiotics and phenolic compounds, when consumed individually, improved atherosclerosis by modulating the gut microbiota in various ways, such as decreasing gut permeability, decreasing TMAO and LPS levels, altering alpha and beta diversity, and increasing fecal bile acid loss. However, no study was found that evaluated the combined use of probiotics and phenolic compounds to improve atherosclerosis. The available literature highlights the synergistic potential between phenolic compounds and probiotics to improve their health-promoting properties and functionalities. This review aims to summarize the available evidence on the individual effects of probiotics and phenolic compounds on AS, while providing insights into the potential benefits of nutraceutical approaches using probiotic strains, quercetin, and resveratrol as potential adjuvant therapies for AS treatment through modulation of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Patrocínio Ribeiro Cruz Neto
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Campus I-Jd. Cidade Universitária, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Micaelle Oliveira de Luna Freire
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Campus I-Jd. Cidade Universitária, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camille de Moura Balarini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58037-760, PB, Brazil
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye
| | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Campus I-Jd. Cidade Universitária, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Campus I-Jd. Cidade Universitária, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
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Le S, Wu X, Dou Y, Song T, Fu H, Luo H, Zhang F, Cao Y. Promising strategies in natural products treatments of psoriasis-update. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1386783. [PMID: 39296901 PMCID: PMC11408484 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1386783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease and has been increasing year by year. It is linked to other serious illnesses, such as psoriatic arthritis, cardiometabolic syndrome, and depression, resulting in a notable decrease in the quality of life for patients. Existing therapies merely alleviate symptoms, rather than providing a cure. An in-depth under-standing of the pathogenesis of psoriasis is helpful to discover new therapeutic targets and develop effective novel therapeutic agents, so it has important clinical significance. This article reviews the new progress in the study of pathogenesis and natural products of psoriasis in recent years. These natural products were summarized, mainly classified as terpenoids, polyphenols and alkaloids. However, the translation of experimental results to the clinic takes a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Le
- Ningbo Medical Center LiHuiLi Hosptial, Ningbo, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Dou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianhao Song
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyang Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
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Amir M, Shafi S, Parveen S, Reshi AA, Ahmad A. Network Pharmacology Identifies Intersection Genes of Apigenin and Naringenin in Down Syndrome as Potential Therapeutic Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1090. [PMID: 39204195 PMCID: PMC11359399 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS), characterized by trisomy of chromosome 21, leads to the overexpression of several genes contributing to various pathologies, including cognitive deficits and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to identify the intersection genes of two polyphenolic compounds, apigenin and naringenin, and their potential therapeutic targets in DS using network pharmacology. Key proteins implicated in DS, comprising DYRK1A, APP, CBS, and ETS2, were selected for molecular docking and dynamics simulations to assess the binding affinities and stability of the protein-ligand interactions. Molecular docking revealed that naringenin exhibited the highest binding affinity to DYRK1A with a score of -9.3 kcal/mol, followed by CBS, APP, and ETS2. Moreover, molecular docking studies included positive control drugs, such as lamellarin D, valiltramiprosate, benserazide, and TK216, which exhibited binding affinities ranging from -5.5 to -8.9 kcal/mol. Apigenin showed strong binding to APP with a score of -8.8 kcal/mol, suggesting its potential in modulating amyloid-beta levels. These interactions were further validated through molecular dynamics simulations, demonstrating stable binding throughout the 100 ns simulation period. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) analyses indicated minimal fluctuations, confirming the stability of the complexes. The findings suggest that apigenin and naringenin could serve as effective therapeutic agents for DS by targeting key proteins involved in its pathology. Future studies should focus on in vivo validation, clinical trials, and exploring combination therapies to fully harness the therapeutic potential of these compounds for managing DS. This study underscores the promising role of network pharmacology in identifying novel therapeutic targets and agents for complex disorders like DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Amir
- Department of Natural Products, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shabana Shafi
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahida Parveen
- Department of Nursing, College of Pharmacy and Applied Medical Sciences (CPAMS), Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Reshi
