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Lasalo M, Jauffrais T, Georgel P, Matsui M. Marine Microorganism Molecules as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:405. [PMID: 39330286 DOI: 10.3390/md22090405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The marine environment represents a formidable source of biodiversity, is still largely unexplored, and has high pharmacological potential. Indeed, several bioactive marine natural products (MNPs), including immunomodulators, have been identified in the past decades. Here, we review how this reservoir of bioactive molecules could be mobilized to develop novel anti-inflammatory compounds specially produced by or derived from marine microorganisms. After a detailed description of the MNPs exerting immunomodulatory potential and their biological target, we will briefly discuss the challenges associated with discovering anti-inflammatory compounds from marine microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia Lasalo
- Group Bioactivities of Natural Compounds and Derivatives (BIONA), Institut Pasteur of New Caledonia, Member of the Pasteur Network, Noumea 98845, New Caledonia
| | - Thierry Jauffrais
- Ifremer, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, Noumea 98897, New Caledonia
| | - Philippe Georgel
- Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, University of Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mariko Matsui
- Group Bioactivities of Natural Compounds and Derivatives (BIONA), Institut Pasteur of New Caledonia, Member of the Pasteur Network, Noumea 98845, New Caledonia
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2
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Mammoliti O, Martina S, Claes P, Coti G, Blanque R, Jagerschmidt C, Shoji K, Borgonovi M, De Vos S, Marsais F, Oste L, Quinton E, López-Ramos M, Amantini D, Brys R, Jimenez JM, Galien R, van der Plas S. Discovery of GLPG3667, a Selective ATP Competitive Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8545-8568. [PMID: 38805213 PMCID: PMC11181332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) mediates cytokine signaling through type 1 interferon, interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23, and the IL-10 family. There appears to be an association between TYK2 genetic variants and inflammatory conditions, and clinical evidence suggests that selective inhibition of TYK2 could produce a unique therapeutic profile. Here, we describe the discovery of compound 9 (GLPG3667), a reversible and selective TYK2 adenosine triphosphate competitive inhibitor in development for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The preclinical pharmacokinetic profile was favorable, and TYK2 selectivity was confirmed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood assays. Dermal ear inflammation was reduced in an IL-23-induced in vivo mouse model of psoriasis. GLPG3667 also completed a phase 1b study (NCT04594928) in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis where clinical effect was shown within the 4 weeks of treatment and it is now in phase 2 trials for the treatment of dermatomyositis (NCT05695950) and systemic lupus erythematosus (NCT05856448).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mammoliti
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter Claes
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ghjuvanni Coti
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Roland Blanque
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Kenji Shoji
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Monica Borgonovi
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Steve De Vos
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Florence Marsais
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Line Oste
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Quinton
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - David Amantini
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - René Galien
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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3
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Kim JH, Samra MS. Moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in children: focus on systemic Th2 cytokine receptor antagonists and Janus kinase inhibitors. Clin Exp Pediatr 2024; 67:64-79. [PMID: 37321570 PMCID: PMC10839191 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2022.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a lifelong disease that markedly impairs quality of life. AD is considered a starting point of the "atopic march," which begins at a young age and may progress to systemic allergic diseases. Moreover, it is strongly associated with comorbid allergic and inflammatory diseases including arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Understanding the pathogenesis of AD is essential for the development of targeted therapies. Epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune deviation toward a T helper 2 proinflammatory profile, and microbiome dysbiosis play important roles via complex interactions. The systemic involvement of type 2 inflammation, wheather acute or chronic, and whether extrinsic or intrinsic, is evident in any type of AD. Studies on AD endotypes with unique biological mechanisms have been conducted according to clinical phenotypes, such as race or age, but the endotype for each phenotype, or endophenotype, has not yet been clearly identified. Therefore, AD is still being treated according to severity rather than endotype. Infancy-onset and severe AD are known risk factors leading to atopic march. In addition, up to 40% of adult AD are cases of infancy-onset AD that persist into adulthood, and these are often accompanied by other allergic diseases. Therefore, early intervention strategies to identify high-risk infants and young children, repair an impaired skin barrier, and control systemic inflamation may improve long-term outcomes in AD patients. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the effectiveness of early intervention on atopic march using systemic therapy in high-risk infants. This narrative review addresses the latest knowledge of systemic treatment, including Th2 cytokine receptor antagonists and Janus kinase inhibitors, for children with moderate to severe AD that is refractory to topical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Mona Salem Samra
