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Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pulmonary Rehabilitation: From Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches to Management of Post-Tuberculosis Sequelae. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040569. [PMID: 35455684 PMCID: PMC9027178 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a worldwide public health burden, as more than 1.3 million deaths are expected to be reported in 2021. Even though almost 20 million patients have completed specific anti-TB treatment and survived in 2020, little information is known regarding their pulmonary sequelae, quality of life, and their need to follow rehabilitation services as researchers shifted towards proper diagnosis and treatment rather than analyzing post-disease development. Understanding the underlying immunologic and pathogenic mechanisms during mycobacterial infection, which have been incompletely elucidated until now, and the development of novel anti-TB agents could lead to the proper application of rehabilitation care, as TB sequelae result from interaction between the host and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This review addresses the importance of host immune responses in TB and novel potential anti-TB drugs’ mechanisms, as well as the assessment of risk factors for post-TB disease and usefulness of guidance and optimization of pulmonary rehabilitation. The use of rehabilitation programs for patients who successfully completed anti-tuberculotic treatment represents a potent multifaceted measure in preventing the increase of mortality rates, as researchers conclude that a patient with a TB diagnosis, even when properly completing pharmacotherapy, is threatened by a potential life loss of 4 years, in comparison to healthy individuals. Dissemination of pulmonary rehabilitation services and constant actualization of protocols could strengthen management of post-TB disease among under-resourced individuals.
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Vatlin AA, Shitikov EA, Shahbaaz M, Bespiatykh DA, Klimina KM, Christoffels A, Danilenko VN, Maslov DA. Transcriptomic Profile of Mycobacterium smegmatis in Response to an Imidazo[1,2- b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine Reveals Its Possible Impact on Iron Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:724042. [PMID: 34421882 PMCID: PMC8371482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.724042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria, is one of the most pressing health problems. The development of new drugs and new therapeutic regimens effective against the pathogen is one of the greatest challenges in the way of tuberculosis control. Imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines have shown promising activity against M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis strains. Mutations in MSMEG_1380 lead to mmpS5–mmpL5 operon overexpression, which provides M. smegmatis with efflux-mediated resistance to imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines, but the exact mechanism of action of these compounds remains unknown. To assess the mode of action of imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines, we analyzed the transcriptomic response of M. smegmatis to three different concentrations of 3a compound: 1/8×, 1/4×, and 1/2× MIC. Six groups of genes responsible for siderophore synthesis and transport were upregulated in a dose-dependent manner, while virtual docking revealed proteins involved in siderophore synthesis as possible targets for 3a. Thus, we suggest that imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines may affect mycobacterial iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey A Vatlin
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A Shitikov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mohd Shahbaaz
- South Africa Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dmitry A Bespiatykh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia M Klimina
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alan Christoffels
- South Africa Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valery N Danilenko
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Maslov
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Development of a microfluidic biosensor for the diagnostics and typing of <i>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</i>. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА 2021. [DOI: 10.17816/clinpract71815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Despite on the general trend towards decreasing the incidence of newly diagnosed active forms of tuberculosis, the situation with spreading of this disease in Russian Federation remains extremely tense. At the same time, the diagnosis is carried out according to the standard scheme, which takes about a month; another month takes test formulation for drug sensitivity. Thus, the development of new methods for diagnostics and typing of mycobacteria, as well as practice implementation of these developments is an urgent direction. Modern developments in the field of microfluidic technologies open up great opportunities in this direction. Aim. Development of a method for identification and typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a label-free biosensor on surface waves in a one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC SM biosensor). Methods. Oligonucleotide probes were selected and synthesized as DNA targets for M. tuberculosis typing. The photonic crystal surface was modified with aqueous solutions of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, Leuconostoc mesenteroides dextrans and bovine serum albumin. Experiments were carried out using a PC SM biosensor. Results. Sequences of detecting oligonucleotide probes were selected for spoligotyping of M. tuberculosis on the PC SM biosensor. Modification of their 3'-ends was carried out in order to create extended single-stranded regions that are not subject to the formation of secondary structures and facilitate hybridization with a single-stranded DNA target. Several series of experimental modifications of the PC surface were carried out by using L. mesenteroides dextrans with different functional groups (including detection of the modification results real time) with simultaneous registration of the increment layer size and volume refractive index of the mixture, which excludes the use of a reference cell. Other experiments were carried out to detect the specific binding of biotinylated oligonucleotide probes to the modified PC surface. Conclusions. A technique for the design of probes was developed and a model system of oligonucleotides for the detection of single-stranded DNA using a PC biosensor was proposed. The developed technique of modification of the PC surface with dextrans from L. mesenteroides, which allows to increase the sensitivity of detection of oligonucleotides using the PC SM biosensor. This approach will further expand the panel of diagnostic probes, including identification of resistance markers.