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Khojah H, Mostafa EM, Aljounaidi AA, Saleh AM, El-Nablaway M, Ismail A. Comprehensive analysis of malabar tamarind fruit rind total extract: HPTLC fingerprinting, in-silico exploration of its metabolites for SARS-cov-2 omicron spike protein, antibacterial and antidiabetic potentials with in vitro evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35839. [PMID: 39170184 PMCID: PMC11337027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Malabar tamarind tropical fruit, scientifically known as Garcinia gummi-gutta, is indigenous to Southeast Asia. In this work, the total methanolic extract of the Malabar fruit rind was examined by HPTLC fingerprinting, with quantitative evaluation of the total phenolics and flavonoids. Library of previously reported natural metabolites was utilized to demonstrate their affinity for specific target sites, they were evaluated against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 mainly it's Spike Protein, bacterial tyrosinase, and antidiabetic targets such α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and also α-amylase enzymes. The molecular docking revealed that the Guttiferone R possessed the highest binding affinity toward the Omicron Spike Protein with a stable binding mode, -8.67 kcal/mol binding energy and a 1.07 Å RMSD value compared to reference, Azithromycin, which has -8.90 kcal/mol binding affinity and a 1.20 Å RMSD value. On the other hand, the identified polyphenolic compounds; Vitexin, Prunin, Naringin, Hinokiflavone, Kaempherol-3-O-rutinoside, Gallic acid, Naringenin, and Catechin, showed remarkable antidiabetic activity by strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and notable activity against α-amylase compared with acarbose as reference. According to antibacterial activity, the identified compounds showed low affinity with weak activity against screened bacterial strains. In-vitro evaluation of Tamarind antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials, it exhibited a free radical-scavenging potential with 71.75 % retardation and α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitor activities with an IC50 of 391.3 ± 26.27, 95.03 ± 0.03 and 0.01043 ± 0.0004 μg/mL, respectively that emphasize the molecular docking study. The findings imply that Malabar tamarind fruit rind possess antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Khojah
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Medical Sciences, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University,Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Asail A. Aljounaidi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Saleh
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit, Aweash El-Hagar Family Medicine Center, MOHP, Mansoura, 35711, Egypt
| | - Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah, P.O. BOX 71666, Riyadh, 11597, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Bisht P, Prasad SR, Choudhary K, Pandey R, Aishwarya D, Aravind V, Ramalingam P, Velayutham R, Kumar N. Naringin and temozolomide combination suppressed the growth of glioblastoma cells by promoting cell apoptosis: network pharmacology, in-vitro assays and metabolomics based study. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1431085. [PMID: 39148542 PMCID: PMC11325085 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1431085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Glioblastoma, which affects a large number of patients every year and has an average overall lifespan of around 14.6 months following diagnosis stands out as the most lethal primary invasive brain tumor. Currently, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) are the three major clinical treatment approaches. However, the ability to treat patients effectively is usually limited by TMZ resistance. Naringin, a bioflavonoid with anti-cancer, antioxidant, metal-chelating, and lipid-lowering effects, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option. Methods: To explore the targets and pathways of naringin and TMZ in glioblastoma network pharmacology, cell line-based ELISA, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and LC-HRMS based metabolomics study were used. Results: The findings through the network pharmacology suggested that the key targets of naringin in the chemosensitization of glioblastoma would be Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1), O-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT), and caspases. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were significantly enriched in important pathways such as p53 signaling, apoptosis, and DNA sensing. Further, the results of the in-vitro study in U87-MG and T98-G glioblastoma cells demonstrated that TMZ and naringin together significantly reduced the percentage of viability and inhibited the DNA repair enzymes PARP-1 and MGMT, and PI3K/AKT which led to chemosensitization and, in turn, induced apoptosis, which was indicated by increased p53, caspase-3 expression and decreased Bcl2 expression. Additionally, a metabolomics study in T98-G glioblastoma cells using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) revealed downregulation of C8-Carnitine (-2.79), L-Hexanoylcarnitine (-4.46), DL-Carnitine (-2.46), Acetyl-L-carnitine (-3.12), Adenine (-1.3), Choline (-2.07), Propionylcarnitine (-1.69), Creatine (-1.33), Adenosine (-0.84), Spermine (-1.42), and upregulation of Palmitic Acid (+1.03) and Sphingosine (+0.89) in the naringin and TMZ treatment groups. Discussion: In conclusion, it can be said that naringin in combination with TMZ chemosensitized TMZ antiglioma response and induced apoptosis in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Surendra Rajit Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Khushboo Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Dande Aishwarya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Vulli Aravind
