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Sainz-Urruela C, Vera-López S, Díez-Pascual AM, San Andrés MP. Fluorescence study of the influence of centrifugation on graphene oxide dispersions in water and in tannic acid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121302. [PMID: 35525181 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is acquiring a great interest in biomedicine, biotechnology and biochemistry due to its unique properties. However, GO layers are boundbyvan der Waals forces, which results in aggregation. An efficient dispersion of the aggregated nanostructures is crucial from an application viewpoint, hence eco-friendly procedures are pursued. In this work, the potential of tannic acid (TA) as a GO dispersant in water has been investigated for the first time. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) was used to visualize the degree of GO exfoliation in the dispersions. To further assess TA dispersant capability, a fluorescent biomolecule, riboflavin, has been selected. GO and TA cause a quenching effect on riboflavin fluorescence, which depends on the GO and TA concentration, the GO/TA weight ratio and the final centrifugation step that was found to be crucial. Multiple regression analysis has been used to determine the quenching constants for TA and GO simultaneously. The GO-riboflavin interaction weakens upon centrifugation. This step, traditionally used to remove the nanomaterial aggregates, should be avoided to obtain a high GO concentration in the dispersions. This study paves the way towards the use of environmentally friendly dispersant agents instead of conventional organic solvents or synthetic surfactants to attain high-quality dispersions of carbon nanomaterials in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sainz-Urruela
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Vera-López
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz San Andrés
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Champa-Bujaico E, García-Díaz P, Díez-Pascual AM. Machine Learning for Property Prediction and Optimization of Polymeric Nanocomposites: A State-of-the-Art. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10712. [PMID: 36142623 PMCID: PMC9505448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the field of polymer nanocomposites has been an area of high scientific and industrial attention due to noteworthy improvements attained in these materials, arising from the synergetic combination of properties of a polymeric matrix and an organic or inorganic nanomaterial. The enhanced performance of those materials typically involves superior mechanical strength, toughness and stiffness, electrical and thermal conductivity, better flame retardancy and a higher barrier to moisture and gases. Nanocomposites can also display unique design possibilities, which provide exceptional advantages in developing multifunctional materials with desired properties for specific applications. On the other hand, machine learning (ML) has been recognized as a powerful predictive tool for data-driven multi-physical modelling, leading to unprecedented insights and an exploration of the system's properties beyond the capability of traditional computational and experimental analyses. This article aims to provide a brief overview of the most important findings related to the application of ML for the rational design of polymeric nanocomposites. Prediction, optimization, feature identification and uncertainty quantification are presented along with different ML algorithms used in the field of polymeric nanocomposites for property prediction, and selected examples are discussed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Champa-Bujaico
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Díaz
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Díez-Pascual AM. PMMA-Based Nanocomposites for Odontology Applications: A State-of-the-Art. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10288. [PMID: 36142201 PMCID: PMC9499310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a well-known polymer of the methacrylate family, is extensively used in biomedicine, particularly in odontological applications including artificial teeth, dentures and denture bases, obturators, provisional or permanent crowns, and so forth. The exceptional PMMA properties, including aesthetics, inexpensiveness, simple manipulation, low density, and adjustable mechanical properties, make it a perfect candidate in the field of dentistry. However, it presents some deficiencies, including weakness regarding hydrolytic degradation, poor fracture toughness, and a lack of antibacterial activity. To further enhance its properties and solve these drawbacks, different approaches can be performed, including the incorporation of nanofillers. In this regard, different types of metallic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanofillers, and carbon-based nanomaterials have been recently integrated into PMMA matrices with the aim to reduce water absorption and improve their performance, namely their thermal and flexural properties. In this review, recent studies regarding the development of PMMA-based nanocomposites for odontology applications are summarized and future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Díez-Pascual AM, Cruz DL, Redondo AL. Advanced Carbon-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites for Forensic Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3598. [PMID: 36080673 PMCID: PMC9460265 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a powerful tool and fast-growing research area in many novel arenas, ranging from biomedicine to engineering and energy storage. Nanotechnology has great potential to make a significant positive contribution in forensic science, which deals with the identification and investigation of crimes, finding relationships between pieces of evidence and perpetrators. Nano-forensics is related to the development of nanosensors for crime investigations and inspection of terrorist activity by analyzing the presence of illicit drugs, explosives, toxic gases, biological agents, and so forth. In this regard, carbon nanomaterials have huge potential for next-generation nanosensors due to their outstanding properties, including strength combined with flexibility, large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and little noise. Moreover, their combination with polymers can provide nanocomposites with novel and enhanced performance owed to synergy between the composite components. This review concisely recapitulates up-to-date advances in the development of polymer composites incorporating carbon-based nanomaterials for forensic science. The properties of the different carbon nanomaterials, several methods used to analyze functional polymeric nanocomposites, and their applications in forensic investigation are discussed. Furthermore, present challenges and forthcoming outlooks on the design of new polymer/carbon nanomaterial composites for crime prevention are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lechuga Cruz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Alba Lomas Redondo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Díez-Pascual AM, Rahdar A. Graphene-Based Polymer Composites for Flexible Electronic Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1123. [PMID: 35888940 PMCID: PMC9317206 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials have gained a lot of interest over the last years in flexible electronics due to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties, as well as their potential of surface modification. Their flexibility and processability make them suitable for electronic devices that require bending, folding, and stretching, which cannot be fulfilled by conventional electronics. These nanomaterials can be assembled with various types of organic materials, including polymers, and biomolecules, to generate a variety of nanocomposites with greater stretchability and healability, higher stiffness, electrical conductivity, and exceptional thermal stability for flexible lighting and display technologies. This article summarizes the main characteristics and synthesis methods of graphene, its oxidized form graphene oxide (GO), and reduced GO derivative, as well as their corresponding polymeric composites, and provides a brief overview about some recent examples of these nanocomposites in flexible electronic applications, including electrodes for solar cells and supercapacitors, electronic textiles, and transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol P.O. Box 98613-35856, Iran;
