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Tassone G, Mazzorana M, Pozzi C. Structural Basis of Parasitic HSP90 ATPase Inhibition by Small Molecules. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1341. [PMID: 36355513 PMCID: PMC9692773 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites are responsible for several harmful and widespread human diseases that cause high morbidity and mortality. Currently available treatments have serious limitations due to poor efficiency, strong adverse effects, and high cost. Hence, the identification of new targets and the development of specific drug therapies against parasitic diseases are urgent needs. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that plays a key role in parasite survival during the various differentiation stages, spread over the vector insect and the human host, which they undergo during their life cycle. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of HSP90, containing the main determinants for ATPase activity, represents the most druggable domain for inhibitor targeting. The molecules investigated on parasite HSP90 are mainly developed from known inhibitors of the human counterpart, and they have strong limitations due to selectivity issues, accounting for the high conservation of the ATP-binding site between the parasite and human proteins. The current review highlights the recent structural progress made to support the rational design of new molecules able to effectively block the chaperone activity of parasite HSP90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tassone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzorana
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Daniyan MO, Fisusi FA, Adeoye OB. Neurotransmitters and molecular chaperones interactions in cerebral malaria: Is there a missing link? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:965569. [PMID: 36090033 PMCID: PMC9451049 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.965569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most severe and deadliest human malaria infection. The most serious complication of this infection is cerebral malaria. Among the proposed hypotheses that seek to explain the manifestation of the neurological syndrome in cerebral malaria is the vascular occlusion/sequestration/mechanic hypothesis, the cytokine storm or inflammatory theory, or a combination of both. Unfortunately, despite the increasing volume of scientific information on cerebral malaria, our understanding of its pathophysiologic mechanism(s) is still very limited. In a bid to maintain its survival and development, P. falciparum exports a large number of proteins into the cytosol of the infected host red blood cell. Prominent among these are the P. falciparum erythrocytes membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), P. falciparum histidine-rich protein II (PfHRP2), and P. falciparum heat shock proteins 70-x (PfHsp70-x). Functional activities and interaction of these proteins with one another and with recruited host resident proteins are critical factors in the pathology of malaria in general and cerebral malaria in particular. Furthermore, several neurological impairments, including cognitive, behavioral, and motor dysfunctions, are known to be associated with cerebral malaria. Also, the available evidence has implicated glutamate and glutamatergic pathways, coupled with a resultant alteration in serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and histamine production. While seeking to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria, this article seeks to explore the possible links between host/parasite chaperones, and neurotransmitters, in relation to other molecular players in the pathology of cerebral malaria, to explore such links in antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola Adesodun Fisusi
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunso Bayo Adeoye
- Department of Biochemistry, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr.) College of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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3
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Barth J, Schach T, Przyborski JM. HSP70 and their co-chaperones in the human malaria parasite P. falciparum and their potential as drug targets. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:968248. [PMID: 35992276 PMCID: PMC9388776 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.968248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of their life-cycle, malaria parasites undergo rapid cell multiplication and division, with one parasite giving rise to over 20 new parasites within the course of 48 h. To support this, the parasite has an extremely high metabolic rate and level of protein biosynthesis. Underpinning these activities, the parasite encodes a number of chaperone/heat shock proteins, belonging to various families. Research over the past decade has revealed that these proteins are involved in a number of essential processes within the parasite, or within the infected host cell. Due to this, these proteins are now being viewed as potential targets for drug development, and we have begun to characterize their properties in more detail. In this article we summarize the current state of knowledge about one particular chaperone family, that of the HSP70, and highlight their importance, function, and potential co-chaperone interactions. This is then discussed with regard to the suitability of these proteins and interactions for drug development.
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Hsp90 and Associated Co-Chaperones of the Malaria Parasite. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081018. [PMID: 35892329 PMCID: PMC9332011 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is one of the major guardians of cellular protein homeostasis, through its specialized molecular chaperone properties. While Hsp90 has been extensively studied in many prokaryotic and higher eukaryotic model organisms, its structural, functional, and biological properties in parasitic protozoans are less well defined. Hsp90 collaborates with a wide range of co-chaperones that fine-tune its protein folding pathway. Co-chaperones play many roles in the regulation of Hsp90, including selective targeting of client proteins, and the modulation of its ATPase activity, conformational changes, and post-translational modifications. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most lethal form of human malaria. The survival of the malaria parasite inside the host and the vector depends on the action of molecular chaperones. The major cytosolic P. falciparum Hsp90 (PfHsp90) is known to play an essential role in the development of the parasite, particularly during the intra-erythrocytic stage in the human host. Although PfHsp90 shares significant sequence and structural similarity with human Hsp90, it has several major structural and functional differences. Furthermore, its co-chaperone network appears to be substantially different to that of the human host, with the potential absence of a key homolog. Indeed, PfHsp90 and its interface with co-chaperones represent potential drug targets for antimalarial drug discovery. In this review, we critically summarize the current understanding of the properties of Hsp90, and the associated co-chaperones of the malaria parasite.