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Peraman Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Hajipur, Bihar, India
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Bajgai B, Suri M, Singh H, Hanifa M, Bhatti JS, Randhawa PK, Bali A. Naringin: A flavanone with a multifaceted target against sepsis-associated organ injuries. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155707. [PMID: 38788393 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis causes multiple organ dysfunctions and raises mortality and morbidity rates through a dysregulated host response to infection. Despite the growing research interest over the last few years, no satisfactory treatment exists. Naringin, a naturally occurring bioflavonoid with vast therapeutic potential in citrus fruits and Chinese herbs, has received much attention for treating sepsis-associated multiple organ dysfunctions. PURPOSE The review describes preclinical evidence of naringin from 2011 to 2024, particularly emphasizing the mechanism of action mediated by naringin against sepsis-associated specific injuries. The combination therapy, safety profile, drug interactions, recent advancements in formulation, and future perspectives of naringin are also discussed. METHODS In vivo and in vitro studies focusing on the potential role of naringin and its mechanism of action against sepsis-associated organ injuries were identified and summarised in the present manuscript, which includes contributions from 2011 to 2024. All the articles were extracted from the Medline database using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science with relevant keywords. RESULTS Research findings revealed that naringin modulates many signaling cascades, such as Rho/ROCK and PPAR/STAT1, PIP3/AKT and KEAP1/Nrf2, and IkB/NF-kB and MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1, to potentially protect against sepsis-induced intestinal, cardiac, and lung injury, respectively. Furthermore, naringin treatment exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant action against sepsis harm, highlighting naringin's promising effects in septic settings. Naringin could be employed as a treatment against sepsis, based on studies on combination therapy, synergistic effects, and toxicological investigation that show no reported severe side effects. CONCLUSION Naringin might be a promising therapeutic approach for preventing sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. Naringin should be used alongside other therapeutic therapies with caution despite its great therapeutic potential and lower toxicity. Nonetheless, clinical studies are required to comprehend the therapeutic benefits of naringin against sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bivek Bajgai
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Manisha Suri
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Harshita Singh
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Mohd Hanifa
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Puneet Kaur Randhawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India; Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Anjana Bali
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India.
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10
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Sharma A, Wairkar S. Flavonoids for treating pulmonary fibrosis: Present status and future prospects. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38986681 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with an unknown underlying cause. There is no complete cure for IPF; however, two anti-fibrotic agents (Nintedanib and pirfenidone) are approved by the USFDA to extend the patient's life span. Therefore, alternative therapies supporting the survival of fibrotic patients have been studied in recent literature. The abundance of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, has gathered attention due to their potential health benefits. Various flavonoids, like naringin, quercetin, baicalin, baicalein, puerarin, silymarin, and kaempferol, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, which help decrease lung fibrosis. Various databases, including PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Scopus, as well as particular websites, such as the World Health Organisation and the National Institutes of Health, were used to conduct a literature search. Several mechanisms of action of flavonoids are reported with the help of in vivo and cell line studies emphasizing their ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrotic processes in the lungs. They are reported for the restoration of biomarkers like hydroxyproline, cytokines, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and others associated with IPF and for modulating various pathways responsible for the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Yet, flavonoids have some drawbacks, such as poor solubility, challenging drug loading, stability issues, and scarce bioavailability. Therefore, novel formulations of flavonoids are explored, including liposomes, solid lipid microparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, and nanocrystals, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of flavonoids in pulmonary fibrosis. This review focuses on the role of flavonoids in mitigating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, their mode of action and novel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sharma
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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11
