1
|
Wu J, Gan J, Zeng G, Luo X, Yang N, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Shen J, Wei W, Yan J, Zhu J, Ludwig T, Stahl B, Zhao X, Wang Z. Investigation of Human Milk as a Biological System in a Multicenter Mother-Infant Cohort: Protocol Design and Cohort Profile of the Phoenix Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2892. [PMID: 39275208 PMCID: PMC11397531 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding and human milk are the gold standard for infant feeding. Studying human milk with a systems biology approach in a large longitudinal cohort is needed to understand its complexity and health implications. The Phoenix study is a multicenter cohort study focusing on the interactions of maternal characteristics, human milk composition, infant feeding practices, and health outcomes of Chinese mothers and infants. A total of 779 mother-infant dyads were recruited from November 2021 to September 2022, and 769 mother-infant dyads were enrolled in the study. Scheduled home visits took place at 1, 4, 6, and 12 months postpartum, and 696 dyads (90.5% participants) completed the 12-month visit. At each visit, maternal and infant anthropometry was assessed. Questionnaires were administered to collect longitudinal information on maternal characteristics and lifestyle, infant feeding, and health. Digital diaries were used to record maternal dietary intake, infant feeding, and stool character. Human milk, maternal feces, infant feces, and infant saliva were collected. An external pharmaceutical-level quality assurance approach was implied to ensure the trial quality. Multi-omics techniques (including glycomics, lipidomics, proteomics, and microbiomics) and machine learning algorithms were integrated into the sample and data analysis. The protocol design of the Phoenix study provides a framework for prospective cohort studies of mother-infant dyads and will provide insights into the complex dynamics of human milk and its interplay with maternal and infant health outcomes in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieshu Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Junai Gan
- Danone Open Science Research Center, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Guo Zeng
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Nianhong Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongye Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Danone Global Research & Innovation Center, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Global Research & Innovation Center, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- Danone Open Science Research Center, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zhixu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen G, Xu R, Zhang J, Yang M, Fan J, Huang Y, Sun X. Composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influence in Z-Scores for infant physical growth. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:292. [PMID: 38689260 PMCID: PMC11059756 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk contains various crucial nutrients and biologically active substances and is ideal for newborns. This study aimed to analyze the composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influences on the growth of infants. METHODS Infant-mother dyads examined at our Hospital (March 2016 to May 2017) were included. Milk was collected at 0-1 month, 2-3 months, and 5-6 months and analyzed using a MIRIS human milk analyzer. Z-scores of weight-for-length (WLZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and length-for-age (LAZ) were calculated. RESULTS This study included full-term (> 37 weeks of gestation, n = 177) and premature (< 37 weeks, n = 94) infant-mother dyads. The premature infants showed higher ΔWAZ, ΔLAZ, and ΔWLZ from infancy to toddlerhood for the physical growth speed, compared with term infants (P < 0.001). All proteins and true protein components of breast milk decreased with infants' age (P < 0.001). For premature and full-term infants, differences in ΔWAZ and ΔLAZ from birth to infancy and the difference in ΔLAZ, WAZ, and LAZ in toddlerhood were positively associated with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (all P < 0.05), while the Z-score differences in ΔWLZ from birth to infancy were negatively associated with NPN (all P < 0.05). For premature babies, from birth to infancy stage, ΔWAZ was positively correlated with NPN and carbohydrates while negatively correlated with dry matter (all P < 0.05), and ΔLAZ correlated with NPN (β = 0.428, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Breastfeeding helped premature infants compensatory growth when compared to term infants. Whileduring early infancy stage ΔWLZ gain was negatively associated with increased amounts of NPN in breast milk. This might mean although NPN increase the Z-scores of weight-for-age and length-for-age, with no rise in adipose tissue mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guixia Chen
- Department of Child Healthcare, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University/Xiamen Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Xiamen, China.