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- Staffordshire Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Staffordshire, UK
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4
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Gadina M. JAK inhibitors: Is specificity at all relevant? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2024; 64S:152327. [PMID: 38007359 PMCID: PMC10939910 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are soluble factors that affect host defense and maintain immune homeostasis. Altered cytokine production leads to a dysfunctional immune responses and immune-related diseases. Cytokines bind to specific receptors and trigger various intracellular signaling cascades and targeting cytokines and/or their receptors has been effective in treating inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVES Type I and II cytokine receptors activate four Janus kinases (JAKs), namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 and targeting of these enzymes resulted in the development of successful drugs now referred as JAK inhibitors or JAKinibs. RESULTS JAKinibs can be divided in three "generations." First-generation JAKinibs, molecules acting in an orthosteric manner, inhibit multiple JAKs and interfere with the biologic activity of many factors. With the idea of reducing side effects, second-generation JAKinibs, still orthosteric ATP competitors, have been developed with increased selectivity towards one or two JAKs. Third-generation JAKinibs have exploited our increased understanding of the structure and function of JAK domains and are allosteric inhibitors as they bind to specific residues in the pseudokinase domain. These third generation JAKInb indeed seems to possess a better safety profile. Notably, inhibition of cytokine activity in specific tissues could be more important than selective enzymatic blockade and for this reason, topical, inhaled, or as a non-absorbable JAKinibs are also being developed. CONCLUSIONS While JAKinibs entered the clinical arena about ten years ago, our understanding of these drugs and their selectivity relative to their activity and safety is still incomplete. More research is therefore needed to achieve better usage of these class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Taylor PC, Choy E, Baraliakos X, Szekanecz Z, Xavier RM, Isaacs JD, Strengholt S, Parmentier JM, Lippe R, Tanaka Y. Differential properties of Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:298-308. [PMID: 37624925 PMCID: PMC10836981 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of cytosolic tyrosine kinases that regulate cytokine signal transduction, including cytokines involved in a range of inflammatory diseases, such as RA, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and IBD. Several small-molecule JAK inhibitors (JAKis) are now approved for the treatment of various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. There are, however, key differences between these agents that could potentially translate into unique clinical profiles. Each JAKi has a unique chemical structure, resulting in a distinctive mode of binding within the catalytic cleft of the target JAK, and giving rise to distinct pharmacological characteristics. In addition, the available agents have differing selectivity for JAK isoforms, as well as off-target effects against non-JAKs. Other differences include effects on haematological parameters, DNA damage repair, reproductive toxicity and metabolism/elimination. Here we review the pharmacological profiles of the JAKis abrocitinib, baricitinib, filgotinib, peficitinib, tofacitinib and upadacitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Taylor
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ernest Choy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Zoltan Szekanecz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ricardo M Xavier
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Julie M Parmentier
- Immunology Precision Medicine, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Lippe
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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6
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Castelo-Soccio L, Kim H, Gadina M, Schwartzberg PL, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ. Protein kinases: drug targets for immunological disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:787-806. [PMID: 37188939 PMCID: PMC10184645 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play a major role in cellular activation processes, including signal transduction by diverse immunoreceptors. Given their roles in cell growth and death and in the production of inflammatory mediators, targeting kinases has proven to be an effective treatment strategy, initially as anticancer therapies, but shortly thereafter in immune-mediated diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the status of small molecule inhibitors specifically generated to target protein kinases relevant to immune cell function, with an emphasis on those approved for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. The development of inhibitors of Janus kinases that target cytokine receptor signalling has been a particularly active area, with Janus kinase inhibitors being approved for the treatment of multiple autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as COVID-19. In addition, TEC family kinase inhibitors (including Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors) targeting antigen receptor signalling have been approved for haematological malignancies and graft versus host disease. This experience provides multiple important lessons regarding the importance (or not) of selectivity and the limits to which genetic information informs efficacy and safety. Many new agents are being generated, along with new approaches for targeting kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Kim