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Vincer B, Sindya J, Rajanathadurai J, Perumal E. Exploring the Cytotoxic and Anticancer Potential of Naringin on Oral Cancer Cell Line. Cureus 2024; 16:e64739. [PMID: 39156270 PMCID: PMC11328946 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral cancer is the most persistent, aggressive primary malignant sarcoma that is globally prevalent. Though chemotherapy is the only treatment option, it has not progressed for years to overcome its detrimental side effects. Introducing novel therapeutic techniques to improve effectiveness is the need of the hour. Aim This study aimed to investigate the pro-apoptotic effects of naringin in oral cancer cell lines. Methodology The cell viability of oral cancer cells treated with naringin was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Naringin was given to oral cancer cells (KB-1) in concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 µM/mL for 24 hours. A phase-contrast microscope is used to examine cell morphology changes. Ethidium bromide (EtBr) staining was employed to study nuclear morphological alterations in oral cancer cells. The apoptotic nuclei were viewed under a fluorescent microscope. To determine pro-apoptotic levels, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gene expression analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic 2 (SMAD2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). A scratch wound healing experiment was used to evaluate naringin's anti-migratory properties. Results Our study found that naringin treatment significantly reduced cell viability in oral cancer cells compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In oral cancer cells, we found an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 125.3 μM/mL. Following treatment, fewer cells were present, and those that were present shrunk and displayed cytoplasmic membrane blebbing. The EtBr staining reveals chromatin condensation and nuclear breakage in treated cells. The study found that naringin downregulates the expression of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), TGF-β, SMAD2, TNFα, and NFκB and upregulates the expression of Bcl-2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD), Bcl-2-associated protein X (BAX), and caspase-3. Furthermore, when compared to control cells, naringin significantly reduced cell migration. Naringin treatment significantly promotes apoptosis and inhibits migration by altering the SMAD2 signaling pathway. Conclusion Overall, this study highlights the promising role of naringin as a pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic phytochemical regulating the gene expression of Bcl-2, TGF-β, SMAD2, TNFα, NFκB, BAD, BAX, and caspase-3, thereby treating oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniel Vincer
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Jospin Sindya
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Jeevitha Rajanathadurai
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Elumalai Perumal
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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12
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Zhu H, Zhou X, Shen C, Ao Z, Cao X, Song C, Mehmood MA, Wu T, Mei J, He M, Ma Y, Wang N. Bacillus licheniformis-based intensive fermentation of Tibetan tea improved its bioactive compounds and reinforced the intestinal barrier in mice. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1376757. [PMID: 38933031 PMCID: PMC11199413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1376757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tibetan tea changes during microorganism fermentation. Research on microorganisms in Tibetan tea has focused on their identification, while studies on the influence of specific microorganisms on the components and health functions of Tibetan tea are lacking. Bacillus licheniformis was inoculated into Tibetan tea for intensive fermentation, and the components of B. licheniformis-fermented tea (BLT) were detected by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS), and then the effects of BLT on intestinal probiotic functions were investigated by experiments on mice. The results revealed the metabolites of BLT include polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, amino acids, and lipids. Intensified fermentation also improved the antioxidant capacity in vivo and the protective effect on the intestinal barrier of Tibetan tea. In addition, the enhanced fermentation of Tibetan tea exerted intestinal probiotic effects by modulating the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the intestinal flora. Therefore, intensive fermentation with B. licheniformis can improve the health benefits of Tibetan tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains, Yibin, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains, Yibin, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains, Yibin, China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Sichuan Jixiang Tea Co., Ltd., Ya'an, China
| | - Manli He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains, Yibin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains, Yibin, China
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou, China
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13
