Impact of Cholesterol Metabolism in Immune Cell Function and Atherosclerosis

The role of cholesterol metabolism in lung cancer

Elevated serum cholesterol metabolism is associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer. Disrupted cholesterol metabolism is evident in both lung cancer patients and tumor cells. Inhibiting tumor cell cholesterol uptake or biosynthesis pathways, through the modulation of receptors and enzymes such as liver X receptor and sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2, effectively restrains lung tumor growth. Similarly, promoting cholesterol excretion yields comparable effects. Cholesterol metabolites, including oxysterols and isoprenoids, play a crucial role in regulating cholesterol metabolism within tumor cells, consequently impacting cancer progression. In lung cancer patients, both the cholesterol levels in the tumor microenvironment and within tumor cells significantly influence cell growth, proliferation, and metastasis. The effects of cholesterol metabolism are further mediated by the reprogramming of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, among others. Ongoing research is investigating drugs targeting cholesterol metabolism for clinical treatments. Statins, targeting the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, are widely employed in lung cancer treatment, either as standalone agents or in combination with other drugs. Additionally, drugs focusing on cholesterol transportation have shown promise as effective therapies for lung cancer. In this review, we summarized current research regarding the rule of cholesterol metabolism and therapeutic advances in lung cancer.

Consumption of different types of meat and the risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia: the Singapore Chinese Health Study

BACKGROUND

Although red meat consumption has been associated with risk of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and stroke, no prospective study has examined this with the risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI).

METHODS

In a prospective study of 63,257 Chinese in Singapore, who were aged 45-74 years old at recruitment, diet was assessed via a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Incident CLTI cases were ascertained via linkage with nationwide hospital records for lower extremity amputation or angioplasty for peripheral arterial disease. Multivariable Cox models were used to examine associations between quartiles of meat intake and CLTI risk.

RESULTS

After a mean follow-up of 18.8 years, there were 1069 cases of CLTI. Higher intake of red meat intake was associated with increased risk of CLTI in a stepwise manner. Comparing extreme quartiles of red meat intake, the hazard ratio (HR) for the association with CLTI risk was 1.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.49; P-trend = 0.02]. In stratified analysis, red meat intake had a stronger association with CLTI risk among those without diabetes [HR (95% CI) comparing extreme quartiles = 1.41 (1.10-1.80); P-trend = 0.03] than among those with diabetes at baseline [HR (95% CI) comparing extreme quartiles = 1.04 (0.79-1.38); P-trend = 0.05] (P-interaction = 0.03). Otherwise, the associations were not different by sex, BMI, smoking status, hypertension, alcohol consumption, or history of cardiovascular diseases. Using a theoretical model in substitution analysis that substituted three servings per week of red meat with poultry or fish/shellfish, the relative risk of CLTI was reduced by 13-14%.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of red meat was associated with higher CLTI risk in this Asian cohort. Substituting red meat with poultry or fish/shellfish may reduce this risk.

Genetically predicted lipid traits mediate the association between folic acid and atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the most common causes of death from cardiovascular disease, and low folic acid (FA) levels have been reported to be strongly associated with an increased risk of AS. We aimed to obtain causal estimates of the association between FA and AS and to quantify the mediating role of known modifiable risk factors. Based on the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) from the IEU Open GWAS Project for all human studies, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study of genetically predicted FA and AS. A two-step MR design was then used to assess the causal mediating effect of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) on the relationship between FA and AS. This MR analysis showed that genetically determined FA levels [IVW: Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.623, 95% CI 0.421-0.924, P = 0.018] were associated with a reduced risk of AS. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) MR analysis also showed that genetically predicted FA was positively correlated with HDL-C levels (OR = 1.358, 95% CI 1.029-1.792, P = 0.031) and negatively correlated with LDL-C (OR = 0.956, 95% CI 0.920-0.994, P = 0.023) and TG levels (OR = 0.929, 95% CI 0.886-0.974, P = 0.003). LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG mediate 3.00%, 6.80%, and 4.40%, respectively, of the total impact of FA on AS. The combined effect of these three factors accounts for 13.04% of the total effect. Sensitivity analysis verifies the stability and reliability of the results. These results support a potential causal protective effect of FA on AS, with considerable mediation through many modifiable risk factors. Thus, interventions on levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG have the potential to substantially reduce the burden of AS caused by low FA.

Immunometabolic Approaches Mitigating Foreign Body Response and Transcriptome Characterization of the Foreign Body Capsule

Directing immunometabolism presents new opportunities to modulate key cell types associated with the formation of foreign body response (FBR) capsule. Contrasting approaches directing immunometabolism are investigated to mitigate FBR: a broadly suppressive metabolic inhibitor (MI) cocktail comprised of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), metformin, and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) with daily systemic dosing regimen, and local weekly injection of the more narrowly focused tryptophan catabolizing IDO-Gal3 fusion protein. Treatments significantly decrease FBR capsule formed around subcutaneously implanted cellulose disks. MI cocktail results in a substantially thinner FBR capsule (40% of control), while weekly local injection of IDO-Gal3 also results in a thinner FBR capsule (69% of control). RNA-sequencing capsule transcripts reveal MI cocktail promotes quiescence, with decreased antigen processing and presentation, T helper subset differentiation, and cytokine-cytokine receptor pathway. IDO-Gal3 promotes pro-regenerative, alternatively activated M2-like macrophages and T helper 2 cells, with increased expression of type 2 response-associated genes (Il4, Il13, Arg1, Mrc1, Chil3, Gata3). IDO-Gal3 decreases pro-inflammatory innate sensing pathways, and C-type lectin receptor, NOD-like receptor, RIG-I-like receptor, and Toll-like receptor signaling. This work helps define key gene targets and pathways concomitantly regulated in the FBR capsule during immunometabolic modulation compared to control FBR capsule.

T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a key pathological basis for cardiovascular diseases, significantly influenced by T-cell-mediated immune responses. T-cells differentiate into various subtypes, such as pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 and anti-inflammatory Th2/Treg cells. The imbalance between these subtypes is critical for the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Recent studies indicate that metabolic reprogramming within various microenvironments can shift T-cell differentiation towards pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, thus influencing AS progression. This review examines the roles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory T-cells in atherosclerosis, focusing on how their metabolic reprogramming regulates AS progression and the associated molecular mechanisms of mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways.

Clinical implications of genetic polymorphisms in blepharospasm

The possible genetic variants associated with blepharospasm (BSP) and facial dystonia have been investigated. Although genetic variants associated with BSP have been extensively studied, the contribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms towards this condition remains poorly understood. In addition, the etiology of BSP remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the role of polymorphisms in the torsin 1A (TOR1A), dopamine receptor D (DRD)2 and DRD5 genes in South Korean patients with BSP. Furthermore, the role of genetic variants of these three aforementioned genes was investigated. A prospective case-control study was established, where 56 patients with BSP and 115 healthy controls were recruited at the Department of Ophthalmology of CHA Bundang Medical Center (Seongnam, South Korea) using single nucleotide polymorphisms analysis by real-time PCR. The TOR1A rs1182CC/DRD5 rs6283TC genotype combination was found to be associated with decreased BSP risk [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 0.288; P=0.013]. DRD5 rs6283 was observed to be associated with the periocular type of BSP in the co-dominant (for the TC genotype; AOR, 0.370; P=0.029) and dominant models (AOR, 0.406; P=0.029). The recessive model of TOR1A rs1801968 (AOR, 0.245; P=0.030), and the recessive (AOR, 0.245; P=0.029) and over-dominant models (AOR, 2.437; P=0.019) of DRD2 rs1800497 were found to be associated with superior responses to botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT) treatment. By contrast, dominant (AOR, 0.205; P=0.034) and additive (AOR, 0.227; P=0.030) models of DRD5 rs6283 were associated with poor responses to BoNT treatment. To conclude, these results suggested that DRD2 rs1800497 can confer genetic susceptibility to BSP responses to BoNT treatment, whereas the TOR1A rs1182CC/DRD5 rs6283TC genotype combination appeared to contribute to the association with BoNT efficacy in BSP.