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Poje G, Pessanha de Carvalho L, Held J, Moita D, Prudêncio M, Perković I, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Rajić Z. Design and synthesis of harmiquins, harmine and chloroquine hybrids as potent antiplasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Daniyan MO. Heat Shock Proteins as Targets for Novel Antimalarial Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:205-236. [PMID: 34569027 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the parasitic agent that is responsible for a severe and dangerous form of human malaria, has a history of long years of cohabitation with human beings with attendant negative consequences. While there have been some gains in the fight against malaria through the application of various control measures and the use of chemotherapeutic agents, and despite the global decline in malaria cases and associated deaths, the continual search for new and effective therapeutic agents is key to achieving sustainable development goals. An important parasite survival strategy, which is also of serious concern to the scientific community, is the rate at which the parasites continually develop resistance to drugs. Among the key players in the parasite's ability to develop resistance, maintain cellular integrity, and survives within an unusual environment of the red blood cells are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins (HSP) family. HSPs constitute a novel avenue for antimalarial drug discovery and by exploring their ubiquitous nature and multifunctional activities, they may be suitable targets for the discovery of multi-targets antimalarial drugs, needed to fight incessant drug resistance. In this chapter, features of selected families of plasmodial HSPs that can be exploited in drug discovery are presented. Also, known applications of HSPs in small molecule screening, their potential usefulness in high throughput drug screening, as well as possible challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
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The Role of Hsp70s in the Development and Pathogenicity of Plasmodium falciparum. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34569021 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The main agent of human malaria, the protozoa, Plasmodium falciparum is known to infect liver cells, subsequently invading the host erythrocyte, leading to the manifestation of clinical outcomes of the disease. As part of its survival in the human host, P. falciparum employs several heat shock protein (Hsp) families whose primary purpose is to ensure cytoprotection through their molecular chaperone role. The parasite expresses six Hsp70s that localise to various subcellular organelles of the parasite, with one, PfHsp70-x, being exported to the infected human erythrocyte. The role of these Hsp70s in the survival and pathogenicity of malaria has received immense research attention. Several studies have reported on their structure-function features, network partnerships, and elucidation of their potential substrates. Apart from their role in cytoprotection and pathogenicity, Hsp70s are implicated in antimalarial drug resistance. As such, they are deemed potential antimalarial drug candidates, especially suited for co-targeting in combination therapies. In addition, Hsp70 is implicated in host immune modulation. The current report highlights the various structure-function features of these proteins, their roles in the development of malaria, current and prospective efforts being employed towards targeting them in malaria intervention efforts.
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Everson N, Bach J, Hammill JT, Falade MO, Rice AL, Guy RK, Eagon S. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum heat shock 90 inhibitors via molecular docking. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 35:127818. [PMID: 33513390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A virtual screen was performed to identify anti-malarial compounds targeting Plasmodium falciparum heat shock 90 protein by applying a series of drug-like and commercial availability filters to compounds in the ZINC database, resulting in a virtual library of more than 13 million candidates. The goal of the virtual screen was to identify novel compounds which could serve as a starting point for the development of antimalarials with a mode of action different from anything currently used in the clinic. The screen targeted the ATP binding pocket of the highly conserved Plasmodium heat shock 90 protein, as this protein is critical to the survival of the parasite and has several significant structural differences from the human homolog. The top twelve compounds from the virtual screen were tested in vitro, with all twelve showing no antiproliferative activity against the human fibroblast cell line and three compounds exhibiting single digit or better micromolar antiproliferative activity against the chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum 3D7 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikalet Everson
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jordan Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Jared T Hammill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Mofolusho O Falade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Amy L Rice
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Scott Eagon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
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Makumire S, Dongola TH, Chakafana G, Tshikonwane L, Chauke CT, Maharaj T, Zininga T, Shonhai A. Mutation of GGMP Repeat Segments of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-1 Compromises Chaperone Function and Hop Co-Chaperone Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042226. [PMID: 33672387 PMCID: PMC7926355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic organisms especially those of the Apicomplexan phylum, harbour a cytosol localised canonical Hsp70 chaperone. One of the defining features of this protein is the presence of GGMP repeat residues sandwiched between α-helical lid and C-terminal EEVD motif. The role of the GGMP repeats of Hsp70s remains unknown. In the current study, we introduced GGMP mutations in the cytosol localised Hsp70-1 of Plasmodium falciparum (PfHsp70-1) and a chimeric protein (KPf), constituted by the ATPase domain of E. coli DnaK fused to the C-terminal substrate binding domain of PfHsp70-1. A complementation assay conducted using E. coli dnaK756 cells demonstrated that the GGMP motif was essential for chaperone function of the chimeric protein, KPf. Interestingly, insertion of GGMP motif of PfHsp70-1 into DnaK led to a lethal phenotype in E. coli dnaK756 cells exposed to elevated growth temperature. Using biochemical and biophysical assays, we established that the GGMP motif accounts for the elevated basal ATPase activity of PfHsp70-1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this motif is important for interaction of the chaperone with peptide substrate and a co-chaperone, PfHop. Our findings suggest that the GGMP may account for both the specialised chaperone function and reportedly high catalytic efficiency of PfHsp70-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Makumire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Tendamudzimu Harmfree Dongola