| | - Rongxian Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University/Xiamen Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Meifeng Yang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University/Xiamen Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianxia Fan
- Department of Child Healthcare, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University/Xiamen Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Yinying Huang
- Nursing Department, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University/Xiamen Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Department of Child Healthcare, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University/Xiamen Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kasim HH, Olga L, Snowden S, Cropp E, Koulman A, Beardsall K. A comparative analyses of lipid ratios representing desaturase enzyme activity between preterm and term infants within the first ten weeks of life. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:133. [PMID: 37612700 PMCID: PMC10463436 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desaturase enzymes play a key role in several pathways including biosynthesis of poly- and mono- unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, MUFA). In preterm infants, desaturase enzyme activity (DA) may be a rate-limiting step in maintaining PUFAs levels during this critical developmental window and impact on long term metabolic health. The study tested the hypothesis that DA is altered in preterm infants compared to term infants in early life and may be a marker of risk or contribute to later alterations in metabolic health. METHODS Lipidomic analyses were conducted using blood samples from two established UK-based cohorts, involving very preterm (n = 105) and term (n = 259) infants. Blood samples were taken from term infants at birth, two and six weeks and from preterm infants when established on enteral feeds and at term corrected age. DA of the 2 groups of infants were estimated indirectly from product/precursor lipids ratios of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triglycerides (TG) species and reported according to their postmenstrual and postnatal ages. RESULTS There were changes in lipid ratios representing desaturase enzyme activity in preterm infants in the first weeks of life with higher delta 6 desaturases (D6D) triglyceride (TG) indices but significantly lower delta 9 desaturase (D9D) and D6D(PC) indices. In comparison to term infants, preterm have lower delta 5 desaturase (D5D) but higher D6D indices at all postnatal ages. Although point levels of desaturase indices were different, trajectories of changes in these indices over time were similar in preterm and term infants. CONCLUSIONS This study findings suggest the patterns of desaturase indices in preterm infants differ from that of term infants but their trajectories of change in the first 10 weeks of life were similar. These differences of DA if they persist in later life could contribute to the mechanism of diseases in preterm adulthood and warrant further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanis Hidayu Kasim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Laurentya Olga
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stuart Snowden
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eliza Cropp
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn Beardsall
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Neonatal Unit, University of Cambridge Addenbrookes Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Olga L, Vervoort J, van Diepen JA, Gross G, Petry CJ, Prentice PM, Chichlowski M, van Tol EAF, Hughes IA, Dunger DB, Ong KK. Associations between breast milk intake volume, macronutrient intake and infant growth in a longitudinal birth cohort: the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF). Br J Nutr 2023; 130:56-64. [PMID: 36259139 PMCID: PMC10244014 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522003178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth patterns of breastfed infants show substantial inter-individual differences, partly influenced by breast milk (BM) nutritional composition. However, BM nutritional composition does not accurately indicate BM nutrient intakes. This study aimed to examine the associations between both BM intake volumes and macronutrient intakes with infant growth. Mother-infant dyads (n 94) were recruited into the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) from a single maternity hospital at birth; all infants received exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) for at least 6 weeks. Infant weight, length and skinfolds thicknesses (adiposity) were repeatedly measured from birth to 12 months. Post-feed BM samples were collected at 6 weeks to measure TAG (fat), lactose (carbohydrate) (both by 1H-NMR) and protein concentrations (Dumas method). BM intake volume was estimated from seventy infants between 4 and 6 weeks using dose-to-the-mother deuterium oxide (2H2O) turnover. In the full cohort and among sixty infants who received EBF for 3+ months, higher BM intake at 6 weeks was associated with initial faster growth between 0 and 6 weeks (β + se 3·58 + 0·47 for weight and 4·53 + 0·6 for adiposity gains, both P < 0·0001) but subsequent slower growth between 3 and 12 months (β + se - 2·27 + 0·7 for weight and -2·65 + 0·69 for adiposity gains, both P < 0·005). BM carbohydrate and protein intakes at 4-6 weeks were positively associated with early (0-6 weeks) but tended to be negatively related with later (3-12 months) adiposity gains, while BM fat intake showed no association, suggesting that carbohydrate and protein intakes may have more functional relevance to later infant growth and adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurentya Olga
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janna A. van Diepen
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Evansville, IN, USA
| | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Evansville, IN, USA
| | - Clive J. Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Evansville, IN, USA
| | - Eric A. F. van Tol
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Evansville, IN, USA