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Kornienko M, Fisunov G, Bespiatykh D, Kuptsov N, Gorodnichev R, Klimina K, Kulikov E, Ilina E, Letarov A, Shitikov E. Transcriptional Landscape of Staphylococcus aureus Kayvirus Bacteriophage vB_SauM-515A1. Viruses 2020; 12:E1320. [PMID: 33213043 PMCID: PMC7698491 DOI: 10.3390/v12111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Twort-like myoviruses (Kayvirus genus) of S. aureus are promising agents for bacteriophage therapy due to a broad host range and high killing activity against clinical isolates. This work improves the current understanding of the phage infection physiology by transcriptome analysis. The expression profiles of a typical member of the Kayvirus genus (vB_SauM-515A1) were obtained at three time-points post-infection using RNA sequencing. A total of 35 transcription units comprising 238 ORFs were established. The sequences for 58 early and 12 late promoters were identified in the phage genome. The early promoters represent the strong sigma-70 promoters consensus sequence and control the host-dependent expression of 26 transcription units (81% of genes). The late promoters exclusively controlled the expression of four transcription units, while the transcription of the other five units was directed by both types of promoters. The characteristic features of late promoters were long -10 box of TGTTATATTA consensus sequence and the absence of -35 boxes. The data obtained are also of general interest, demonstrating a strategy of the phage genome expression with a broad overlap of the early and late transcription phases without any middle transcription, which is unusual for the large phage genomes (>100 kbp).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kornienko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Gleb Fisunov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Dmitry Bespiatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Nikita Kuptsov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Roman Gorodnichev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Ksenia Klimina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Eugene Kulikov
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Elena Ilina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Andrey Letarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Egor Shitikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
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Veselovsky VA, Dyachkova MS, Menyaylo EA, Polyaeva PS, Olekhnovich EI, Shitikov EA, Bespiatykh DA, Semashko TA, Kasianov AS, Ilina EN, Danilenko VN, Klimina KM. Gene Networks Underlying the Resistance of Bifidobacterium longum to Inflammatory Factors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595877. [PMID: 33304352 PMCID: PMC7701253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As permanent residents of the normal gut microbiota, bifidobacteria have evolved to adapt to the host’s immune response whose priority is to eliminate pathogenic agents. The mechanisms that ensure the survival of commensals during inflammation and maintain the stability of the core component of the normal gut microbiota in such conditions remain poorly understood. We propose a new in vitro approach to study the mechanisms of resistance to immune response factors based on high-throughput sequencing followed by transcriptome analysis. This approach allowed us to detect differentially expressed genes associated with inflammation. In this study, we demonstrated that the presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα to the growth medium of the B. longum subsp. longum GT15 strain changes the latter’s growth rate insignificantly while affecting the expression of certain genes. We identified these genes and performed a COG and a KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Using phylogenetic profiling we predicted the operons of genes whose expression was triggered by the cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in vitro. By mapping the transcription start points, we experimentally validated the predicted operons. Thus, in this study, we predicted the genes involved in a putative signaling pathway underlying the mechanisms of resistance to inflammatory factors in bifidobacteria. Since bifidobacteria are a major component of the human intestinal microbiota exhibiting pronounced anti-inflammatory properties, this study is of great practical and scientific relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Veselovsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina S Dyachkova
- Department of Biotechnology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A Menyaylo
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Polina S Polyaeva
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Evgenii I Olekhnovich
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A Shitikov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Bespiatykh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Semashko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem S Kasianov
- Department of Biotechnology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Laboratory of Plant Genomics, The Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Ilina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriy N Danilenko