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Graham Chakafana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Lufuno Tshikonwane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Cecilia Tshikani Chauke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tarushai Maharaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-15962-8723
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Novel Harmicines with Improved Potency against Plasmodium. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194376. [PMID: 32977642 PMCID: PMC7583898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmicines represent hybrid compounds composed of β-carboline alkaloid harmine and cinnamic acid derivatives (CADs). In this paper we report the synthesis of amide-type harmicines and the evaluation of their biological activity. N-harmicines 5a–f and O-harmicines 6a–h were prepared by a straightforward synthetic procedure, from harmine-based amines and CADs using standard coupling conditions, 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo [4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA). Amide-type harmicines exerted remarkable activity against the erythrocytic stage of P. falciparum, in low submicromolar concentrations, which was significantly more pronounced compared to their antiplasmodial activity against the hepatic stages of P. berghei. Furthermore, a cytotoxicity assay against the human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) revealed favorable selectivity indices of the most active harmicines. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the binding of ligands within the ATP binding site of PfHsp90, while the calculated binding free energies confirmed higher activity of N-harmicines 5 over their O-substituted analogues 6. Amino acids predominantly affecting the binding were identified, which provided guidelines for the further derivatization of the harmine framework towards more efficient agents.
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Solution structure of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90 indicates a high flexible dimer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 690:108468. [PMID: 32679196 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a ubiquitous, homodimer and modular molecular chaperone. Each Hsp90 protomer has three different domains, named the N-terminal domain (NTD), middle domain (MD) and C-terminal domain (CTD). The Hsp90 molecular cycle involves ATP binding and hydrolysis, which drive conformational changes. Hsp90 is critical for the viability of eukaryotic organisms, including the protozoan that causes the severe form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, the growth and differentiation of which are compromised when Hsp90 is inhibited. Here, we characterize the structure of a recombinant P. falciparum Hsp90 (PfHsp90) protein, as well as its MD (PfHsp90MD) and NTD plus MD (PfHsp90NMD) constructs. All the proteins were obtained with high purity and in the folded state. PfHsp90 and PfHsp90NMD interacted with adenosine nucleotides via the NTD, and Mg2+ was critical for strong binding. PfHsp90 behaved mostly as elongated and flexible dimers in solution, which dissociate with a sub-micromolar dissociation constant. The PfHsp90MD and PfHsp90NMD constructs behaved as globular and elongated monomers, respectively, confirming the importance of the CTD for dimerization. Small angle X-ray scattering data were obtained for all the constructs, and ab initio models were constructed, revealing PfHsp90 in an open conformation and as a greatly elongated and flexible protein.
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Makumire S, Zininga T, Vahokoski J, Kursula I, Shonhai A. Biophysical analysis of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-Hsp90 organising protein (PfHop) reveals a monomer that is characterised by folded segments connected by flexible linkers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226657. [PMID: 32343703 PMCID: PMC7188212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most lethal form of malaria. The cooperation of heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 and 90 is thought to facilitate folding of select group of cellular proteins that are crucial for cyto-protection and development of the parasites. Hsp70 and Hsp90 are brought into a functional complex that allows substrate exchange by stress inducible protein 1 (STI1), also known as Hsp70-Hsp90 organising protein (Hop). P. falciparum Hop (PfHop) co-localises and occurs in complex with the parasite cytosolic chaperones, PfHsp70-1 and PfHsp90. Here, we characterised the structure of recombinant PfHop using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) and small-angle X-ray scattering. Structurally, PfHop is a monomeric, elongated but folded protein, in agreement with its predicted TPR domain structure. Using SRCD, we established that PfHop is unstable at temperatures higher than 40°C. This suggests that PfHop is less stable at elevated temperatures compared to its functional partner, PfHsp70-1, that is reportedly stable at temperatures as high as 80°C. These findings contribute towards our understanding of the role of the Hop-mediated functional partnership between Hsp70 and Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Makumire
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inari Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Biocenter Oulu & Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Maraka M, Akala HM, Amolo AS, Juma D, Omariba D, Cheruiyot A, Opot B, Okello Okudo C, Mwakio E, Chemwor G, Juma JA, Okoth R, Yeda R, Andagalu B. A seven-year surveillance of epidemiology of malaria reveals travel and gender are the key drivers of dispersion of drug resistant genotypes in Kenya. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8082. [PMID: 32201636 PMCID: PMC7073242 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria drug resistance is a global public health concern. Though parasite mutations have been associated with resistance, other factors could influence the resistance. A robust surveillance system is required to monitor and help contain the resistance. This study established the role of travel and gender in dispersion of chloroquine resistant genotypes in malaria epidemic zones in Kenya. A total of 1,776 individuals presenting with uncomplicated malaria at hospitals selected from four malaria transmission zones in Kenya between 2008 and 2014 were enrolled in a prospective surveillance study assessing the epidemiology of malaria drug resistance patterns. Demographic and clinical information per individual was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Further, 2 mL of blood was collected for malaria diagnosis, parasitemia quantification and molecular analysis. DNA extracted from dried blood spots collected from each of the individuals was genotyped for polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine transporter gene (Pfcrt 76), Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistant gene 1 (Pfmdr1 86 and Pfmdr1 184) regions that are putative drug resistance genes using both conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. The molecular and demographic data was analyzed using Stata version 13 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LP) while mapping of cases at the selected geographic zones was done in QGIS version 2.18. Chloroquine resistant (CQR) genotypes across gender revealed an association with chloroquine resistance by both univariate model (p = 0.027) and by multivariate model (p = 0.025), female as reference group in both models. Prior treatment with antimalarial drugs within the last 6 weeks before enrollment was associated with carriage of CQR genotype by multivariate model (p = 0.034). Further, a significant relationship was observed between travel and CQR carriage both by univariate model (p = 0.001) and multivariate model (p = 0.002). These findings suggest that gender and travel are significantly associated with chloroquine resistance. From a gender perspective, males are more likely to harbor resistant strains than females hence involved in strain dispersion. On the other hand, travel underscores the role of transport network in introducing spread of resistant genotypes, bringing in to focus the need to monitor gene flow and establish strategies to minimize the introduction of resistance strains by controlling malaria among frequent transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moureen Maraka
- School of Health Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Siaya, Kenya
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Hoseah M. Akala
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Asito S. Amolo
- School of Health Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Siaya, Kenya
| | - Dennis Juma
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Duke Omariba
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Agnes Cheruiyot
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Opot
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Charles Okello Okudo
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Edwin Mwakio
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Gladys Chemwor
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jackline A. Juma
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Raphael Okoth
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Redemptah Yeda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ben Andagalu
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases (DEID), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa Kenya (USAMRD-A Kenya)/Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
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14
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Perković I, Raić-Malić S, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, Pessanha de Carvalho L, Held J, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Zorc B, Rajić Z. Harmicines - harmine and cinnamic acid hybrids as novel antiplasmodial hits. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111927. [PMID: 31812035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Harmicines constitute novel hybrid compounds that combine two agents with reported antiplasmodial properties, namely β-carboline harmine and a cinnamic acid derivative (CAD). Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was employed for the preparation of three classes of hybrid molecules: N-harmicines 6a-i, O-harmicines 7a-i and N,O-bis-harmicines 8a-g,i. In vitro antiplasmodial activities of harmicines against the erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum (chloroquine-sensitive Pf3D7 and chloroquine-resistant PfDd2 strains) and hepatic stage of P. berghei, as well as cytotoxicity against human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), were evaluated. Remarkably, most of the compounds exerted significant activities against both stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. The conjugation of various CADs to harmine resulted in the increased antiplasmodial activity relative to harmine. In general, O-harmicines 7 exhibited the highest activity against the erythrocytic stage of both P. falciparum strains, whereas N,O-bis harmicines 8 showed the most pronounced activity against P. berghei hepatic stages. For the latter compound, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed binding within the ATP binding site of PfHsp90, while the weaker binders, namely 6b and harmine, were found to be positioned away from this structural element. In addition, decomposition of the computed binding free energies into contributions from individual residues suggested guidelines for further derivatization of harmine towards more efficient compounds. Cytotoxicity screening revealed N-harmicines 6 as the least, and O-harmicines 7 as the most toxic compounds. Harmicines 6g, 8b and 6d exerted the most selective action towards Plasmodium over human cells, respectively. These results establish harmicines as hits for future optimisation and development of novel antiplasmodial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Perković
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Jana Held
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tana Tandarić
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Zorc
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Rajić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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15