- Juvenile Myositis Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Yang Y, Wang L, Peugnet-González I, Parada-Venegas D, Dijkstra G, Faber KN. cGAS-STING signaling pathway in intestinal homeostasis and diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239142. [PMID: 37781354 PMCID: PMC10538549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to commensal microbes, opportunistic pathogens, toxins, luminal components and other environmental stimuli. The intestinal mucosa consists of multiple differentiated cellular and extracellular components that form a critical barrier, but is also equipped for efficient absorption of nutrients. Combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are known as critical components involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. The innate immune system plays a critical role in the recognition and elimination of potential threats by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This host defense is facilitated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), in which the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway has gained attention due to its role in sensing host and foreign double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as well as cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) produced by bacteria. Upon binding with dsDNA, cGAS converts ATP and GTP to cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which binds to STING and activates TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), inducing type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines, which have diverse effects on innate and adaptive immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). However, opposite perspectives exist regarding the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in different intestinal diseases. Activation of cGAS-STING signaling is associated with worse clinical outcomes in inflammation-associated diseases, while it also plays a critical role in protection against tumorigenesis and certain infections. Therefore, understanding the context-dependent mechanisms of the cGAS-STING pathway in the physiopathology of the intestinal mucosa is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies targeting the cGAS-STING pathway. This review aims to provide insight into recent findings of the protective and detrimental roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Peugnet-González
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Daniela Parada-Venegas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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8
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Henry SP, Jorgensen WL. Progress on the Pharmacological Targeting of Janus Pseudokinases. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10959-10990. [PMID: 37578217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are key components of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and are involved in myriad physiological processes. Though they are the molecular targets of many FDA-approved drugs, these drugs manifest adverse effects due in part to their inhibition of the requisite JAK kinase activity. However, the JAKs uniquely possess an integrated pseudokinase domain (JH2) that regulates the adjacent kinase domain (JH1). The therapeutic targeting of JH2 domains has been less thoroughly explored and may present an avenue to modulate the JAKs without the adverse effects associated with targeting the adjacent JH1 domain. The potential of this strategy was recently demonstrated with the FDA approval of the TYK2 JH2 ligand deucravacitinib for treating plaque psoriasis. In this light, the structure and targetability of the JAK pseudokinases are discussed, in conjunction with the state of development of ligands that bind to these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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9
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Irani M, Fan C, Glassner K, Abraham BP. Clinical Evaluation of Upadacitinib in the Treatment of Adults with Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Patient Selection and Reported Outcomes. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2023; 16:21-28. [PMID: 36915649 PMCID: PMC10007976 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s367086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses appropriate patient selection for upadacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor approved by the FDA and EMA for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC). Janus kinase molecules can contribute to the inflammatory pathway, so inhibiting certain of them may prove efficacious in treating UC and may reduce safety concerns. Upadacitinib is the newest Janus kinase inhibitor to be approved for UC, so it is timely and relevant to review patient selection and when to consider this medication. We will discuss efficacy and safety data from the pivotal clinical trials on upadacitinib. These data can be shared with patients and can inform the use of these agents in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Irani
- Houston Methodist Gastroenterology Associates, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Fan
- Houston Methodist Gastroenterology Associates, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kerri Glassner
- Houston Methodist Gastroenterology Associates, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bincy P Abraham