| | - Ieuan A. Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken K. Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chichlowski M, van Diepen JA, Prodan A, Olga L, Ong KK, Kortman GAM, Dunger DB, Gross G. Early development of infant gut microbiota in relation to breastfeeding and human milk oligosaccharides. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1003032. [PMID: 36969811 PMCID: PMC10034312 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1003032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInfant gut microbiota composition is influenced by various factors early in life. Here, we investigate associations between infant gut microbiome development, infant age, breastfeeding duration, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) composition in breastmilk.MethodsA total of 94 mother-infant pairs were recruited as part of the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) (Cambridge, UK). Infant stool samples (n = 337) were collected at 2 week, 6 week, 3 month, and 6 month of age. The 16S rRNA V3-V4 rRNA region was sequenced using MiSeq Illumina to determine microbiota composition and diversity. Mother’s hindmilk samples were collected at birth, 2 week, 6 week, 3 month, and 6 month postpartum. Concentrations of five neutral [2′FL, 3′FL, lacto-N-fucopentaose 1 (LNFP1), LNnT, LNT] and two acidic (3′SL, and 6′SL) HMOs were measured in all milk samples using High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD). We explored the associations between infant gut microbiome parameters and age, duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), and levels of individual HMOs.ResultsBifidobacterium was the most abundant genus in infant stool at all-time points, irrespective of breastfeeding duration, with an overall mean relative abundance of 70%. The relative abundance of B. bifidum in stool from infants who were breastfed for longer than 6 months was significantly higher compared to the infant breastfed up to 3 months (p = 0.0285). Alpha-diversity (both Shannon and ASV-level Richness) of infant gut microbiota showed a biphasic change with infant age, decreasing from 2 weeks until 3 months and then increasing until 6 months of age. Bifidobacterium relative abundance was associated with higher concentrations of 2′FL and LNFP1 in breastmilk across all time-points (p = 0.049 and 0.017, respectively), with trends toward a higher abundance of B. longum species. No significant association with Bifidobacterium was found for breastmilk LNnT, 3′SL, and 6′SL levels.ConclusionOur study is in line with previous data demonstrating that EBF duration in the first months of life impacts infant gut microbiota composition. The observed links between specific HMOs in breastmilk and bacteria in infant stool provide evidence of how mother’s milk affects infant microbiome development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Janna A. van Diepen
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Janna A. van Diepen,
| | | | - Laurentya Olga
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K. Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Olga L, van Diepen JA, Chichlowski M, Petry CJ, Vervoort J, Dunger DB, Kortman GAM, Gross G, Ong KK. Butyrate in Human Milk: Associations with Milk Microbiota, Milk Intake Volume, and Infant Growth. Nutrients 2023; 15:916. [PMID: 36839274 PMCID: PMC9963357 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate in human milk (HM) has been suggested to reduce excessive weight and adipo-sity gains during infancy. However, HM butyrate's origins, determinants, and its influencing mechanism on weight gain are not completely understood. These were studied in the prospective longitudinal Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF), in which infants (n = 59) were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 weeks. Infant growth (birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months) and HM butyrate concentrations (2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) were measured. At age 6 weeks, HM intake volume was measured by deuterium-labelled water technique and HM microbiota by 16S sequencing. Cross-sectionally at 6 weeks, HM butyrate was associated with HM microbiota composition (p = 0.036) although no association with the abundance of typical butyrate producers was detected. In longitudinal analyses across all time points, HM butyrate concentrations were overall negatively associated with infant weight and adiposity, and associations were stronger at younger infant ages. HM butyrate concentration was also inversely correlated with HM intake volume, supporting a possible mechanism whereby butyrate might reduce infant growth via appetite regulation and modulation of HM intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurentya Olga
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janna A van Diepen
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA
| | - Clive J Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA
| | - Ken K Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olga L, van Diepen JA, Gross G, Dunger DB, Ong KK. Early weight gain influences duration of breast feeding: prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:1034-1037. [PMID: 35840313 PMCID: PMC9606501 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-323999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While several studies have shown that milk formula feeding is associated with faster infant weight gain compared with exclusively breast feeding (EBF), we explored the possible reverse association that infant weight gain influences the duration of EBF. DESIGN Prospective birth cohort study (Cambridge Baby Growth Breastfeeding Study) born 2015-2018. SETTING Cambridge, UK. PARTICIPANTS Full-term, singleton, normal birthweight infants who received EBF for 2-5 completed weeks (n=54), 6-11 weeks (n=14) or 12 or more weeks (n=80). INTERVENTION Weight gain from birth to 2 and 6 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Duration of EBF. RESULTS Faster infant weight gain during EBF predicted longer duration of EBF. Among all 148 infants, each +1 unit gain in weight SD score (SDS) between birth and 2 weeks (while all infants received EBF) reduced the likelihood of stopping EBF between 2 and 5 weeks by ~70% (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.77; adjusted for sex, gestational age at birth, birth weight and mother's age, prepregnancy BMI and education). Similarly, among infants EBF for 6 or more weeks (n=94), each +1 unit gain in weight SDS between birth and 6 weeks reduced the likelihood of stopping EBF between 6 and 11 weeks by ~80% (OR 0.18; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Slower early infant weight gain was consistently associated with subsequent earlier discontinuation of EBF. We conjecture that broader recognition of the wide range of normal infant growth might encourage parents to not stop EBF earlier than they intended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurentya Olga
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janna A van Diepen
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt / Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt / Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pekou A, Manousi N, Zachariadis GA. Multielemental Method for Maternal Breast Milk Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Acid Digestion. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pekou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George A. Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|