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Zininga T, Shonhai A. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Heat Shock Protein System of Human Obligate Protozoan Parasites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5930. [PMID: 31775392 PMCID: PMC6929125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate protozoan parasites of the kinetoplastids and apicomplexa infect human cells to complete their life cycles. Some of the members of these groups of parasites develop in at least two systems, the human host and the insect vector. Survival under the varied physiological conditions associated with the human host and in the arthropod vectors requires the parasites to modulate their metabolic complement in order to meet the prevailing conditions. One of the key features of these parasites essential for their survival and host infectivity is timely expression of various proteins. Even more importantly is the need to keep their proteome functional by maintaining its functional capabilities in the wake of physiological changes and host immune responses. For this reason, molecular chaperones (also called heat shock proteins)-whose role is to facilitate proteostasis-play an important role in the survival of these parasites. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and Hsp70 are prominent molecular chaperones that are generally induced in response to physiological stress. Both Hsp90 and Hsp70 members are functionally regulated by nucleotides. In addition, Hsp70 and Hsp90 cooperate to facilitate folding of some key proteins implicated in cellular development. In addition, Hsp90 and Hsp70 individually interact with other accessory proteins (co-chaperones) that regulate their functions. The dependency of these proteins on nucleotide for their chaperone function presents an Achille's heel, as inhibitors that mimic ATP are amongst potential therapeutic agents targeting their function in obligate intracellular human parasites. Most of the promising small molecule inhibitors of parasitic heat shock proteins are either antibiotics or anticancer agents, whose repurposing against parasitic infections holds prospects. Both cancer cells and obligate human parasites depend upon a robust protein quality control system to ensure their survival, and hence, both employ a competent heat shock machinery to this end. Furthermore, some inhibitors that target chaperone and co-chaperone networks also offer promising prospects as antiparasitic agents. The current review highlights the progress made so far in design and application of small molecule inhibitors against obligate intracellular human parasites of the kinetoplastida and apicomplexan kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
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16
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Plasmodium falciparum R2TP complex: driver of parasite Hsp90 function. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:1007-1015. [PMID: 31734827 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is essential for the development of the main malaria agent, Plasmodium falciparum. Inhibitors that target Hsp90 function are known to not only kill the parasite, but also reverse resistance of the parasite to traditional antimalarials such as chloroquine. For this reason, Hsp90 has been tagged as a promising antimalarial drug target. As a molecular chaperone, Hsp90 facilitates folding of proteins such as steroid hormone receptors and kinases implicated in cell cycle and development. Central to Hsp90 function is its regulation by several co-chaperones. Various co-chaperones interact with Hsp90 to modulate its co-operation with other molecular chaperones such as Hsp70 and to regulate its interaction with substrates. The role of Hsp90 in the development of malaria parasites continues to receive research attention, and several Hsp90 co-chaperones have been mapped out. Recently, focus has shifted to P. falciparum R2TP proteins, which are thought to couple Hsp90 to a diverse set of client proteins. R2TP proteins are generally known to form a complex with Hsp90, and this complex drives multiple cellular processes central to signal transduction and cell division. Given the central role that the R2TP complex may play, the current review highlights the structure-function features of Hsp90 relative to R2TPs of P. falciparum.
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17
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Zorc B, Perković I, Pavić K, Rajić Z, Beus M. Primaquine derivatives: Modifications of the terminal amino group. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111640. [PMID: 31472472 PMCID: PMC7126120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous modifications of the well-known antimalarial drug primaquine, both at the quinoline ring and at the primary amino group, have been reported, mostly to obtain antimalarial agents with improved bioavailability, reduced toxicity and/or prolonged activity. Modifications of the terminal amino group were made with the main idea to prevent the metabolic pathway leading to inactive and toxic carboxyprimaquine (follow-on strategy), but also to get compounds with different activity (repurposing strategy). The modifications undertaken until 2009 were included in a review published in the same year. The present review covers various classes of primaquine N-derivatives with diverse biological profiles, prepared in the last decade by our research group as well as the others. We have summarized the synthetic procedures applied for their preparation and discussed the main biological results. Several hits for the development of novel antiplasmodial, anticancer, antimycobacterial and antibiofilm agents were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Zorc
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Perković
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Pavić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Rajić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Beus
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Daniyan MO, Przyborski JM, Shonhai A. Partners in Mischief: Functional Networks of Heat Shock Proteins of Plasmodium falciparum and Their Influence on Parasite Virulence. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E295. [PMID: 31340488 PMCID: PMC6681276 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum under the physiologically distinct environments associated with their development in the cold-blooded invertebrate mosquito vectors and the warm-blooded vertebrate human host requires a genome that caters to adaptability. To this end, a robust stress response system coupled to an efficient protein quality control system are essential features of the parasite. Heat shock proteins constitute the main molecular chaperone system of the cell, accounting for approximately two percent of the malaria genome. Some heat shock proteins of parasites constitute a large part (5%) of the 'exportome' (parasite proteins that are exported to the infected host erythrocyte) that modify the host cell, promoting its cyto-adherence. In light of their importance in protein folding and refolding, and thus the survival of the parasite, heat shock proteins of P. falciparum have been a major subject of study. Emerging evidence points to their role not only being cyto-protection of the parasite, as they are also implicated in regulating parasite virulence. In undertaking their roles, heat shock proteins operate in networks that involve not only partners of parasite origin, but also potentially functionally associate with human proteins to facilitate parasite survival and pathogenicity. This review seeks to highlight these interplays and their roles in parasite pathogenicity. We further discuss the prospects of targeting the parasite heat shock protein network towards the developments of alternative antimalarial chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria.
