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Ganjian M, Modaresifar K, Rompolas D, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Nanoimprinting for high-throughput replication of geometrically precise pillars in fused silica to regulate cell behavior. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:717-729. [PMID: 34875357 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developing high-throughput nanopatterning techniques that also allow for precise control over the dimensions of the fabricated features is essential for the study of cell-nanopattern interactions. Here, we developed a process that fulfills both of these criteria. Firstly, we used electron-beam lithography (EBL) to fabricate precisely controlled arrays of submicron pillars with varying values of interspacing on a large area of fused silica. Two types of etching procedures with two different systems were developed to etch the fused silica and create the final desired height. We then studied the interactions of preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) with these pillars. Varying interspacing was observed to significantly affect the morphological characteristics of the cell, the organization of actin fibers, and the formation of focal adhesions. The expression of osteopontin (OPN) significantly increased on the patterns, indicating the potential of the pillars for inducing osteogenic differentiation. The EBL pillars were thereafter used as master molds in two subsequent processing steps, namely soft lithography and thermal nanoimprint lithography for high-fidelity replication of the pillars on the substrates of interest. The molding parameters were optimized to maximize the fidelity of the generated patterns and minimize the wear and tear of the master mold. Comparing the replicated feature with those present on the original mold confirmed that the geometry and dimensions of the replicated pillars closely resemble those of the original ones. The method proposed in this study, therefore, enables the precise fabrication of submicron- and nanopatterns on a wide variety of materials that are relevant for systematic cell studies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Submicron pillars with specific dimensions on the bone implants have been proven to be effective in controlling cell behaviors. Nowadays, numerous methods have been proposed to produce bio-instructive submicron-topographies. However, most of these techniques are suffering from being low-throughput, low-precision, and expensive. Here, we developed a high-throughput nanopatterning technique that allows for control over the dimensions of the features for the study of cell-nanotopography interactions. Assessing the adaptation of preosteoblast cells showed the potential of the pillars for inducing osteogenic differentiation. Afterward, the pillars were used for high-fidelity replication of the bio-instructive features on the substrates of interest. The results show the advantages of nanoimprint lithography as a unique technique for the patterning of large areas of bio-instructive surfaces.
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Sayed S, Selvaganapathy PR. High-resolution fabrication of nanopatterns by multistep iterative miniaturization of hot-embossed prestressed polymer films and constrained shrinking. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:20. [PMID: 35242358 PMCID: PMC8841498 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanostructures and nanopatterns is of crucial importance in microelectronics, nanofluidics, and the manufacture of biomedical devices and biosensors. However, the creation of nanopatterns by means of conventional nanofabrication techniques such as electron beam lithography is expensive and time-consuming. Here, we develop a multistep miniaturization approach using prestressed polymer films to generate nanopatterns from microscale patterns without the need of complex nanolithography methods. Prestressed polymer films have been used as a miniaturization technique to fabricate features with a smaller size than the initial imprinted features. However, the height of the imprinted features is significantly reduced after the thermal shrinking of the prestressed films due to the shape memory effect of the polymer, and as a result, the topographical features tend to disappear after shrinking. We have developed a miniaturization approach that controls the material flow and maintains the shrunken patterns by applying mechanical constraints during the shrinking process. The combination of hot embossing and constrained shrinking makes it possible to reduce the size of the initial imprinted features even to the nanoscale. The developed multistep miniaturization approach allows using the shrunken pattern as a master for a subsequent miniaturization cycle. Well-defined patterns as small as 100 nm are fabricated, showing a 10-fold reduction in size from the original master. The developed approach also allows the transfer of the shrunken polymeric patterns to a silicon substrate, which can be used as a functional substrate for many applications or directly as a master for nanoimprint lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Sayed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8 Canada
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Mahajan S, Sharkins JA, Hunter AH, Avishai A, Ereifej ES. Focused Ion Beam Lithography to Etch Nano-architectures into Microelectrodes. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/60004. [PMID: 32009634 PMCID: PMC8457512 DOI: 10.3791/60004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in electronics and fabrication technology, intracortical microelectrodes have undergone substantial improvements enabling the production of sophisticated microelectrodes with greater resolution and expanded capabilities. The progress in fabrication technology has supported the development of biomimetic electrodes, which aim to seamlessly integrate into the brain parenchyma, reduce the neuroinflammatory response observed after electrode insertion and improve the quality and longevity of electrophysiological recordings. Here we describe a protocol to employ a biomimetic approach recently classified as nano-architecture. The use of focused ion beam lithography (FIB) was utilized in this protocol to etch specific nano-architecture features into the surface of non-functional and functional single shank intracortical microelectrodes. Etching nano-architectures into the electrode surface indicated possible improvements of biocompatibility and functionality of the implanted device. One of the benefits of using FIB is the ability to etch on manufactured devices, as opposed to during the fabrication of the device, facilitating boundless possibilities to modify numerous medical devices post-manufacturing. The protocol presented herein can be optimized for various material types, nano-architecture features, and types of devices. Augmenting the surface of implanted medical devices can improve the device performance and integration into the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Mahajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
| | - Jonah A Sharkins
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan
| | - Allen H Hunter
- Michigan Center for Materials Characterization, University of Michigan
| | | | - Evon S Ereifej
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan;