The role of dysregulated metabolism and associated genes in gastric cancer initiation and development

The review delves into the intricate interplay between metabolic dysregulation and the onset and progression of gastric cancer (GC), shedding light on a pivotal aspect of this prevalent malignancy. GC stands as one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, its trajectory influenced by a multitude of factors, among which metabolic dysregulation and aberrant gene expression play significant roles. The article navigates through the fundamental roles of metabolic dysregulation in the genesis of GC, unveiling phenomena such as aberrant glycolysis, epitomized by the Warburg effect, alongside anomalies in lipid and amino acid metabolism. It delineates how these disruptions fuel the cancerous process, facilitating uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, the intricate nexus between metabolism and the vitality of GC cells is elucidated, underscoring the profound influence of metabolic reprogramming on tumor energy dynamics and the accrual of metabolic by-products, which further perpetuate malignant growth. A pivotal segment of the review entails an exploration of key metabolic-related genes implicated in GC pathogenesis. MYC and TP53 are spotlighted among others, delineating their pivotal roles in driving tumorigenesis through metabolic pathway modulation. These genetic pathways serve as critical nodes in the intricate network orchestrating GC development, providing valuable targets for therapeutic intervention. This review embarks on a forward-looking trajectory, delineating the potential therapeutic avenues stemming from insights into metabolic dysregulation in GC. It underscores the promise of targeted therapies directed towards specific metabolic pathways implicated in tumor progression, alongside the burgeoning potential of combination therapy strategies leveraging both metabolic and conventional anti-cancer modalities. In essence, this comprehensive review serves as a beacon, illuminating the intricate landscape of metabolic dysregulation in GC pathogenesis. Through its nuanced exploration of metabolic aberrations and their genetic underpinnings, it not only enriches our understanding of GC biology but also unveils novel therapeutic vistas poised to revolutionize its clinical management.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Protect Against Atherosclerosis Through Alleviating Foam Cell Formation and Macrophage Polarization

This study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba) on atherosclerosis (AS). THP-1 monocyte was differentiated to THP-1 macrophage (THP-M) through phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. After pre-treatment by 108 cfu/ml Ba lasting 6 h, THP-M was induced with 100 mg/l ox-LDL lasting 48 h to form macrophage foam cell (THP-F). RT-qPCR and flow cytometry were employed to determine the polarization of THP-M and THP-F. ApoE-/- mice with high-fat and high-cholesterol diet were used for constructing an AS model to evaluate the effect of Ba on AS. Our in vitro results showed that Ba vegetative cells pre-treatment distinctly inhibited the levels of iNOS and CD16/CD32 (M1 macrophage markers), and increased the levels of FIZZ1, Ym1, Arg1, CD163, and CD206 (M2 macrophage markers), indicating that Ba pre-treatment promoted anti-inflammatory M2-like polarization both in THP-M and THP-F. Meanwhile, it also suppressed cholesterol uptake, esterification, and hydrolysis, and efflux by THP-M and THP-F. Additionally, our animal experiments demonstrated that Ba vegetative cells treatment suppressed high cholesterol, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and the release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in ApoE-/- AS mice. In a word, our results indicated that Ba may protect against AS through alleviating foam cell formation and macrophage polarization through targeting certain stages of AS.

Serum Lipid Levels, Genetic Risk, and Lung Cancer Incidence: A Large Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Previous studies usually focused on the separate association of metabolism or genetic factors with lung cancer risk and have largely ignored their combined effect. We aimed to examine the associations between serum lipid levels, genetic risk, and lung cancer risk.

METHODS

A total of 426,524 participants of the UK Biobank were included. The Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic splines were performed to assess the association between serum lipid and lung cancer risk. Polygenic risk score (PRS) was constructed to assess its joint effect and interaction with serum lipid on lung cancer risk.

RESULTS

Higher level of apolipoprotein A was significantly correlated with lower lung cancer risk. An inverse-J-shaped relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and incident lung cancer was found. Individuals with low total cholesterol, HDL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B, combined with high PRS, showed significantly elevated lung cancer risks. Compared to those with low PRS and low triglycerides, participants with high PRS and elevated triglyceride levels had a notably higher risk. The interaction effect of high PRS and low LDL [relative excess risk due to the interaction (RERI): 0.25, 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.46], as well as the interaction effect of high PRS and low apolipoprotein B (RERI: 0.28, 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.48), were both greater than the sum of their individual effects on lung cancer risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum lipids were associated with lung cancer risk. LDL or apolipoprotein B interacting with genetic risk may affect lung cancer risk.

IMPACT

Our findings emphasize the need for individuals with heightened genetic risk should pay more attention to their lipid levels to reduce lung cancer risk.

Advances in the Anti-Atherosclerotic Mechanisms of Epigallocatechin Gallate

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common clinical sickness and the major pathological basis of ischemic cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs). The pathogenesis of AS involves a variety of risk factors, and there is a lack of effective preventive and curative drugs that can completely treat AS. In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards and changes in dietary habits, the morbidity and mortality rates of AS are on the rise, and the age of onset tends to be younger. The formation of AS is closely related to a variety of factors, and the main factors include lipid metabolism disorders, endothelial damage, inflammation, unstable plaques, etc. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), as one of the main components of catechins, has a variety of pharmacological effects, and its role in the prevention of AS and the protection of cardiovascular and cerebral blood vessels has been highly valued. Recent epidemiological investigations and various in vivo and ex vivo experiments have shown that EGCG is capable of resisting atherosclerosis and reducing the morbidity and mortality of AS. In this paper, we reviewed the anti-AS effects of EGCG and its mechanisms in recent years, including the regulation of lipid metabolism, regulation of intestinal flora disorders, improvement of vascular endothelial cell functions, inhibition of inflammatory factors expression, regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and inhibition of platelet aggregation, which are helpful for the prevention of cardiocerebrovascular diseases.

Endogenous Antimicrobial-Immunomodulatory Molecules: Networking Biomolecules of Innate Immunity

Endogenous antimicrobial-immunomodulatory molecules (EAIMs) are essential to immune-mediated human health and evolution. Conventionally, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been regarded as the dominant endogenous antimicrobial molecule; however, AMPs are not sufficient to account for the full spectrum of antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality occurring within the human body. The threat posed by pathogenic microbes is pervasive with the capacity for widespread impact across many organ systems and multiple biochemical pathways; accordingly, the host needs the capacity to react with an equally diverse response. This can be attained by having EAIMs that traverse the full range of molecular size (small to large molecules) and structural diversity (including molecules other than peptides). This review identifies multiple molecules (peptide/protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, small organic molecule, and metallic cation) as EAIMs and discusses the possibility of cooperative, additive effects amongst the various EAIM classes during the host response to a microbial assault. This comprehensive consideration of the full molecular diversity of EAIMs enables the conclusion that EAIMs constitute a previously uncatalogued structurally diverse and collectively underappreciated immuno-active group of integrated molecular responders within the innate immune system's first line of defence.