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University of Heidelberg Medical School, INF324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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19
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Daniyan MO, Ojo OT. In silico identification and evaluation of potential interaction of Azadirachta indica phytochemicals with Plasmodium falciparum heat shock protein 90. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 87:144-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Mbaba M, de la Mare JA, Sterrenberg JN, Kajewole D, Maharaj S, Edkins AL, Isaacs M, Hoppe HC, Khanye SD. Novobiocin-ferrocene conjugates possessing anticancer and antiplasmodial activity independent of HSP90 inhibition. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 24:139-149. [PMID: 30542925 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of tailored novobiocin-ferrocene conjugates was prepared in moderate yields and investigated for in vitro anticancer and antiplasmodial activity against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer line and Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain, respectively. While the target compounds displayed moderate anticancer activity against the breast cancer cell line with IC50 values in the mid-micromolar range, compounds 10a-c displayed promising antiplasmodial activity as low as 0.889 µM. Furthermore, the most promising compounds were tested for inhibitory effects against a postulated target, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). A selection of tailored novobiocin derivatives bearing the organometallic ferrocene unit were synthesized and characterized by common spectroscopic techniques. The target compounds were investigated for in vitro anticancer and antimalarial activity against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Jo-Anne de la Mare
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Jason N Sterrenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Deborah Kajewole
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Shantal Maharaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Adrienne L Edkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa. .,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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21
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Antiplasmodial activities of ethanol extracts ofEuphorbia hirtawhole plant andVernonia amygdalinaleaves inPlasmodium berghei-infected mice. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Beus M, Rajić Z, Maysinger D, Mlinarić Z, Antunović M, Marijanović I, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, Held J, Olgen S, Zorc B. SAHAquines, Novel Hybrids Based on SAHA and Primaquine Motifs, as Potential Cytostatic and Antiplasmodial Agents. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:624-638. [PMID: 30151334 PMCID: PMC6104433 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of SAHAquines and related primaquine (PQ) derivatives. SAHAquines are novel hybrid compounds that combine moieties of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), an anticancer agent with weak antiplasmodial activity, and PQ, an antimalarial drug with low antiproliferative activity. The preparation of SAHAquines is simple, cheap, and high yielding. It includes the following steps: coupling reaction between primaquine and a dicarboxylic acid monoester, hydrolysis, a new coupling reaction with O-protected hydroxylamine, and deprotection. SAHAquines 5 a-d showed significant reduction in cell viability. Among the three human cancer cell lines (U2OS, HepG2, and MCF-7), the most responsive were the MCF-7 cells. The antibodies against acetylated histone H3K9/H3K14 in MCF-7 cells revealed a significant enhancement following treatment with N-hydroxy-N'-{4-[(6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)amino]pentyl}pentanediamide (5 b). Ethyl (2E)-3-({4-[(6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)amino]pentyl}carbamoyl)prop-2-enoate (2 b) and SAHAquines were the most active compounds against both the hepatic and erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium parasites, some of them at sub-micromolar concentrations. The results of our research suggest that SAHAquines are promising leads for new anticancer and antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Beus
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of ZagrebA. Kovačića 110 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Zrinka Rajić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of ZagrebA. Kovačića 110 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University23655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, McIntyre Medical Sciences BuildingMontrealQuebecH3G 1Y6Canada
| | - Zvonimir Mlinarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of ZagrebA. Kovačića 110 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Maja Antunović
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebHorvatovac 102A10 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Inga Marijanović
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebHorvatovac 102A10 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Egas Moniz1649-028LisboaPortugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Egas Moniz1649-028LisboaPortugal
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenWilhelmstraße 2772074TübingenGermany
| | - Sureyya Olgen
- Faculty of PharmacyBiruni University10th street No: 4534010 TopkapiIstanbulTurkey
| | - Branka Zorc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of ZagrebA. Kovačića 110 000ZagrebCroatia
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23
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Posfai D, Eubanks AL, Keim AI, Lu KY, Wang GZ, Hughes PF, Kato N, Haystead TA, Derbyshire ER. Identification of Hsp90 Inhibitors with Anti-Plasmodium Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01799-17. [PMID: 29339390 PMCID: PMC5913967 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01799-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global health burden partly due to Plasmodium parasite resistance to first-line therapeutics. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has emerged as an essential protein for blood-stage Plasmodium parasites, but details about its function during malaria's elusive liver stage are unclear. We used target-based screens to identify compounds that bind to Plasmodium falciparum and human Hsp90, which revealed insights into chemotypes with species-selective binding. Using cell-based malaria assays, we demonstrate that all identified Hsp90-binding compounds are liver- and blood-stage Plasmodium inhibitors. Additionally, the Hsp90 inhibitor SNX-0723 in combination with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor PIK-75 synergistically reduces the liver-stage parasite load. Time course inhibition studies with the Hsp90 inhibitors and expression analysis support a role for Plasmodium Hsp90 in late-liver-stage parasite development. Our results suggest that Plasmodium Hsp90 is essential to liver- and blood-stage parasite infections and highlight an attractive route for development of species-selective PfHsp90 inhibitors that may act synergistically in combination therapies to prevent and treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Posfai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amber L Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allison I Keim