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Hesari M, Mohammadi P, Moradi M, Shackebaei D, Yarmohammadi F. Molecular mechanisms involved in therapeutic effects of natural compounds against cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity: a review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03207-3. [PMID: 38850306 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers. However, the clinical use of cisplatin is limited by its cardiotoxic side effects. The primary mechanisms implicated in this cardiotoxicity include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic. Numerous natural compounds (NCs) have been introduced as promising protective factors against cisplatin-mediated cardiac damage. The current review summarized the potential of various NCs as cardioprotective agents at the molecular levels. These compounds exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by interaction with the PI3K/AKT, AMPK, Nrf2, NF-κB, and NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathways. Generally, the modulation of these signaling pathways by NCs represents a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic index of cisplatin by reducing its cardiac side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvash Hesari
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pantea Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Moradi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Dareuosh Shackebaei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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14
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Huang QL, Huang LN, Zhao GY, Liu C, Pan XY, Li ZR, Jing XH, Qiu ZY, Xin RH. Naringin attenuates Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-induced acute lung injury via MAPK/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:204. [PMID: 38755662 PMCID: PMC11100192 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) causes porcine pleuropneumonia (PCP), which is clinically characterized by acute hemorrhagic, necrotizing pneumonia, and chronic fibrinous pneumonia. Although many measures have been taken to prevent the disease, prevention and control of the disease are becoming increasingly difficult due to the abundance of APP sera, weak vaccine cross-protection, and increasing antibiotic resistance in APP. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel drugs against APP infection to prevent the spread of APP. Naringin (NAR) has been reported to have an excellent therapeutic effect on pulmonary diseases, but its therapeutic effect on lung injury caused by APP is not apparent. Our research has shown that NAR was able to alleviate APP-induced weight loss and quantity of food taken and reduce the number of WBCs and NEs in peripheral blood in mice; pathological tissue sections showed that NAR was able to prevent and control APP-induced pathological lung injury effectively; based on the establishment of an in vivo/in vitro model of APP inflammation, it was found that NAR was able to play an anti-inflammatory role through inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and exerting anti-inflammatory effects; additionally, NAR activating the Nrf2 signalling pathway, increasing the secretion of antioxidant enzymes Nqo1, CAT, and SOD1, inhibiting the secretion of oxidative damage factors NOS2 and COX2, and enhancing the antioxidant stress ability, thus playing an antioxidant role. In summary, NAR can relieve severe lung injury caused by APP by reducing excessive inflammatory response and improving antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Huang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Li-Na Huang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Guan-Yu Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Pan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhao-Rong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Han Jing
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Qiu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China.
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Rui-Hua Xin
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China.
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, China.
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15
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Okesina KB, Odetayo AF, Adeyemi WJ, Ajibare AJ, Okesina AA, Olayaki LA. Naringin from sweet orange peel improves testicular function in high fat diet-induced diabetic rats by modulating xanthine oxidase/uric acid signaling and maintaining redox balance. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:5. [PMID: 38369526 PMCID: PMC10874537 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting many organs, including the testis. Naringin from orange peel extract (OPE) is a flavanone with fertility-enhancing properties. Hence, this study was designed to establish the effect of naringin on T2DM-induced testicular dysfunction. Thirty male (30) Wistar rats were randomized into five groups control, diabetes, diabetes + naringin, diabetes + OPE, and diabetes + metformin. The administrations were via the oral route and lasted for 28 days. RESULTS Naringin ameliorated T2DM-induced increase in FBS and decrease in serum insulin. It also abrogated T2DM-induced decrease in sperm quality, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, estradiol, prolactin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, naringin prevented a T2DM-induced increase in malonaldehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, xanthine oxidase (XO), and uric acid (UA), it was accompanied by the restoration of normal testicular histoarchitecture. CONCLUSIONS Naringin prevented T2DM-induced testicular dysfunction by modulating XO/UA and restoring redox balance. Also, while the animals treated with OPE exhibited better ameliorative effects than their counterparts treated with naringin, the findings from this study showed that naringin would be a promising supplement for treating T2DM-induced male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazeem Bidemi Okesina
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Adeyemi Fatai Odetayo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila Orangun, Nigeria.