Reducing SULT2B1 promotes the interaction of LncRNAgga3-204 with SMAD4 to inhibit the macrophage inflammatory response and delay atherosclerosis progression

Inflammation is a crucial pathophysiological mechanism in atherosclerosis (AS). This study aims to investigate the impact of sulfotransferase family 2b member 1 (SULT2B1) on the inflammatory response of macrophages and the progression of AS. Here, we reported that SULT2B1 expression increased with the progression of AS. In AS model mice, knockdown of Sult2b1 led to remission of AS and reduced inflammation levels. Further exploration of the downstream molecular mechanisms of SULT2B1 revealed that suppressing Sult2b1 in macrophages resulted in decreased levels of 25HC3S in the nucleus, elevated expression of Lxr, and increased the transcription of Lncgga3-204. In vivo, knockdown of Lncgga3-204 aggravated the inflammatory response and AS progression, while the simultaneous knockdown of both Sult2b1 and Lncgga3-204 exacerbated AS and the inflammatory response compared with knockdown of Sult2b1 alone. Increased binding of Lncgga3-204 to SMAD4 in response to oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) stimulation facilitated SMAD4 entry into the nucleus and regulated Smad7 transcription, which elevated SMAD7 expression, suppressed NF-κB entry into the nucleus, and ultimately attenuated the macrophage inflammatory response. Finally, we identified the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2665580, in the SULT2B1 promoter region in monocytes from coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The predominant GG/AG/AA genotypes were observed in the Asian population. Elevated SULT2B1 expression in monocytes with GG corresponded to elevated inflammatory factor levels and more unstable coronary plaques. To summarize, our study demonstrated that the critical role of SULT2B1/Lncgga3-204/SMAD4/NF-κB in AS progression. SULT2B1 serves as a novel biomarker indicating inflammatory status, thereby offering insights into potential therapeutic strategies for AS.

The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the macrophage cholesterol metabolism pathway

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular pathogen capable of adapting and surviving within macrophages, utilizing host nutrients for its growth and replication. Cholesterol is the main carbon source during the infection process of Mtb. Cholesterol metabolism in macrophages is tightly associated with cell functions such as phagocytosis of pathogens, antigen presentation, inflammatory responses, and tissue repair. Research has shown that Mtb infection increases the uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol by macrophages, and enhances de novo cholesterol synthesis in macrophages. Excessive cholesterol is converted into cholesterol esters, while the degradation of cholesterol esters in macrophages is inhibited by Mtb. Furthermore, Mtb infection suppresses the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in macrophages, impeding cholesterol efflux. These alterations result in the massive accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages, promoting the formation of lipid droplets and foam cells, which ultimately facilitates the persistent survival of Mtb and the progression of tuberculosis (TB), including granuloma formation, tissue cavitation, and systemic dissemination. Mtb infection may also promote the conversion of cholesterol into oxidized cholesterol within macrophages, with the oxidized cholesterol exhibiting anti-Mtb activity. Recent drug development has discovered that reducing cholesterol levels in macrophages can inhibit the invasion of Mtb into macrophages and increase the permeability of anti-tuberculosis drugs. The development of drugs targeting cholesterol metabolic pathways in macrophages, as well as the modification of existing drugs, holds promise for the development of more efficient anti-tuberculosis medications.

ANGPTL3 accelerates atherosclerotic progression via direct regulation of M1 macrophage activation in plaque

INTRODUCTION

The N-terminal domain of angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity. Its C-terminal fibrinogen-like (FBN) domain is a ligand of macrophage integrin αvβ3.

OBJECTIVES

ANGPTL3 might home to plaque where it directly regulates macrophage function via integrin αvβ3 for atherosclerosis progression.

METHODS

Ldlr-/- mice on a high-fat diet and ApoE-/- mice on a chow diet were received adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Angptl3 gene transfer and followed up for 12 weeks. ApoE-/- mice were injected AAV containing FLAG-tagged Angptl3 cDNA for tracing. Atherosclerotic features were compared between Angptl3-/-ApoE-/- mice and ApoE-/- littermates. THP-1 cells were exposed to 0 or 50 μg/ml ANGPTL3 FBN domain for 24 h to evaluate Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 expression using western blot analysis and circulating cytokine and chemokine profiles by the MILLIPLEX MAP assay. Phospho-proteomic profile was established in ANGPTL3-treated macrophages. Integrin β3 deficient THP-1 cells were obtained by sgRNAs targeting RGD sequence using Lentivirus-Cas9 system.

RESULTS

Angptl3 overexpression increased atherosclerotic progression and CD68+ macrophages in plaque (p < 0.05 for all). By immunostaining, FLAG+ cells were identified in plaque of gene transferred ApoE-/- mice. Fluorescent immunostaining detected co-localisation of Angptl3 and CD68 in plaque macrophages. Phospho-proteomic analysis revealed that Angptl3 induced phosphorylation of proteins that were involved in the IL-17 signalling pathway in THP-1 cells. In vitro, ANGPTL3 treatment increased the production of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α in THP-1 cells (p < 0.05 for both). Exposure of ANGPTL3 to THP-1 cells induced Akt phosphorylation which was weakened in integrin β3 deficient ones. ANGPTL3 elevated TLR4 expression via Akt phosphorylation. In response to lipopolysaccharide, nuclear factor-κB activity was 2.2-fold higher in THP-1 cells pre-treated with ANGPTL3 than in untreated cells (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting ANGPTL3 could yield a dual benefit of lowering lipid levels in the blood and suppressing macrophage activation in plaque.

Plasma proteome profiling reveals dynamic of cholesterol marker after dual blocker therapy

Dual blocker therapy (DBT) has the enhanced antitumor benefits than the monotherapy. Yet, few effective biomarkers are developed to monitor the therapy response. Herein, we investigate the DBT longitudinal plasma proteome profiling including 113 longitudinal samples from 22 patients who received anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 DBT therapy. The results show the immune response and cholesterol metabolism are upregulated after the first DBT cycle. Notably, the cholesterol metabolism is activated in the disease non-progressive group (DNP) during the therapy. Correspondingly, the clinical indicator prealbumin (PA), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and triiodothyronine (T3) show significantly positive association with the cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, by integrating proteome and radiology approach, we observe the high-density lipoprotein partial remodeling are activated in DNP group and identify a candidate biomarker APOC3 that can reflect DBT response. Above, we establish a machine learning model to predict the DBT response and the model performance is validated by an independent cohort with balanced accuracy is 0.96. Thus, the plasma proteome profiling strategy evaluates the alteration of cholesterol metabolism and identifies a panel of biomarkers in DBT.

Transcriptomic analysis identifies the shared diagnostic biomarkers and immune relationship between Atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm based on fatty acid metabolism gene set

Background

Epidemiological research has demonstrated that there is a connection between lipid metabolism disorder and an increased risk of developing arteriosclerosis (AS) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, the precise relationship between lipid metabolism, AS, and AAA is still not fully understood. The objective of this study was to examine the pathways and potential fatty acid metabolism-related genes (FRGs) that are shared between AS and AAA.

Methods

AS- and AAA-associated datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the limma package was utilized to identify differentially expressed FRGs (DFRGs) common to both AS and AAA patients. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted on the (DFRGs), and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established. The selection of signature genes was performed through the utilization of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and random forest (RF). Subsequently, a nomogram was developed using the results of the screening process, and the crucial genes were validated in two separate external datasets (GSE28829 and GSE17901) as well as clinical samples. In the end, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was utilized to assess the immune cell patterns in both AS and AAA. Additionally, the correlation between key crosstalk genes and immune cell was evaluated.

Results

In comparison to control group, both AS and AAA patients exhibited a decrease in fatty acid metabolism score. We found 40 DFRGs overlapping in AS and AAA, with lipid and amino acid metabolism critical in their pathogenesis. PCBD1, ACADL, MGLL, BCKDHB, and IDH3G were identified as signature genes connecting AS and AAA. Their expression levels were confirmed in validation datasets and clinical samples. The analysis of immune infiltration showed that neutrophils, NK CD56dim cells, and Tem cells are important in AS and AAA development. Correlation analysis suggested that these signature genes may be involved in immune cell infiltration.

Conclusion

The fatty acid metabolism pathway appears to be linked to the development of both AS and AAA. Furthermore, PCBD1, ACADL, MGLL, BCKDHB, and IDH3G have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers for patients with AS complicated by AAA.