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace Z Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip F Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Timothy A Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Comparative studies of the low-resolution structure of two p23 co-chaperones for Hsp90 identified in Plasmodium falciparum genome. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:193-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Kanwar A, Eduful BJ, Barbeto L, Carletti Bonomo P, Lemus A, Vesely BA, Mutka TS, Azhari A, Kyle DE, Leahy JW. Synthesis and Activity of a New Series of Antileishmanial Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:797-801. [PMID: 28835791 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined that tetrahydroindazoles such as 1 show potent activity against Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of leishmaniasis. While the Hsp90 activity and anticancer properties of 1 have previously been explored, we present here our efforts to optimize their activity against L. donovani via the synthesis of novel analogues designed to probe the hydrophobic pocket of the protozoan Hsp90 orthologue, specifically through the auspices of functionalization of an amine embedded into the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Kanwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Eduful
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Linda Barbeto
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Piero Carletti Bonomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Andrea Lemus
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Brian A. Vesely
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Tina S. Mutka
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Ala Azhari
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Department
of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - James W. Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Florida Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery
and Innovation, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 303, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Department of
Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, MDC 7, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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26
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Bayih AG, Folefoc A, Mohon AN, Eagon S, Anderson M, Pillai DR. In vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity of novel harmine-analog heat shock protein 90 inhibitors: a possible partner for artemisinin. Malar J 2016; 15:579. [PMID: 27903279 PMCID: PMC5131496 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains poses a serious challenge to the control of malaria. This necessitates the development of new anti-malarial drugs. Previous studies have shown that the natural beta-carboline alkaloid harmine is a promising anti-malarial agent targeting the P. falciparum heat-shock protein 90 (PfHsp90). The aim of this study was to test the anti-malarial activity of harmine analogues. Methods Forty-two harmine analogues were synthesized and the binding of these analogues to P. falciparum heat shock protein 90 was investigated. The in vitro anti-malarial activity of two of the analogues, 17A and 21A, was evaluated using a 72-h growth inhibition assay. The in vivo anti-malarial activity was tested in Plasmodium berghei infection of BALB/c mice. The potential of 21A for a combination treatment with artemisinin was evaluated using in vivo combination study with dihydro-artemisinin in BALB/c mice. Cytotoxicity of the harmine analogues was tested in vitro using HepG2 and HeLa cell lines. Results 17A and 21A bound to PfHsp90 with average IC50 values of 12.2 ± 2.3 and 23.1 ± 8.8 µM, respectively. They also inhibited the P. falciparum W2 strain with average IC50 values of 4.2 ± 1.3 and 5.7 ± 1.7 µM, respectively. In vivo, three daily injections of P. berghei-infected BALB/c mice with 100 mg/kg of either 17A or 21A showed significant reduction in parasitaemia with a 51.5 and 56.1% reduction, respectively. Mice treated with 17A and 21A showed a median survival time of 11 and 14 days, respectively, while the vehicle control mice survived a median of only 8.5 days. A dose-ranging experiment with 21A showed that the compound has a dose-dependent anti-malarial effect. Furthermore, treatment of infected mice with a combination of 21A and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) showed a dramatic reduction in parasitaemia compared to treatment with DHA alone. Conclusion A novel and non-toxic harmine analogue has been synthesized which binds to PfHsp90 protein, inhibits P. falciparum in vitro at micromolar concentration, reduces parasitaemia and prolongs survival of P. berghei-infected mice with an additive anti-malarial effect when combined with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Genetu Bayih
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MIID and Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Asongna Folefoc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MIID and Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MIID and Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Scott Eagon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Marc Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MIID and Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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27
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Pharmacogenomic implications of the evolutionary history of infectious diseases in Africa. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:112-120. [PMID: 27779243 PMCID: PMC5380847 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the common birthplace of all human populations, modern humans have lived longer on the African continent than in any other geographical region of the world. This long history, along with the evolutionary need to adapt to environmental challenges such as exposure to infectious agents, has led to greater genetic variation in Africans. The vast genetic variation in Africans also extends to genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of pharmaceuticals. Ongoing cataloging of these clinically relevant variants reveals huge allele-frequency differences within and between African populations. Here, we examine Africa's large burden of infectious disease, discuss key examples of known genetic variation modulating disease risk, and provide examples of clinically relevant variants critical for establishing dosing guidelines. We propose that a more systematic characterization of the genetic diversity of African ancestry populations is required if the current benefits of precision medicine are to be extended to these populations.
