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Konieczna M, Koryszewska-Bagińska A, Bzikowska-Jura A, Chmielewska-Jeznach M, Jarzynka S, Olędzka G. Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Factors That Affect Human Milk Oligosaccharides Composition. Nutrients 2024; 16:2887. [PMID: 39275203 PMCID: PMC11397269 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk, the gold standard in infant nutrition, is a unique fluid that provides essential nutrients such as lactose, lipids, proteins, and free oligosaccharides. While its primary role is nutritional, it also protects against pathogens. This protection mainly comes from immunoglobulins, with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) providing additional support by inhibiting pathogen binding to host cell ligands. The prebiotic and immune-modulatory activity of HMOs strongly depends on their structure. Over 200 individual structures have been identified so far, with the composition varying significantly among women. The structure and composition of HMOs are influenced by factors such as the Lewis blood group, secretor status, and the duration of nursing. HMO profiles are heavily influenced by maternal phenotypes, which are defined based on the expression of two specific fucosyltransferases. However, recent data have shown that HMO content can be modified by various factors, both changeable and unchangeable, including diet, maternal age, gestational age, mode of delivery, breastfeeding frequency, and race. The first part of this overview presents the historical background of these sugars and the efforts by scientists to extract them using the latest chromatography methods. The second part is divided into subchapters that examine modifiable and non-modifiable factors, reviewing the most recent articles on HMO composition variations due to specific reasons and summarizing potential future challenges in conducting these types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Konieczna
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Jarzynka
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Olędzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
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Gitau J, Kinyori G, Sayed S, Saleem M, Makokha FW, Kirabo A. The Association between the JAK-STAT Pathway and Hypertension among Kenyan Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597892. [PMID: 38895458 PMCID: PMC11185763 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide, and disproportionately affects Sub-Saharan Africa compared to high income countries. The global disease burden is growing, with Sub-Saharan Africa reporting majority of the cases. In Kenya, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an annual incidence of 7,243 new cases in 2022, representing 25.5% of all reported cancers in women. Evidence suggests that women receiving breast cancer treatment are at a greater risk of developing hypertension than women without breast cancer. Hypertension prevalence has been on the rise in SSA, with poor detection, treatment and control. The JAK-STAT signaling is activated in hormone receptor-positive breast tumors, leading to inflammation, cell proliferation, and treatment resistance in cancer cells. We sought to understand the association between the expression of JAK-STAT Pathway genes and hypertension among Kenyan women diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods Breast tumor and non-tumor tissues were acquired from patients with a pathologic diagnosis of invasive breast carcinoma. RNA was extracted from fresh frozen tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples of 23 participants who had at least 50% tumor after pathological examination, as well as their corresponding adjacent normal samples. Differentially expressed JAK-STAT genes between tumor and normal breast tissues were assessed using the DESEq2 R package. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between differentially expressed JAK-STAT genes and participants' blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index (BMI). Results 11,868 genes were differentially expressed between breast tumor and non-tumor tissues. Eight JAK-STAT genes were significantly dysregulated (Log2FC ≥ 1.0 and an Padj ≤ 0.05), with two genes (CISH and SCNN1A) being upregulated. Six genes (TGFBR2, STAT5A, STAT5B, TGFRB3, SMAD9, and SOCS2) were downregulated. We identified STAT5A and SOCS2 genes to be significantly correlated with elevated systolic pressure and heart rate, respectively. Conclusions Our study provides insights underlying the molecular mechanisms of hypertension among Kenyan women diagnosed with breast cancer. Understanding these mechanisms may help develop targeted treatments that may improve health outcomes of Kenyan women diagnosed with breast cancer. Longitudinal studies with larger cohorts will be needed to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gitau
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Kinyori
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | | | - Mohammad Saleem
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Francis W Makokha
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Mulinge MM, Abisi HK, Kabahweza HM, Okutoyi L, Wamalwa DC, Nduati RW. The Role of Maternal Secretor Status and Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Early Childhood Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Breastfeed Med 2024; 19:409-424. [PMID: 38577928 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Background: Breast milk is the gold standard of infant nutrition, delivering nutrients and bioactive molecules as needed to support optimal infant growth and cognitive development. Increasing evidence links human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to these early childhood development milestones. Aims: To summarize and synthesize the evidence relating to HMOs and infant brain development, physical growth, and cognitive development. In addition, HMO concentrations in secretor and nonsecretor mothers were compared via a meta-analysis. Study Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement. This review used three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and was limited to English-language articles published between 2000 and June 30, 2023. Results: The initial searches yielded 245 articles, 27 of which were included in the systematic review and 12 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a substantial between-study heterogeneity, I2 = 97.3%. The pooled effect was 0.21 (95% CI: -0.41 to 0.83; p = 0.484), indicating that secretors had higher HMO concentrations, although this difference was not statistically significant. At one month of age, 2'FL, 3FL, and 3'SL play an important role in brain maturation and thus play a critical role in cognitive development. Secretors produce higher concentrations of 2'FL and 3'SL, explaining the benefits to infants of secretor mothers. Growth velocity was correlated to fucosylated and sialylated HMO concentrations, with lower concentrations linked to stunting. Conclusions: According to evidence from the systematically reviewed articles, HMOs are essential for a child's early development, but the extent to which they have an impact depends on maternal secretor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Mulinge