Cell-type-specific and disease-associated expression quantitative trait loci in the human lung

Common genetic variants confer substantial risk for chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. Defining the genetic control of gene expression in a cell-type-specific and context-dependent manner is critical for understanding the mechanisms through which genetic variation influences complex traits and disease pathobiology. To this end, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of lung tissue from 66 individuals with pulmonary fibrosis and 48 unaffected donors. Using a pseudobulk approach, we mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) across 38 cell types, observing both shared and cell-type-specific regulatory effects. Furthermore, we identified disease interaction eQTLs and demonstrated that this class of associations is more likely to be cell-type-specific and linked to cellular dysregulation in pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, we connected lung disease risk variants to their regulatory targets in disease-relevant cell types. These results indicate that cellular context determines the impact of genetic variation on gene expression and implicates context-specific eQTLs as key regulators of lung homeostasis and disease.

Development of stem cell therapy for atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has a high incidence and low cure rate worldwide, and atherosclerosis (AS) is the main factor inducing cardiovascular disease, of which lipid deposition in the vessel wall is the main marker of AS. Currently, although statins can be used to lower lipids and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in AS, the cure rate for AS remains low. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches, and stem cells are now widely studied, while stem cells are a class of cell types that always maintain the ability to differentiate and can differentiate to form other cells and tissues, and stem cell transplantation techniques have shown efficacy in the treatment of other diseases. With the establishment of cellular therapies and continued research in stem cell technology, stem cells are also being used to address the problem of AS. In this paper, we focus on recent research advances in stem cell therapy for AS and briefly summarize the relevant factors that induce the formation of AS. We mainly discuss the efficacy and application prospects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of AS, in addition to the partial role and potential of exosomes in the treatment of AS. Further, provide new ideas for the clinical application of stem cells.

Potential use of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition and prevention method in viral infection

Cellular lipid membranes serve as the primary barrier preventing viral infection of the host cell and provide viruses with a critical initial point of contact. Occasionally, viruses can utilize lipids as viral receptors. Viruses depend significantly on lipid rafts for infection at virtually every stage of their life cycle. The pivotal role that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) plays in cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis, primarily by post-transcriptionally regulating hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and promoting its lysosomal degradation, has garnered increasing interest. Conversely, using therapeutic, fully humanized antibodies to block PCSK9 leads to a significant reduction in high LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved PCSK9 inhibitors, including inclisiran (Leqvio®), alirocumab (Praluent), and evolocumab (Repatha). At present, active immunization strategies targeting PCSK9 present a compelling substitute for passive immunization through the administration of antibodies. In addition to the current inquiry into the potential therapeutic application of PCSK9 inhibition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients for hyperlipidemia associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART), preclinical research suggests that PCSK9 may also play a role in inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Furthermore, PCSK9 inhibition has been suggested to protect against dengue virus (DENV) potentially and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses. Recent evidence regarding the impact of PCSK9 on a variety of viral infections, including HCV, HIV, DENV, and SARS-CoV-2, is examined in this article. As a result, PCSK9 inhibitors and vaccines may serve as viable host therapies for viral infections, as our research indicates that PCSK9 is significantly involved in the pathogenesis of viral infections.

Immune response to the components of lipid nanoparticles for ribonucleic acid therapeutics

Ribonucleic acid therapeutics have advantages over biologics and small molecules, including lower safety risks, cheaper costs, and extensive targeting flexibility, which is rapidly fueling the expansion of the field. This is made possible by breakthroughs in the field of drug delivery, wherein lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are one of the most clinically advanced systems. LNP formulations that are currently approved for clinical use typically contain an ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, cholesterol, and a polyethylene glycol-lipid; each contributes to the stability and/or effectiveness of LNPs. In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects associated with each of the lipid components. We highlight several studies in which the components of LNPs have been implicated in cellular sensing and explore the pathways involved.

Stress-Induced Immunosuppression Inhibits Regional Immune Responses in Chicken Adipose Tissue Partially through Suppressing T Cells by Up-Regulating Steroid Metabolism

Lipid metabolism plays an important role in maintaining lipid homeostasis and regulating immune functions. However, the regulations and mechanisms of lipid metabolism on the regional immune function of avian adipose tissue (AT) have not been reported. In this study, qRT-PCR was used to investigate the changes and relationships of different lipid metabolism pathways in chicken AT during stress-induced immunosuppression (SIIS) inhibiting immune response to Newcastle disease virus vaccine, then the miRNA regulation patterns of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) gene and its potential applications were further identified. The results showed that AT actively responded to SIIS, and ATGL, CPT1A and HMGCR were all the key genes involved in the processes of SIIS inhibiting the immune responses. SIIS significantly inhibited the natural and specific immune phases of the primary immune response and the initiation phase of the secondary immune response in AT by suppressing T cells by up-regulating steroid anabolism. Moreover, steroid metabolism could play dual roles in regulating the regional immune functions of AT. The miR-29a/c-3p-HMGCR network was a potential regulation mechanism of steroid metabolism in AT, and serum circulating miR-29a/c-3p had the potential as molecular markers. The study can provide valuable references for an in-depth investigation of the regional immune functions regulated by lipid metabolism in AT.

Cross Talks between CNS and CVS Diseases: An Alliance to Annihilate

Cardiovascular and neurological diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality globally. Moreover, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. About 17.9 million people are affected by cardiovascular diseases and 6.8 million people die every year due to neurological diseases. The common neurologic manifestations of cardiovascular illness include stroke syndrome which is responsible for unconsciousness and several other morbidities significantly diminished the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is prudent need to explore the mechanistic and molecular connection between cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders. The present review emphasizes the association between cardiovascular and neurological diseases specifically Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.

Metabolic Reprogramming of Immune Cells Following Vaccination: From Metabolites to Personalized Vaccinology

Identifying metabolic signatures induced by the immune response to vaccines allows one to discriminate vaccinated from non-vaccinated subjects and decipher the molecular mechanisms associated with the host immune response. This review illustrates and discusses the results of metabolomics-based studies on the innate and adaptive immune response to vaccines, long-term functional reprogramming (immune memory), and adverse reactions. Glycolysis is not overexpressed by vaccines, suggesting that the immune cell response to vaccinations does not require rapid energy availability as necessary during an infection. Vaccines strongly impact lipids metabolism, including saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, inositol phosphate, and cholesterol. Cholesterol is strategic for synthesizing 25-hydroxycholesterol in activated macrophages and dendritic cells and stimulates the conversion of macrophages and T cells in M2 macrophage and Treg, respectively. In conclusion, the large-scale application of metabolomics enables the identification of candidate predictive biomarkers of vaccine efficacy/tolerability.

OGG1 prevents atherosclerosis-induced vascular endothelial cell injury through mediating DNA damage repair

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to investigate the role of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) in preventing atherosclerosis-induced vascular EC injury, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the exploration of drug targets and treatment methods for atherosclerosis.

METHODS

Human umbilical vein cell line (EA.hy926) was treated with ox-LDL to construct an in vitro atherosclerotic cell model. pcDNA3.1-OGG1 was transfected into EA.hy926 cells to overexpress OGG1. qRT-PCR, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, oil red O staining, ELISA, comet assay and western blot were used to evaluate the OGG1 expression, viability, apoptosis level, lipid droplet content, 8-OHdG level and DNA damage of cells in each group.

RESULTS

Compared with the Control group, ox-LDL stimulation of endothelial cells significantly decreased cell viability, promoted apoptosis and DNA damage, and increased intracellular levels of 8-OHdG and γH2AX, while decreasing protein levels of PPARγ, FASN, FABP4, RAD51 and POLB. However, overexpression of OGG1 can significantly inhibit ox-LDL damage to endothelial cells, promote lipid metabolism, decrease lipid droplet content, and improve DNA repair function.