- Department of Biotechnology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Ecology, International Institute for Strategic Development of Sectoral Economics Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia M Klimina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Bespyatykh J, Bespiatykh D, Malakhova M, Klimina K, Bespyatykh A, Varizhuk A, Tevyashova A, Nikolenko T, Pozmogova G, Ilina E, Shitikov E. Aureolic Acid Group of Agents as Potential Antituberculosis Drugs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E715. [PMID: 33086595 PMCID: PMC7650759 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous pathogens. Bacterial resistance to antituberculosis drugs grows each year, but searching for new drugs is a long process. Testing for available drugs to find active against mycobacteria may be a good alternative. In this work, antibiotics of the aureolic acid group were tested on a model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. We presumed that antibiotics of this group may be potential G4 ligands. However, this was not confirmed in our analyses. We determined the antimicrobial activity of these drugs and revealed morphological changes in the cell structure upon treatment. Transcriptomic analysis documented increased expression of MSMEG_3743/soj and MSMEG_4228/ftsW, involved in cell division. Therefore, drugs may affect cell division, possibly disrupting the function of the Z-ring and the formation of a septum. Additionally, a decrease in the transcription level of several indispensable genes, such as nitrate reductase subunits (MSMEG_5137/narI and MSMEG_5139/narX) and MSMEG_3205/hisD was shown. We concluded that the mechanism of action of aureolic acid and its related compounds may be similar to that bedaquiline and disturb the NAD+/NADH balance in the cell. All of this allowed us to conclude that aureolic acid derivatives can be considered as potential antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bespyatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Dmitry Bespiatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Maja Malakhova
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Ksenia Klimina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Andrey Bespyatykh
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Anna Varizhuk
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Tatiana Nikolenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Pozmogova
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Ilina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Egor Shitikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
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Vatlin AA, Klimina KM, Frolova SG, Danilenko VN, Maslov DA. Transcriptomic dataset of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis exposed to an imidazo[1,2- b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine. Data Brief 2020; 31:105805. [PMID: 32566706 PMCID: PMC7298395 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanism of action of novel anti-tuberculosis compounds is a key step in the drug development process. We have previously described a number of imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines with a promising activity on Mycobacterium tuberculosis[1]. These compounds had predicted activity as serine‑threonine protein kinase inhibitors, however spontaneous drug resistant Mycolicibacterium smegmatis mc 2 155 (formerly Mycobacterium smegmatis) revealed only the mycobacterial mechanism of resistance to imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines: mutations in MSMEG_1380 gene lead to overexpression of the mmpS5-mmpL5 operon in M. smegmatis, thus providing resistance to imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines via enhanced efflux [2]. Here we report the RNA sequencing data of M. smegmatis mc 2 155 culture treated with one of the imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines for 1.5 h and the untreated culture as a control. The mapped reads showed that a total of 1386 genes are differentially expressed in this experiment. A further analysis of these data can shed light of the mechanism of action of imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines. The data generated by RNA-seq (raw reads) have been deposited to NCBI sequence read archive (SRA) and have been assigned a BioProject accession number PRJNA615922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey A. Vatlin
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Ksenia M. Klimina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Svetlana G. Frolova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia
| | - Valery N. Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Maslov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis, Infection Prevention and Treatment. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050385. [PMID: 32443469 PMCID: PMC7281116 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and it represents a persistent public health threat for a number of complex biological and sociological reasons. According to the most recent Global Tuberculosis Report (2019) edited by the World Health Organization (WHO), TB is considered the ninth cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of mortality by a single infectious agent, with the highest rate of infections and death toll rate mostly concentrated in developing and low-income countries. We present here the editorial section to the Special Issue entitled “Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis, Infection Prevention and Treatment” that includes 7 research articles and a review. The scientific contributions included in the Special Issue mainly focus on the characterization of MTB strains emerging in TB endemic countries as well as on multiple mechanisms adopted by the bacteria to resist and to adapt to antitubercular therapies.
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