| | | | | | - Akeem Ayodeji Okesina
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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16
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Peng Y, Qu R, Xu S, Bi H, Guo D. Regulatory mechanism and therapeutic potentials of naringin against inflammatory disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24619. [PMID: 38317884 PMCID: PMC10839891 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Naringin is a natural flavonoid with therapeutic properties found in citrus fruits and an active natural product from herbal plants. Naringin has become a focus of attention in recent years because of its ability to actively participate in the body's immune response and maintain the integrity of the immune barrier. This review aims to elucidate the mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy of naringin in various inflammatory diseases and to provide a valuable reference for further research in this field. The review provided the chemical structure, bioavailability, pharmacological properties, and pharmacokinetics of naringin and found that naringin has good therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, anti-ulcerative and detoxifying effects in the disease. Moreover, we found that the great advantage of naringin treatment is that it is safe and can even alleviate the toxic side effects associated with some of the other drugs, which may become a highlight of naringin research. Naringin, an active natural product, plays a significant role in systemic diseases' anti-inflammatory and antioxidant regulation through various signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Ruyi Qu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
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17
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Huang Q, Li W, Jing X, Liu C, Ahmad S, Huang L, Zhao G, Li Z, Qiu Z, Xin R. Naringin's Alleviation of the Inflammatory Response Caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by Downregulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1027. [PMID: 38256101 PMCID: PMC10816821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is responsible for causing Porcine pleuropneumonia (PCP) in pigs. However, using vaccines and antibiotics to prevent and control this disease has become more difficult due to increased bacterial resistance and weak cross-immunity between different APP types. Naringin (NAR), a dihydroflavonoid found in citrus fruit peels, has been recognized as having significant therapeutic effects on inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. In this study, we investigated the effects of NAR on the inflammatory response caused by APP through both in vivo and in vitro models. The results showed that NAR reduced the number of neutrophils (NEs) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and decreased lung injury and the expression of proteins related to the NLRP3 inflammasome after exposure to APP. In addition, NAR inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) P65 in porcine alveolar macrophage (PAMs), reduced protein expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1, and reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by APP. Furthermore, NAR prevented the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex by reducing protein interaction between NLRP3, Caspase-1, and ASC. NAR also inhibited the potassium (K+) efflux induced by APP. Overall, these findings suggest that NAR can effectively reduce the lung inflammation caused by APP by inhibiting the over-activated NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling pathway, providing a basis for further exploration of NAR as a potential natural product for preventing and treating APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Huang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wei Li
- Lanzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Xiaohan Jing
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Saad Ahmad
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Lina Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730013, China;
| | - Guanyu Zhao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhengying Qiu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ruihua Xin
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (S.A.); (G.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Lanzhou 730050, China
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18
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Gong M, Xia X, Chen D, Ren Y, Liu Y, Xiang H, Li X, Zhi Y, Mo Y. Antiviral activity of chrysin and naringenin against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1278997. [PMID: 38130439 PMCID: PMC10733469 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the critical pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and has caused huge economic losses to the swine industry in worldwide. However, there is currently no effective therapeutic medication available for the treatment of PEDV. Natural compounds are a hot topic for researching and screening antiviral lead compounds due to their abundant sources, varied activities, and low toxicity. In this study, a total of 6 compounds from different plant sources were selected for in vitro anti-PEDV screening, including chrysin, naringenin, soy isoflavone, glycyrrhetinic acid, oleanolic acid, and geniposide. Then two active compounds, chrysin and naringenin, were further evaluated on PEDV infected cells at different stage. And the anti-PEDV mechanism was analyzed by molecule docking and molecular dynamics. The results showed that both chrysin and naringenin showed the most significant anti-PEDV activity by increasing the cell viability and decreasing the virus copy number. Both natural compounds could inhibit viral titer, mRNA and protein levels in the prophylactic and post-viral entry stages of PEDV infection. Furthermore, chrysin and naringenin mainly interacted with viral replicase proteins such as 3CLpro and PLP-2 through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces. The complexes formed by chrysin and naringenin with the two PEDV replication proteases had high stability. These results suggested that chrysin and naringenin may exert antiviral effects by interacting with the virus 3CLpro protein or PLP2 protein, thereby affecting their role in the formation of PEDV non-structural proteins or interfering with virus replication. This study lays the foundation for developing chrysin and naringenin as novel anti-PEDV therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Gong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Shizhong District, Leshan, China