CONCLUSION

Over-expression of OGG1 improves DNA repair. Briefly, OGG1 over-expression enhances the DNA damage repair of ECs by regulating the expression levels of γH2AX, RAD51 and POLB, thereby enhancing cell viability and reducing apoptosis.

Lipid-Based Nanotechnology: Liposome

Over the past several decades, liposomes have been extensively developed and used for various clinical applications such as in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and dietetic fields, due to its versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as the ability to enhance the therapeutic index of free drugs. However, some challenges remain unsolved, including liposome premature leakage, manufacturing irreproducibility, and limited translation success. This article reviews various aspects of liposomes, including its advantages, major compositions, and common preparation techniques, and discusses present U.S. FDA-approved, clinical, and preclinical liposomal nanotherapeutics for treating and preventing a variety of human diseases. In addition, we summarize the significance of and challenges in liposome-enabled nanotherapeutic development and hope it provides the fundamental knowledge and concepts about liposomes and their applications and contributions in contemporary pharmaceutical advancement.

Human ApoE2 protects mice against Plasmodium berghei ANKA experimental cerebral malaria

IMPORTANCE

Cerebral malaria (CM) is the deadliest complication of malaria infection with an estimated 15%-25% mortality. Even with timely and effective treatment with antimalarial drugs such as quinine and artemisinin derivatives, survivors of CM may suffer long-term cognitive and neurological impairment. Here, we show that human apolipoprotein E variant 2 (hApoE2) protects mice from experimental CM (ECM) via suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and infiltration to the brain, enhanced cholesterol metabolism, and increased IFN-γ production, leading to reduced endothelial cell apoptosis, BBB disruption, and ECM symptoms. Our results suggest that hApoE can be an important factor for risk assessment and treatment of CM in humans.

Optimized Sugar-Free Citrus Lemon Juice Fermentation Efficiency and the Lipid-Lowering Effects of the Fermented Juice

Aging and obesity make humans more prone to cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome diseases, leading to several serious health conditions, including hyperlipidemia, high blood pressure, and sleep disturbance. This study aimed to explore the hypolipidemic effect of fermented citrus lemon juice using a hyperlipidemic hamster model. The sugar-free lemon juice's fermentation was optimized, and the characteristics of fresh and fermented lemon juice (FLJ) were evaluated and compared, which contained polyphenols and superoxide dismutase-like activity. Results showed that the absorption and utilization efficiency of FLJ was higher compared with the unfermented lemon juice. This study's prefermentation efficiency evaluation found that 21-30 days of bacterial DMS32004 and DMS32005 fermentation of fresh lemon juice provided the best fermentation benefits, and 21-day FLJ was applied as a remedy after the efficiency compassion. After six weeks of feeding, the total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) values in the blood and liver of the FLJ treatment groups were decreased compared with the high-fat diet (HFD) group. In addition, the blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly reduced in the FLJ treatment groups compared with the HFD group. In contrast, the blood high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) to LDL-C ratio increased considerably in the FLJ treatment groups, and the total to HDL ratio was significantly lower than in the HFD group. Compared with the HFD group, the TC content in the FLJ treatment groups' feces increased significantly. This study demonstrated that the sugar-free fermentation method and fermentation cycle management provided FLJ with the potential to regulate blood lipids. Further research and verification will be carried out to isolate specific substances from the FLJ and identify their mechanisms of action.

Statins in Graves Orbitopathy: A New Therapeutic Tool

PURPOSE

Graves orbitopathy (GO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves disease. Although its pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, GO is commonly considered an autoimmune disease due to loss of self-tolerance against autoantigens shared by thyroid epithelial cells and orbital fibroblasts. High-dose intravenous glucocorticoids (ivGCs) are the most used treatment for moderate-to-severe, active GO, but the addition of other immunomodulating treatments can improve the efficacy of ivGCs. Among the various risk factors that can affect the occurrence of GO, cholesterol may be worthy of interest. Since 2015 the role of cholesterol and cholesterol-lowering medications has been investigated. The purpose of this review is to discuss this topic, thereby offering new therapeutic opportunities for patients with GO.

METHODS

We searched PubMed for studies published between January 1, 1980 and June 1, 2023, using the search terms "Graves orbitopathy," "thyroid eye disease," "Graves ophthalmopathy," "thyroid ophthalmopathy," "thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy," "endocrine ophthalmopathy," "cholesterol," "lipids," "statins," "low-density lipoprotein," "atorvastatin," and "cholesterol-lowering drugs." Only English-language articles were included.

RESULTS

A correlation between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of GO development has been reported. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been proposed as a risk factor that can affect the course of GO and the response to ivGCs. The protective role of cholesterol-lowering medications in preventing GO has been also investigated. Statin treatment was found to have potential benefits in reducing the risk of GO in patients with Graves disease. Given these findings, measurement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with moderate-to-severe, active GO may be considered before starting ivGCs administration. Recently, a randomized clinical trial aimed at investigating the effects of statins in GO suggested that the addition of oral atorvastatin to ivGCs improves the overall outcome of moderate-to-severe, active GO in hypercholesterolemic patients given ivGCs.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, statins seem to have a preventive and therapeutic role in moderate-to-severe active GO. Their efficacy can be related to cholesterol-lowering activity, pleiotropic actions, and interaction with methylprednisolone.

Targeting cholesterol metabolism in Cancer: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications

Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and helps to maintain their structure and function. Abnormal cholesterol metabolism has been linked to the development and progression of tumors. Changes in cholesterol metabolism triggered by internal or external stimuli can promote tumor growth. During metastasis, tumor cells require large amounts of cholesterol to support their growth and colonization of new organs. Recent research has shown that cholesterol metabolism is reprogrammed during tumor development, and this can also affect the anti-tumor activity of immune cells in the surrounding environment. However, identifying the specific targets in cholesterol metabolism that regulate cancer progression and the tumor microenvironment is still a challenge. Additionally, exploring the potential of combining statin drugs with other therapies for different types of cancer could be a worthwhile avenue for future drug development. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol and its derivatives in cell metabolism and the tumor microenvironment, and discuss specific targets and relevant therapeutic agents that inhibit aspects of cholesterol homeostasis.

Euglena gracilis (Euglena) powder supplementation enhanced immune function through natural killer cell activity in apparently healthy participants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Euglena gracilis (Euglena) is a microalgae found in most freshwater environments that produces paramylon, an insoluble β-1,3-glucan linked to human immunity. We hypothesized that Euglena powder has effects on immune function in apparently healthy adults. The study included male or female volunteers between the ages of 20 and 70 years who had white blood cell counts ranging from 4 × 103/µL to 10 × 103/µL, a "severe" rating on the stress questionnaire from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and at least 2 upper respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms in the previous year. Participants received either a placebo or 700 mg of Euglena powder daily for 8 weeks. The study measured natural killer cell activity, cytokine concentrations, and blood lipid profiles to confirm the immune effect of Euglena consumption. In conclusion, Euglena improved immunological function through natural killer cell activity. Safety assessment showed no significant changes in vital signs or clinical chemistry indicators, and there were no adverse events associated with Euglena consumption. Euglena supplementation may help boost the immune systems of healthy individuals.

Triacylglycerol uptake and handling by macrophages: From fatty acids to lipoproteins

Macrophages are essential innate immune cells and form our first line of immune defense. Also known as professional phagocytes, macrophages interact and take up various particles, including lipids. Defective lipid handling can drive excessive lipid accumulation leading to foam cell formation, a key feature of various cardiometabolic conditions such as atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. At the same time, intracellular lipid storage and foam cell formation can also be viewed as a protective and anti-lipotoxic mechanism against a lipid-rich environment and associated elevated lipid uptake. Traditionally, foam cell formation has primarily been linked to cholesterol uptake via native and modified low-density lipoproteins. However, other lipids, including non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoproteins (very low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons), can also interact with macrophages. Recent studies have identified multiple pathways mediating TAG uptake and processing by macrophages, including endocytosis and receptor/transporter-mediated internalization and transport. This review will present the current knowledge of how macrophages take up different lipids and lipoprotein particles and address how TAG-rich lipoproteins are processed intracellularly. Understanding how macrophages take up and process different lipid species such as TAG is necessary to design future therapeutic interventions to correct excessive lipid accumulation and associated co-morbidities.