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Díez-Pascual AM, Di Bartolomeo A, Chen G. Selected Papers from the Second International Online Conference on Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030302. [PMID: 35159646 PMCID: PMC8839519 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained eminence in technological developments due to their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties, such as wettability, electrical and thermal conductivity, magnetism, light absorption and emission, catalytic activity, and so forth, leading to devices with improved performance compared to their microscopic counterparts [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Di Bartolomeo
- Physics Department, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Guanying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;
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Ławkowska K, Pokrywczyńska M, Koper K, Kluth LA, Drewa T, Adamowicz J. Application of Graphene in Tissue Engineering of the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:33. [PMID: 35008456 PMCID: PMC8745025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is the thinnest two-dimensional (2D), only one carbon atom thick, but one of the strongest biomaterials. Due to its unique structure, it has many unique properties used in tissue engineering of the nervous system, such as high strength, flexibility, adequate softness, electrical conductivity, antibacterial effect, and the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Graphene is also characterized by the possibility of modifications that allow for even wider application and adaptation to cell cultures of specific cells and tissues, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, by using the patient's own cells for cell culture, it will be possible to produce tissues and organs that can be re-transplanted without transplant rejection, the negative effects of taking immunosuppressive drugs, and waiting for an appropriate organ donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ławkowska
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.P.); (T.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Marta Pokrywczyńska
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.P.); (T.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Koper
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nursing, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Luis Alex Kluth
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Frankfurt a.M., 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.P.); (T.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Jan Adamowicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.P.); (T.D.); (J.A.)
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8
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Shiyanova KA, Gudkov MV, Rabchinskii MK, Sokura LA, Stolyarova DY, Baidakova MV, Shashkin DP, Trofimuk AD, Smirnov DA, Komarov IA, Timofeeva VA, Melnikov VP. Graphene Oxide Chemistry Management via the Use of KMnO 4/K 2Cr 2O 7 Oxidizing Agents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:915. [PMID: 33916778 PMCID: PMC8066464 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a facile approach to the management of graphene oxide (GO) chemistry via its synthesis using KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 oxidizing agents at different ratios. Using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, we show that the number of basal-plane and edge-located oxygenic groups can be controllably tuned by altering the KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 ratio. The linear two-fold reduction in the number of the hydroxyls and epoxides with the simultaneous three-fold rise in the content of carbonyls and carboxyls is indicated upon the transition from KMnO4 to K2Cr2O7 as a predominant oxidizing agent. The effect of the oxidation mixture's composition on the structure of the synthesized GOs is also comprehensively studied by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic-force microscopy, optical microscopy, and the laser diffraction method. The nanoscale corrugation of the GO platelets with the increase of the K2Cr2O7 content is signified, whereas the 10-100 μm lateral size, lamellar, and defect-free structure is demonstrated for all of the synthesized GOs regardless of the KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 ratio. The proposed method for the synthesis of GO with the desired chemistry opens up new horizons for the development of graphene-based materials with tunable functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya A. Shiyanova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Maksim V. Gudkov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Maxim K. Rabchinskii
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.R.); (L.A.S.); (M.V.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Liliia A. Sokura
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.R.); (L.A.S.); (M.V.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | | | - Marina V. Baidakova
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.R.); (L.A.S.); (M.V.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Dmitriy P. Shashkin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Andrei D. Trofimuk
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.R.); (L.A.S.); (M.V.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Dmitry A. Smirnov
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Ivan A. Komarov
- Department of Composite Construction for Space Rockets, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria A. Timofeeva
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Valery P. Melnikov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
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Sainz-Urruela C, Vera-López S, San Andrés MP, Díez-Pascual AM. Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3316. [PMID: 33804997 PMCID: PMC8037795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, different nanomaterials have been investigated to design highly selective and sensitive sensors, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, which is crucial for medical sciences and the healthcare industry in order to assess physiological and metabolic parameters. The discovery of graphene (G) has unexpectedly impulsed research on developing cost-effective electrode materials owed to its unique physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, elevated carrier mobility, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, strong stiffness and strength combined with flexibility and optical transparency. G and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are becoming an important class of nanomaterials in the area of optical and electrochemical sensors. The presence of oxygenated functional groups makes GO nanosheets amphiphilic, facilitating chemical functionalization. G-based nanomaterials can be easily combined with different types of inorganic nanoparticles, including metals and metal oxides, quantum dots, organic polymers, and biomolecules, to yield a wide range of nanocomposites with enhanced sensitivity for sensor applications. This review provides an overview of recent research on G-based nanocomposites for the detection of bioactive compounds, providing insights on the unique advantages offered by G and its derivatives. Their synthesis process, functionalization routes, and main properties are summarized, and the main challenges are also discussed. The antioxidants selected for this review are melatonin, gallic acid, tannic acid, resveratrol, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and curcumin. They were chosen owed to their beneficial properties for human health, including antibiotic, antiviral, cardiovascular protector, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, neuroprotective, antiageing, antidegenerative, and antiallergic capacity. The sensitivity and selectivity of G-based electrochemical and fluorescent sensors are also examined. Finally, the future outlook for the development of G-based sensors for this type of biocompounds is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sainz-Urruela
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Soledad Vera-López
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
| | - María Paz San Andrés
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
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