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28
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Kinnaird JH, Singh M, Gillan V, Weir W, Calder EDD, Hostettler I, Tatu U, Devaney E, Shiels BR. Characterization of HSP90 isoforms in transformed bovine leukocytes infected with Theileria annulata. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27649068 PMCID: PMC5333456 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
HSP90 chaperones are essential regulators of cellular function, as they ensure the appropriate conformation of multiple key client proteins. Four HSP90 isoforms were identified in the protozoan parasite Theileria annulata. Partial characterization was undertaken for three and localization confirmed for cytoplasmic (TA12105), endoplasmic reticulum (TA06470), and apicoplast (TA10720) forms. ATPase activity and binding to the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin were demonstrated for recombinant TA12105, and all three native forms could be isolated to varying extents by binding to geldanamycin beads. Because it is essential, HSP90 is considered a potential therapeutic drug target. Resistance to the only specific Theileriacidal drug is increasing, and one challenge for design of drugs that target the parasite is to limit the effect on the host. An in vitro cell culture system that allows comparison between uninfected bovine cells and the T. annulata‐infected counterpart was utilized to test the effects of geldanamycin and the derivative 17‐AAG. T. annulata‐infected cells had greater tolerance to geldanamycin than uninfected cells yet exhibited significantly more sensitivity to 17‐AAG. These findings suggest that parasite HSP90 isoform(s) can alter the drug sensitivity of infected host cells and that members of the Theileria HSP90 family are potential targets worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H Kinnaird
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Meetali Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Victoria Gillan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - William Weir
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ewen D D Calder
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Isabel Hostettler
- Institute for Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Brian R Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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29
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Tariq A, Adnan M, Amber R, Pan K, Mussarat S, Shinwari ZK. Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016; 15:52. [PMID: 27647140 PMCID: PMC5029062 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-016-0170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis and malaria are the two most common parasitic diseases and responsible for large number of deaths per year particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Majority of Pakistan population rely on medicinal plants due to their low socio-economic status. The present review was designed to gather utmost fragmented published data on traditionally used medicinal plants against leishmaniasis and malaria in Pakistan and their scientific validation. METHODS Pub Med, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ISI Web of knowledge and Flora of Pakistan were searched for the collection of data on ethnomedicinal plants. Total 89 articles were reviewed for present study which was mostly published in English. We selected only those articles in which complete information was given regarding traditional uses of medicinal plants in Pakistan. RESULTS Total of 56 plants (malaria 33, leishmaniasis 23) was found to be used traditionally against reported parasites. Leaves were the most focused plant part both in traditional use and in in vitro screening against both parasites. Most extensively used plant families against Leishmaniasis and Malaria were Lamiaceae and Asteraceae respectively. Out of 56 documented plants only 15 plants (Plasmodia 4, Leishmania 11) were assessed in vitro against these parasites. Mostly crude and ethanolic plant extracts were checked against Leishmania and Plasmodia respectively and showed good inhibition zone. Four pure compounds like artemisinin, physalins and sitosterol extracted from different plants proved their efficacy against these parasites. CONCLUSIONS Present review provides the efficacy and reliability of ethnomedicinal practices and also invites the attention of chemists, pharmacologist and pharmacist to scientifically validate unexplored plants that could lead toward the development of novel anti-malarial and anti-leishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Tariq
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Rahila Amber
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Kaiwen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Sakina Mussarat
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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30
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Wang T, Mäser P, Picard D. Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90 Contributes to the Antimalarial Activities of Aminoalcohol-carbazoles. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6344-52. [PMID: 27312008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) remains a major public health problem throughout the developing world. One molecular target that should receive more attention is the molecular chaperone Hsp90. It is essential and highly conserved in all eukaryotes, including in protozoan parasites. We have identified an amino-alcohol carbazole (N-CBZ) as a PfHsp90-selective inhibitor by virtually docking a large set of antimalarial compounds, previously found in a phenotypic screen, into a PfHsp90-specific pocket. By correlating the ability of 30 additional N-CBZ derivatives to bind directly to PfHsp90 with their Pf-inhibitory activity, we found that these types of compounds are more likely to inhibit Pf growth if they bind PfHsp90. For plausible targets such as PfHsp90, our workflow may help identifying the molecular target for compounds found by screening large chemical libraries for a desired biological effect and, conversely, ensuring biological effectiveness for compounds affecting a particular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Wang
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève , Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel , Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Picard
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève , Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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31
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Giannini G, Battistuzzi G. Exploring in vitro and in vivo Hsp90 inhibitors activity against human protozoan parasites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:462-5. [PMID: 25547934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A set of compounds, previously selected as potent Hsp90α inhibitors, has been studied on a panel of human parasites. 5-Aryl-3,4-isoxazolediamide derivatives (1) were active against two protozoa, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Plasmodium falciparum, with a good tolerability toward cytotoxicity on non-malignant L6 rat myoblast cell line, unlike the 1,5-diaryl,4-carboxamides-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (2) which, while showing a single-digit nM range activity against the same protozoa, were also highly cytotoxic on L6 cells. In a subsequent in vivo study, two isoxazolediamide derivatives, 1a and 1b, were very efficacious on the sleeping sickness-causing agent with a clear parasitaemia during treatment. These data, however, showed that not all protozoa are sensitive to Hsp90 inhibitors, as well as not all Hsp90 inhibitors are equally active on parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giannini
- R&D Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040, Pomezia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Battistuzzi
- R&D Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, I-00040, Pomezia, Roma, Italy
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