Causal effect of gallstone disease on the risk of coronary heart disease or acute myocardial infarction: a Mendelian randomization study

Gallstone disease (GSD) is thought to be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which may be due to abnormal cholesterol metabolism. We used multiple Mendelian randomization (MR) methods based on publicly available genome-wide association study data to assess whether this association is genetically causal and to search for loci driving causality. Pooled data for GSD were obtained from FinnGen Biobank and Biobank Japan, while CHD and AMI were obtained as pooled data from the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium. In this MR study, we found a significant negative causal effect of genetic susceptibility to GSD on AMI in the Finnish population, but no causal effect was found on CHD. This causal effect was not confounded by reverse causality and the same findings were obtained in the Japanese population. Furthermore, the negative causal effect of GSD on AMI risk may be driven by the rs4245791-regulated ABCG5/8 protein. In conclusion, the results of this MR study support a negative causal effect of GSD on AMI and suggest that rs4245791 is the causal driver locus of this effect, which provides new ideas and evidence for the prevention and etiologic study of AMI in patients with GSD.

Apple Polyphenol Extract Ameliorates Atherosclerosis and Associated Cognitive Impairment through Alleviating Neuroinflammation by Weakening TLR4 Signaling and NLRP3 Inflammasome in High-Fat/Cholesterol Diet-Fed LDLR-/- Male Mice

Although studies have supported the beneficial effects of the ingredients of apple polyphenol extract (APE), a polyphenol mixture being extracted from whole fresh apples, on neurodegenerative diseases, the role of APE in atherosclerosis-related cognitive impairment remains unclear. To clarify the role of APE in regulating cognitive dysfunction in mice with atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanisms, high-fat/cholesterol diet-fed male LDLR-/- mice were gavaged with 125 or 500 mg/(kg·bw·d) APE solution or sterile double-distilled water for consecutive 8 weeks, and age-matched C57BL/6 male mice were employed as normal control. APE intervention increased the serum concentration of high-density apolipoprotein cholesterol, improved atherosclerosis, and ameliorated cognitive function of mice by inhibiting the phosphorylation of tau protein, supporting with significantly reduced platform latency and obviously increased swimming distance in the target quadrant according to the Morris water maze test. APE intervention alleviated neuroinflammation by attenuating the activation of microglia and astrocytes and inhibiting TLR4 signaling with reduced protein expression of NF-κB, MyD88, TRIF, and IKKβ. Meanwhile, APE intervention inactivated NLRP3 inflammasome with downregulated protein expression of caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β. Additionally, APE intervention improved the damaged brain barrier structure by upregulating the protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin. Therefore, our research supplemented new data, supporting the potential of APE as an effective dietary bioactive ingredient to improve atherosclerosis and associated cognitive impairment.

Jianpi Qutan Fang induces anti-atherosclerosis and ameliorates endothelial cell injury in high-fat diet ratsan anti-inflammatory and inhibiting Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

To investiage the possible mechanism underlying the effect of the Jianpi Qutan Fang (, JPQT) on Atherosclerosis (AS) which is the main pathological process of most cardiovascular diseases that affect millions of adults worldwide.

METHODS

In the present study, rats were fed with a high-fat-diet (HFD) with vitamin D3 for 16 weeks and were orally administered atorvastatin treatment and different doses of JPQT. Histopathological changes and ultrastructural changes in the aorta were evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1)/Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling pathways were detected through Western blotting.

RESULTS

JPQT treatment decreased the lipid levels of triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and cholesterol, the inflammatory cytokine levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-8 in rat serum, but increased high-density lipoprotein and IL-10 serum levels. JPQT treatment ameliorated pathological changes in the aorta of AS model rats. Moreover, JPQT upregulated SOCS1 protein expression and down-regulated phosphorylated protein expression levels of p-JAK1 and p-STAT1.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that JPQT induces anti-atherosclerosis effects through anti-inflammatory and inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling pathways in HFD fed rats.

The Role of Lipids in the Regulation of Immune Responses

Lipid metabolism plays a major role in the regulation of the immune system. Exogenous (dietary and microbial-derived) and endogenous (non-microbial-derived) lipids play a direct role in regulating immune cell activation, differentiation and expansion, and inflammatory phenotypes. Understanding the complexities of lipid-immune interactions may have important implications for human health, as certain lipids or immune pathways may be beneficial in circumstances of acute infection yet detrimental in chronic inflammatory diseases. Further, there are key differences in the lipid effects between specific immune cell types and location (e.g., gut mucosal vs. systemic immune cells), suggesting that the immunomodulatory properties of lipids may be tissue-compartment-specific, although the direct effect of dietary lipids on the mucosal immune system warrants further investigation. Importantly, there is recent evidence to suggest that lipid-immune interactions are dependent on sex, metabolic status, and the gut microbiome in preclinical models. While the lipid-immune relationship has not been adequately established in/translated to humans, research is warranted to evaluate the differences in lipid-immune interactions across individuals and whether the optimization of lipid-immune interactions requires precision nutrition approaches to mitigate or manage disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which lipids regulate immune responses and the influence of dietary lipids on these processes, highlighting compelling areas for future research.

Cholesterol metabolism in T-cell aging: Accomplices or victims

Aging has a significant impact on the function and metabolism of T cells. Cholesterol, the most important sterol in mammals, is known as the "gold of the body" because it maintains membrane fluidity, rigidity, and signal transduction while also serving as a precursor of oxysterols, bile acids, and steroid hormones. Cholesterol homeostasis is primarily controlled by uptake, biosynthesis, efflux, and regulatory mechanisms. Previous studies have suggested that there are reciprocal interactions between cholesterol metabolism and T lymphocytes. Here, we will summarize the most recent advances in the effects of cholesterol and its derivatives on T-cell aging. We will furthermore discuss interventions that might be used to help older individuals with immune deficiencies or diminishing immune competence.

The Anti-atherosclerosis Mechanism of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Based On Network Pharmacology

We investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (ZCL) on atherosclerosis (AS) using network pharmacology and in vitro validation.We collected the active components of ZCL and predicted their targets in AS. We constructed the protein-protein interaction, compound-target, and target-compound-pathway networks, and performed GO and KEGG analyses. Molecular docking of the active components and key targets was constructed with Autodock and Pymol software. Validation was performed with qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot.We obtained 80 components of ZCL. The network analysis identified that 14 components and 37 genes were involved in AS. Then, 10 key nodes in the PPI network were identified as the key targets of ZCL because of their importance in network topology. The binding energy of 8 components (Cynaroside, α-Spinasterol, Linarin, Kaempferide, Acacetin, Genkwanin, Chrysin, and Apiin) to 4 targets (MMP9, TP53, AKT1, SRC) was strong and <-1 kJ/mol. In addition, 13 of the 14 components were flavonoids and thus total flavonoids of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (ZCF) were used for in vitro validation. We found that ZCF reduced eNOS, P22phox, gp91phox, and PCSK9 at mRNA and protein levels, as well as the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 proteins in vitro (P < 0.05).We successfully predicted the active components, targets, and mechanisms of ZCL in treating AS using network pharmacology. We confirmed that ZCF may play a role in AS by modulating oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response via Cynaroside, Linarin, Kaempferide, Acacetin, Genkwanin, Chrysin, and Apiin.