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Kim Y, Meade SM, Chen K, Feng H, Rayyan J, Hess-Dunning A, Ereifej ES. Nano-Architectural Approaches for Improved Intracortical Interface Technologies. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:456. [PMID: 30065623 PMCID: PMC6056633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes (IME) are neural devices that initially were designed to function as neuroscience tools to enable researchers to understand the nervous system. Over the years, technology that aids interfacing with the nervous system has allowed the ability to treat patients with a wide range of neurological injuries and diseases. Despite the substantial success that has been demonstrated using IME in neural interface applications, these implants eventually fail due to loss of quality recording signals. Recent strategies to improve interfacing with the nervous system have been inspired by methods that mimic the native tissue. This review focusses on one strategy in particular, nano-architecture, a term we introduce that encompasses the approach of roughening the surface of the implant. Various nano-architecture approaches have been hypothesized to improve the biocompatibility of IMEs, enhance the recording quality, and increase the longevity of the implant. This review will begin by introducing IME technology and discuss the challenges facing the clinical deployment of IME technology. The biological inspiration of nano-architecture approaches will be explained as well as leading fabrication methods used to create nano-architecture and their limitations. A review of the effects of nano-architecture surfaces on neural cells will be examined, depicting the various cellular responses to these modified surfaces in both in vitro and pre-clinical models. The proposed mechanism elucidating the ability of nano-architectures to influence cellular phenotype will be considered. Finally, the frontiers of next generation nano-architecture IMEs will be identified, with perspective given on the future impact of this interfacing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Seth M. Meade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - He Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jacob Rayyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Allison Hess-Dunning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Goswami D, Munera JC, Pal A, Sadri B, Scarpetti CLPG, Martinez RV. Roll-to-Roll Nanoforming of Metals Using Laser-Induced Superplasticity. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3616-3622. [PMID: 29775318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes a low-cost, scalable nanomanufacturing process that enables the continuous forming of thin metallic layers with nanoscale accuracy using roll-to-roll, laser-induced superplasticity (R2RLIS). R2RLIS uses a laser shock to induce the ultrahigh-strain-rate deformation of metallic films at room temperature into low-cost polymeric nanomolds, independently of the original grain size of the metal. This simple and inexpensive nanoforming method does not require access to cleanrooms and associated facilities, and can be easily implemented on conventional CO2 lasers, enabling laser systems commonly used for rapid prototyping or industrial cutting and engraving to fabricate uniform and three-dimensional crystalline metallic nanostructures over large areas. Tuning the laser power during the R2RLIS process enables the control of the aspect ratio and the mechanical and optical properties of the fabricated nanostructures. This roll-to-roll technique successfully fabricates mechanically strengthened gold plasmonic nanostructures with aspect ratios as high as 5 that exhibit high oxidation resistance and strong optical field enhancements. The CO2 laser used in R2RLIS can also integrate the fabricated nanostructures on transparent flexible substrates with robust interfacial contact. The ability to fabricate ultrasmooth metallic nanostructures using roll-to-roll manufacturing enables the large scale production, at a relatively low-cost, of flexible plasmonic devices toward emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debkalpa Goswami
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Juan C Munera
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Aniket Pal
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Behnam Sadri
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Caio Lui P G Scarpetti
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Ramses V Martinez
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering , Purdue University 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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Kim Y, Lee W, Ahn Y. Metal Ion-assisted Fabrication of Hierarchically Structured Superhydrophobic Surfaces on Mg Plates. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Younga Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Dankook University; Chunan 31116 South Korea
| | - Woohee Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Dankook University; Chunan 31116 South Korea
| | - Yonghyun Ahn
- Department of Chemistry; Dankook University; Chunan 31116 South Korea
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Vasilev K, Ramiasa MM. Nanoengineered Interfaces, Coatings, and Structures by Plasma Techniques. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7120449. [PMID: 29244713 PMCID: PMC5746939 DOI: 10.3390/nano7120449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Vasilev
- School of Engineering, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Melanie Macgregor Ramiasa
- School of Engineering, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
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Baquedano E, Torné L, Caño P, Postigo PA. Increased Efficiency of Solar Cells Protected by Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Anti-Reflecting Nanostructured Glasses. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7120437. [PMID: 29240663 PMCID: PMC5746927 DOI: 10.3390/nano7120437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the fabrication of large-area (cm2) nanostructured glasses for solar cell modules with hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties using soft lithography and colloidal lithography. Both of these techniques entail low-cost and ease of nanofabrication. We explored the use of simple 1D and 2D nanopatterns (nanowires and nanocones) and the effect of introducing disorder in the nanostructures. We observed an increase in the transmitted light for ordered nanostructures with a maximum value of 99% for wavelengths >600 nm when ordered nanocones are fabricated on the two sides of the solar glass. They produced an increment in the efficiency of the packaged solar cell with respect to the glass without nanostructures. On the one hand, the wettability properties showed that the ordering of the nanostructures improved the hydrophobicity of the solar glasses and increased their self-cleaning capacity. On the other hand, the disordered nanostructures improved the hydrophilic properties of solar glasses, increasing their anti-fogging capacity. The results show that by selecting the appropriate nanopattern, the wettability properties (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) can be easily improved without decreasing the efficiency of the solar cell underneath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Baquedano
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, CSIC, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lorena Torné
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, CSIC, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Caño
- IES-Instituto de Energía Solar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo A Postigo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, CSIC, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
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