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen K Abisi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen M Kabahweza
- Department of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lydia Okutoyi
- Department of Health Care Quality, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dalton C Wamalwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth W Nduati
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Matharu D, Ponsero AJ, Lengyel M, Meszaros-Matwiejuk A, Kolho KL, de Vos WM, Molnar-Gabor D, Salonen A. Human milk oligosaccharide composition is affected by season and parity and associates with infant gut microbiota in a birth mode dependent manner in a Finnish birth cohort. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105182. [PMID: 38838470 PMCID: PMC11215963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), their determinants, infant gut microbiota and health are under extensive research; however, seldom jointly addressed. Leveraging data from the HELMi birth cohort, we investigated them collectively, considering maternal and infant secretor status. METHODS HMO composition in breastmilk collected 3 months postpartum (n = 350 mothers) was profiled using high-performance liquid chromatography. Infant gut microbiota taxonomic and functional development was studied at 3, 6, and 12 months (n = 823 stool samples) via shotgun metagenomic sequencing, focusing on HMO metabolism via glycoside hydrolase (GH) analysis. Maternal and infant secretor statuses were identified through phenotyping and genotyping, respectively. Child health, emphasizing allergies and antibiotics as proxies for infectious diseases, was recorded until 2 years. FINDINGS Mother's parity, irritable bowel syndrome, gestational diabetes, and season of milk collection associated with HMO composition. Neither maternal nor infant secretor status associated with infant gut microbiota, except for a few taxa linked to individual HMOs. Analysis stratified for birth mode revealed distinct patterns between the infant gut microbiota and HMOs. Child health parameters were not associated to infant or maternal secretor status. INTERPRETATION This comprehensive exploration unveils intricate links between secretor genotype, maternal factors, HMO composition, infant microbiota, and child health. Understanding these nuanced relationships is paramount for refining strategies to optimize early life nutrition and its enduring impact on long-term health. FUNDING Sweet Crosstalk EU H2020 MSCA ITN, Academy of Finland, Mary and Georg C. Ehrnrooth Foundation, Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation, and Tekes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dollwin Matharu
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alise J Ponsero
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marton Lengyel
- DSM-Firmenich, (Formerly: Glycom A/S), Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Kaija-Leena Kolho
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anne Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lordan C, Roche AK, Delsing D, Nauta A, Groeneveld A, MacSharry J, Cotter PD, van Sinderen D. Linking human milk oligosaccharide metabolism and early life gut microbiota: bifidobacteria and beyond. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0009423. [PMID: 38206006 PMCID: PMC10966949 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00094-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex, multi-functional glycans present in human breast milk. They represent an intricate mix of heterogeneous structures which reach the infant intestine in an intact form as they resist gastrointestinal digestion. Therefore, they confer a multitude of benefits, directly and/or indirectly, to the developing neonate. Certain bifidobacterial species, being among the earliest gut colonizers of breast-fed infants, have an adapted functional capacity to metabolize various HMO structures. This ability is typically observed in infant-associated bifidobacteria, as opposed to bifidobacteria associated with a mature microbiota. In recent years, information has been gleaned regarding how these infant-associated bifidobacteria as well as certain other taxa are able to assimilate HMOs, including the mechanistic strategies enabling their acquisition and consumption. Additionally, complex metabolic interactions occur between microbes facilitated by HMOs, including the utilization of breakdown products released from HMO degradation. Interest in HMO-mediated changes in microbial composition and function has been the focal point of numerous studies, in recent times fueled by the availability of individual biosynthetic HMOs, some of which are now commonly included in infant formula. In this review, we outline the main HMO assimilatory and catabolic strategies employed by infant-associated bifidobacteria, discuss other taxa that exhibit breast milk glycan degradation capacity, and cover HMO-supported cross-feeding interactions and related metabolites that have been described thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Lordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife K. Roche
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | | | - John MacSharry
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Urrutia-Baca VH, Chuck-Hernández C, Gutiérrez-Uribe J, Ramos-Parra PA, Licona-Cassani C. Development and validation of a versatile analytical method for absolute quantification of seven oligosaccharides in human, bovine, and goat milk. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22475. [PMID: 38028015 PMCID: PMC10679482 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are significant in mammalian milk, where they serve as prebiotics that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria in infants. Comprehensive research of milk oligosaccharides requires precise and validated analytical methods for compositional studies. To address this need, the focus of our study was to develop and validate an analytical method using UPLC-MS/MS to quantify seven specific oligosaccharides found in mammalian milk. The developed and optimized method has adequate linearity, accuracy, and precision parameters. The detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits for the seven compounds ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0030 μg/mL and 0.0054-0.0063 μg/mL, respectively. The sample preparation method yielded recovery rates above 90.5 %. Furthermore, no significant matrix effect was observed. The validated method was successfully applied to human, goat, and bovine milk samples, demonstrating its proficiency in identifying variances in the concentration of oligosaccharides across different mammals. This versatile method will allow future research about factors affecting oligosaccharide composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H. Urrutia-Baca
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
| | - Cristina Chuck-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
| | - Janet Gutiérrez-Uribe
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
| | - Perla A. Ramos-Parra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtemoc Licona-Cassani
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
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