SREBP2 inhibitor betulin sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to lenvatinib by inhibiting the mTOR/IL-1β pathway

Lenvatinib has become the first-line therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its efficacy is still limited because of the inevitable development of resistance. It has been reported that cellular cholesterol levels are associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) efficacy. Here, we show that betulin, a sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) inhibitor, markedly enhances the anti-tumor effect of lenvatinib in HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also show that the combination treatment of lenvatinib and betulin synergistically inhibits the proliferation and clonogenicity of HCC cells. The mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1β are markedly decreased in HCC cells treated with betulin, while the sensitivity of HCC cells to lenvatinib is enhanced. Moreover, we find that the knockdown of IL-1β also enhances the efficacy of lenvatinib, and recombinant IL-1β protein rescues cell viability, which is reduced by lenvatinib in HCC cells. Further mechanistic studies indicate that betulin decreases the level of IL-1β in HCC cells by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. Finally, the growth of the tumors in xenograft mouse models subjected to combination treatment is significantly suppressed. In summary, our study reveals that the SREBP2 inhibitor betulin sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to lenvatinib by inhibiting the mTOR/IL-1β pathway, which may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with HCC.

Hyperoside Nanomicelles Alleviate Atherosclerosis by Modulating the Lipid Profile and Intestinal Flora Structure in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein-E-Deficient Mice

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a serious threat to human health and the main pathological basis of cardiovascular disease. Hyperoside (Hyp), a flavonoid found mainly in traditional Chinese herbs, can exert antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular-protective effects. Herein, we prepared hybrid nanomicelles (HFT) comprising Hyp loaded into pluronic F-127 and polyethylene glycol 1000 vitamin E succinate and assessed their effects on AS. To establish an AS model, apolipoprotein-E-deficient (ApoE^-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet. We then analyzed the effects of HFT on AS-induced changes in aortic tissues and metabolic markers, simultaneously assessing changes in gut flora community structure. In mice with AS, HFT significantly reduced the aortic plaque area; decreased levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, inflammatory factors, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS); increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, endothelial NOS, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels; and promoted the proliferation of beneficial gut bacteria. HFT could regulate intestinal flora structure and lipid metabolism and inhibit inflammatory responses. These beneficial effects may be mediated by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B signal activation, reducing inflammatory factor expression and improving gut microflora structure and dyslipidemia. The present study provides an empirical basis for the development and clinical application of new dosage forms of Hyp.

Cell type-specific and disease-associated eQTL in the human lung

Common genetic variants confer substantial risk for chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Defining the genetic control of gene expression in a cell-type-specific and context-dependent manner is critical for understanding the mechanisms through which genetic variation influences complex traits and disease pathobiology. To this end, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of lung tissue from 67 PF and 49 unaffected donors. Employing a pseudo-bulk approach, we mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) across 38 cell types, observing both shared and cell type-specific regulatory effects. Further, we identified disease-interaction eQTL and demonstrated that this class of associations is more likely to be cell-type specific and linked to cellular dysregulation in PF. Finally, we connected PF risk variants to their regulatory targets in disease-relevant cell types. These results indicate that cellular context determines the impact of genetic variation on gene expression, and implicates context-specific eQTL as key regulators of lung homeostasis and disease.

Characterization and the cholesterol-lowering effect of dietary fiber from fermented black rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Black rice was fermented with Neurospora crassa, after which the dietary fiber (DF) extracted from it was characterized and evaluated for its cholesterol-lowering effect in mice. The findings demonstrated that fermentation increased the level of soluble DF from 17.27% ± 0.12 to 29.69% ± 0.26 and increased the adsorption capacity of DF for water, oil, cholesterol, glucose and sodium cholate. The fermented DF had a more loose and porous structure than that extracted from unfermented rice. Additionally, feeding with DF from the fermented black rice significantly reduced body weight, lowered total cholesterol levels and improved the lipid profile in mice gavaged with a high dose (5 g per kg bw) or a low dose (2.5 g per kg·bw). ELISA showed that the hepatic expression of typical proteins and enzymes that are involved in cholesterol metabolism was regulated by the fermented rice DF, leading to reduced cholesterol production and increased cholesterol clearance. The fermented DF also modified the gut microbiota composition (e.g. Firmicutes reduced and Akkermansia increased), which promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, fermentation can modify the structure and function of DF in black rice and the fermented dietary fiber has excellent cholesterol lowering effects possibly by cholesterol adsorption, cholesterol metabolism modulation, and intestinal microflora regulation.

The evolving landscape of PCSK9 inhibition in cancer

Cancer is a disease with a significant global burden in terms of premature mortality, loss of productivity, healthcare expenditures, and impact on mental health. Recent decades have seen numerous advances in cancer research and treatment options. Recently, a new role of cholesterol-lowering PCSK9 inhibitor therapy has come to light in the context of cancer. PCSK9 is an enzyme that induces the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), which are responsible for clearing cholesterol from the serum. Thus, PCSK9 inhibition is currently used to treat hypercholesterolemia, as it can upregulate LDLRs and enable cholesterol reduction through these receptors. The cholesterol-lowering effects of PCSK9 inhibitors have been suggested as a potential mechanism to combat cancer, as cancer cells have been found to increasingly rely on cholesterol for their growth needs. Additionally, PCSK9 inhibition has demonstrated the potential to induce cancer cell apoptosis through several pathways, increase the efficacy of a class of existing anticancer therapies, and boost the host immune response to cancer. A role in managing cancer- or cancer treatment-related development of dyslipidemia and life-threatening sepsis has also been suggested. This review examines the current evidence regarding the effects of PCSK9 inhibition in the context of different cancers and cancer-associated complications.

Associations between serum cholesterol and immuno-phenotypical characteristics of circulatory B cells and Tregs

Blood lipids play a major role in the manifestation of cardiovascular diseases. Recent research suggested that there are connections between cholesterol levels and immunological alterations. We investigated whether there is an association between serum cholesterol levels (total, HDL, LDL) and immune cells (B cell and regulatory T cells [Tregs]). The analysis was based on data from 231 participants of the MEGA study in Augsburg, Germany, recruited between 2018 and 2021. Most participants was examined two different times within a time period of 9 months. At every visit, fasting venous blood samples were taken. Immune cells were analyzed immediately afterwards using flow cytometry. Using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, the associations between blood cholesterol concentrations and the relative quantity of several B cell and Treg subsets were analyzed. We found that particularly HDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly associated to some immune cell subpopulations: HDL cholesterol showed significant positive associations with the relative frequency of CD25++ Tregs (as proportion of all CD4+CD25++ T cells) and conventional Tregs (defined as the proportion of CD25+CD127- cells on all CD45RA- CD4+ T cells). Regarding B cells, HDL cholesterol values were inversely associated with the cell surface expression of IgD and with naïve B cells (CD27- IgD+ B cells). In conclusion, HDL cholesterol levels were associated with modifications in the composition of B cell and Tregs subsets demonstrating an important interconnection between lipid metabolism and immune system. Knowing that this association exists might be crucial for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Crosstalk between cholesterol metabolism and psoriatic inflammation

Psoriasis is a chronic autoinflammatory skin disease associated with multiple comorbidities, with a prevalence ranging from 2 to 3% in the general population. Decades of preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that alterations in cholesterol and lipid metabolism are strongly associated with psoriasis. Cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-17), which are important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, have been shown to affect cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Cholesterol metabolites and metabolic enzymes, on the other hand, influence not only the biofunction of keratinocytes (a primary type of cell in the epidermis) in psoriasis, but also the immune response and inflammation. However, the relationship between cholesterol metabolism and psoriasis has not been thoroughly reviewed. This review mainly focuses on cholesterol metabolism disturbances in psoriasis and their crosstalk with psoriatic inflammation.

Sea Cucumber Phospholipids Regulate Cholesterol Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-induced ApoE-/- Mice

BACKGROUND

Sea cucumber phospholipids, marine-derived lipids with high nutritional functions, have been proven to exhibit various biological activities. However, it is unclear how sea cucumber phospholipids regulate cholesterol (Chol) metabolism in atherosclerosis (AS).