| | - Yupeng Zhi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Mo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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Ganesh P, Suresh V, Narasimhan MK, Sabarathinam S. A narrative review on Naringin and Naringenin as a possible bioenhancer in various drug-delivery formulations. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:763-774. [PMID: 38088094 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringenin belongs to the flavanones and is mainly found in fruits (grapefruit and oranges) and vegetables. Naringenin exhibits lipid-lowering and insulin-like characteristics and is used to treat osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Their incorporation into drug formulations offers several advantages, including enhanced solubility, improved bioavailability and targeted delivery. Naringin-based formulations are beneficial in cancer, for example controlling breast and prostate cancer by inhibition of CYP19. Naringin suppresses the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, it triggers autophagy, which effectively halts the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Naringin and naringenin co-administration or pre-administration has enhanced the target drug's potency and produced a synergistic effect. This published study demonstrates the potential applications of Naringin and Naringenin as recognized bio-enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepti Ganesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-603203, India
| | - Vanishree Suresh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-603203, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Narasimhan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-603203, India
| | - Sarvesh Sabarathinam
- Drug Testing Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian system of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-603203, India
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Qin MC, Li JJ, Zheng YT, Li YJ, Zhang YX, Ou RX, He WY, Zhao JM, Liu ST, Liu MH, Lin HY, Gao L. Naringin ameliorates liver fibrosis in zebrafish by modulating IDO1-mediated lipid metabolism and inflammatory infiltration. Food Funct 2023; 14:10347-10361. [PMID: 37930368 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03858k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is an important reparative process in response to acute or chronic hepatic injury, which has the potential to advance towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dietary naringin consumption contributes to protection against LF in animal studies, while the exact protective mechanism of naringin remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the potential protective effect of naringin against TAA-induced LF in zebrafish. In this study, we utilized zebrafish to create the LF model and investigate the therapeutic mechanism of naringin. Firstly, we evaluated the changes in hepatic fibrosis and lipid accumulation in the liver following naringin treatment with oil red O, Nile red, and Sirius red and immunohistochemistry. In addition, we employed an ROS probe to directly measure oxidative stress and monitor inflammatory cell migration in a zebrafish transgenic line. Morpholino was used in the knockdown of IDO1 in order to verify its vital role in LF. Our findings demonstrated that naringin exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic action in conjunction with a reversal in lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and suppression of macrophage infiltration and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Furthermore, the results showed that the antifibrotic effect of naringin was removed upon IDO1 knockdown, proving that naringin exerts a protective effect by regulating IDO1. Naringin demonstrates remarkable protective effects against LF, effectively counteracting inflammation and hepatic steatosis in zebrafish liver. These findings suggest that naringin may function as an effective IDO1 inhibitor, holding the potential for clinical translation as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Qin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jie Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Tao Zheng
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yun-Jia Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xue Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rou-Xuan Ou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Yi He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Tong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Hao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhao G, Huang Q, Jing X, Huang L, Liu C, Pan X, Li Z, Li S, Qiu Z, Xin R. Therapeutic Effect and Safety Evaluation of Naringin on Klebsiella pneumoniae in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15940. [PMID: 37958922 PMCID: PMC10650447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) often develop secondary bacterial infections that pose a significant threat to patient life safety, making the development of drugs to prevent bacterial infections in the lungs critical to clinical care. Naringin (NAR) is one of the significant natural flavonoids rich in Pummelo Peel (Hua Ju Hong), with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, and is commonly used in treating respiratory tract infectious diseases. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo findings revealed that, after Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) infection, NAR inhibited overactivation of the nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB) signaling pathway in alveolar macrophages of mice, reduced neutrophil (NEs) recruitment, and lowered the induced production of proinflammatory markers, such as Interleukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α). Thus, it suppressed excessive immune responses in the lungs, as well as attenuated the induced pulmonary fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrates. These results suggest that NAR has a preventive effect against Kpn in mice. In addition, the study evaluated NAR's potential toxicity, demonstrating that NAR is safe at effective doses. These results suggested that NAR effectively reduces excessive inflammatory damage in the lungs induced by Kpn and enhances the body's ability to clear bacteria. Therefore, NAR may be an effective and safe healthcare drug for preventing and caring for bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Zhao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Qilin Huang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiaohan Jing
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Lina Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730013, China;
| | - Chen Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiangyi Pan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Sifan Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhengying Qiu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ruihua Xin
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (G.Z.); (Q.H.); (X.J.); (C.L.); (X.P.); (Z.L.); (S.L.)
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Lanzhou 730050, China
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