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of sea cucumber phospholipids on the metabolism of Chol and cholesterol esters (CE) in ApoE^-/- mice, including plasmenyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-P) and plasmanyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-O).

METHODS

Male ApoE^-/- mice were fed with chow diet, high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet supplemented with PC-O or PE-P, respectively. We integrated a targeted lipidomics strategy to classify and compare the cholesteryl esters according to their fatty acid types, then analyzed the individual cholesteryl ester molecular species in the liver and serum of mice. Furthermore, the Chol metabolism-related genes and pathways were analyzed in high-fat-induced ApoE^-/- mice.

RESULTS

Biochemical analysis showed that sea cucumber phospholipids significantly inhibit the generation of arterial plaque in ApoE^-/- mice. Compared with the HFD group, PE-P significantly reduced the contents of saturated fatty acid-cholesterol esters (SFA-CE) and monounsaturated fatty acid-cholesterol esters (MUFA-CE) in mice liver (P < 0.05), whereas PC-O particularly upregulated CE20:5 and CE22:6 in serum of mice (P < 0.001). Furthermore, PC-O and PE-P inhibited the Chol synthesis pathway (Cyp7A1 and Cyp27A1), as well as promoted the catabolism of Chol by upregulating gene expressions of bile acid synthesis (Abcb11) and lysosomal activity (Lamp1), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Sea cucumber phospholipids could ameliorate the AS symptoms by regulating Chol metabolism.

SFRP4 Reduces Atherosclerosis Plaque Formation in ApoE Deficient Mice

Secreted frizzled related protein 4 (SFRP4), a member of the SFRPs family, contributes to a significant function in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, there is not enough evidence to prove the antiatherosclerosis effect of SFRP4 in ApoE knock-out (KO) mice. ApoE KO mice were fed a western diet and injected adenovirus (Ad)-SFRP4 through the tail vein for 12 weeks. Contrasted with the control cohort, the area of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE KO mice overexpressing SFRP4 was reduced significantly. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was elevated in the Ad-SFRP4 group. RNA sequence analysis indicated that there were 96 differentially expressed genes enriched in 10 signaling pathways in the mRNA profile of aortic atherosclerosis lesions. The analysis data also revealed the expression of a number of genes linked to metabolism, organism system, and human disease. In summary, our data demonstrates that SFRP4 could play an important role in improving atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta.

The efficacy of anti-proteolytic peptide R7I in intestinal inflammation, function, microbiota, and metabolites by multi-omics analysis in murine bacterial enteritis

Increased antibiotic resistance poses a major limitation in tackling inflammatory bowel disease and presents a large challenge for global health care. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a potential class of antimicrobial agents. Here, we have designed the potential oral route for antimicrobial peptide R7I with anti-proteolytic properties to deal with bacterial enteritis in mice. The results revealed that R7I protected the liver and gut from damage caused by inflammation. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that R7I promoted digestion and absorption in the small intestine by upregulating transmembrane transporter activity, lipid and small molecule metabolic processes and other pathways, in addition to upregulating hepatic steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. For the gut microbiota, Clostridia were significantly reduced in the R7I-treated group, and Odoribacteraceae, an efficient isoalloLCA-synthesizing strain, was the main dominant strain, protecting the gut from potential pathogens. In addition, we further discovered that R7I reduced the accumulation of negative organic acid metabolites. Overall, R7I exerted better therapeutic and immunomodulatory potential in the bacterial enteritis model, greatly reduced the risk of disease onset, and provided a reference for the in vivo application of antimicrobial peptides.

Relationship between Cholesterol-Related Lipids and Severe Acute Pancreatitis: From Bench to Bedside

It is well known that hypercholesterolemia in the body has pro-inflammatory effects through the formation of inflammasomes and augmentation of TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling, which gives rise to cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the interaction between cholesterol-related lipids and acute pancreatitis (AP) has not yet been summarized before. This hinders the consensus on the existence and clinical importance of cholesterol-associated AP. This review focuses on the possible interaction between AP and cholesterol-related lipids, which include total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, from the bench to the bedside. With a higher serum level of total cholesterol, LDL-C is associated with the severity of AP, while the persistent inflammation of AP is allied with a decrease in serum levels of cholesterol-related lipids. Therefore, an interaction between cholesterol-related lipids and AP is postulated. Cholesterol-related lipids should be recommended as risk factors and early predictors for measuring the severity of AP. Cholesterol-lowering drugs may play a role in the treatment and prevention of AP with hypercholesterolemia.

Identification and Analysis of Hub Genes and Immune Cells Associated with the Formation of Acute Aortic Dissection

Background

Acute type A aortic dissection (AAD) is a catastrophic disease with high mortality, but the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. This study is aimed at identifying hub genes and immune cells associated with the pathogenesis of AAD.

Methods

The datasets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), gene set variation analysis (GSVA), and differential analysis were performed. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were intersected with specific genes collected from MSigDB. The gene function and pathway enrichment analysis were also performed on intersecting genes. The key modules were selected by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Hub genes were identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis and were verified in the metadataset. The immune cell infiltration was analyzed by CIBERSORT, and the relationship between hub genes and immune cells was performed by Pearson's correlation analysis. The single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset was used to verify the differences in DNA damage and repair signaling pathways and hub genes in different cell types.

Results

The results of GSEA and GSVA indicated that DNA damage and repair processes were activated in the occurrence of AAD. The gene function and pathway enrichment analysis on differentially expressed DNA damage- and repair-related genes showed that these genes were mainly involved in the regulation of the cell cycle process, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus, response to wounding, p53 signaling pathway, and cellular senescence. Three key modules were identified by WGCNA. Five genes were screened as hub genes, including CDK2, EIF4A1, GLRX, NNMT, and SLCO2A1. Naive B cells and Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) were decreased in AAD, but monocytes and M0 macrophages were increased. scRNA-seq analysis included that DNA damage and repair processes were activated in smooth muscle cells (SMCs), tissue stem cells, and monocytes in the aortic wall of patients with AAD.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that DNA damage- and repair-related genes may be involved in the occurrence of AAD by regulating many biological processes. The hub genes and immune cells reported in this study also increase the understanding of AAD.

PM2.5 induces the abnormal lipid metabolism and leads to atherosclerosis via Notch signaling pathway in rats

PM_2.5 can affect the lipid metabolism and cause atherosclerosis. Abnormal lipid metabolism is a sever risk factor of atherosclerosis and the underlying molecular mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, GPL16956 Agilent-045997 Arraystar human lncRNA microarray V3 (Probe Name Version) platform was used to detect the different genes of lipid metabolism between the normal arterial intima and advanced atherosclerotic plaque, which were downloaded from GEO database. A high-fat diet and vitamin D3 were administered to Wistar rats to establish the atherosclerotic model and another normal healthy 56 rats were used as the non-atherosclerotic exposure groups. The atherosclerotic rats and non-atherosclerotic rats were randomly divided into 4 PM_2.5 groups (0, 1.5, 7.5, 37.5 mg/kg), respectively. The results of bioinformatics showed changes in the Notch1, Dll1, Hes1, LDLR and ABCG1 levels. PM_2.5 exposure could produce damage to the physiological structure of the aorta, and aggravate atherosclerosis in rats from both non-atherosclerotic and atherosclerotic groups. With the increase of the exposure dose, the levels of TC and TG significantly increased. PM_2.5 exposure significantly affected the expression levels of PPARγ, ABCA1, LDLR, CD36, SR-BI and SREBP2. PM_2.5 exposure could also affect the expression levels of the Notch signaling pathways which was significantly correlated with the levels of TC and TG. The results proved that PM_2.5 exposure could induce and aggravate the atherosclerosis in rats by disrupting lipid metabolism in which Notch signaling pathway may play a significant role.