- Houston Methodist Gastroenterology Associates, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Roskoski R. Deucravacitinib is an allosteric TYK2 protein kinase inhibitor FDA-approved for the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106642. [PMID: 36754102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a heterogeneous, inflammatory, autoimmune skin disease that affects up to 2% of the world's population. There are many treatment modalities including topical medicines, ultraviolet light therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and several oral medications. Cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of this disorder including TNF-α, (tumor necrosis factor-α) IL-17A (interleukin-17A), IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-23. Cytokine signaling involves transduction mediated by the JAK-STAT pathway. There are four JAKS (JAK1/2/3 and TYK2) and six STATS (signal transducer and activators of transcription). Janus kinases contain an inactive JH2 domain that is aminoterminal to the active JH1 domain. Under basal conditions, the JH2 domain inhibits the activity of the JH1 domain. Deucravacitinib is an orally effective N-trideuteromethyl-pyridazine derivative that targets and stabilizes the TYK2 JH2 domain and thereby blocks TYK2 JH1 activity. Seven other JAK inhibitors, which target the JAK family JH1 domain, are prescribed for the treatment of neoplastic and other inflammatory diseases. The use of deuterium in the trimethylamide decreases the rate of demethylation and slows the production of a metabolite that is active against a variety of targets in addition to TYK2. A second unique aspect in the development of deucravacitinib is the targeting of a pseudokinase domain. Deucravacitinib is rather specific for TYK2 and its toxic effects are much less than those of the other FDA-approved JAK inhibitors. The successful development of deucravacitinib may stimulate the development of additional pseudokinase ligands for the JAK family and for other kinase families as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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11
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Nielsen OH, Boye TL, Gubatan J, Chakravarti D, Jaquith JB, LaCasse EC. Selective JAK1 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108402. [PMID: 37004800 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, also known as jakinibs, are third-generation oral small molecules that have expanded the therapeutic options for the management of chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tofacitinib, a pan-JAK inhibitor, has spearheaded the new JAK class for IBD treatment. Unfortunately, serious adverse effects, including cardiovascular complications such as pulmonary embolism and venous thromboembolism or even death from any cause, have been reported for tofacitinib. However, it is anticipated that next-generation selective JAK inhibitors may limit the development of serious adverse events, leading to a safer treatment course with these novel targeted therapies. Nevertheless, although this drug class was recently introduced, following the launch of second-generation biologics in the late 1990s, it is breaking new ground and has been shown to efficiently modulate complex cytokine-driven inflammation in both preclinical models and human studies. Herein, we review the clinical opportunities for targeting JAK1 signaling in the pathophysiology of IBD, the biology and chemistry underpinning these target-selective compounds, and their mechanisms of actions. We also discuss the potential for these inhibitors in efforts to balance their benefits and harms.
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12
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Gomez-Mantilla JD, Huang F, Peters SA. Can Mechanistic Static Models for Drug-Drug Interactions Support Regulatory Filing for Study Waivers and Label Recommendations? Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:457-480. [PMID: 36752991 PMCID: PMC10042977 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mechanistic static and dynamic physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are used in clinical drug development to assess the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Currently, the use of mechanistic static models is restricted to screening DDI risk for an investigational drug, while dynamic physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are used for quantitative predictions of DDIs to support regulatory filing. As physiologically based pharmacokinetic model development by sponsors as well as a review of models by regulators require considerable resources, we explored the possibility of using mechanistic static models to support regulatory filing, using representative cases of successful physiologically based pharmacokinetic submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration under different classes of applications. METHODS Drug-drug interaction predictions with mechanistic static models were done for representative cases in the different classes of applications using the same data and modelling workflow as described in the Food and Drug Administration clinical pharmacology reviews. We investigated the hypothesis that the use of unbound average steady-state concentrations of modulators as driver concentrations in the mechanistic static models should lead to the same conclusions as those from physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling for non-dynamic measures of DDI risk assessment such as the area under the plasma concentration-time curve ratio, provided the same input data are employed for the interacting drugs. RESULTS Drug-drug interaction predictions of area under the plasma concentration-time curve ratios using mechanistic static models were mostly comparable to those reported in the Food and Drug Administration reviews using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for all representative cases in the different classes of applications. CONCLUSIONS The results reported in this study should encourage the use of models that best fit an intended purpose, limiting the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to those applications that leverage its unique strengths, such as what-if scenario testing to understand the effect of dose staggering, evaluating the role of uptake and efflux transporters, extrapolating DDI effects from studied to unstudied populations, or assessing the impact of DDIs on the exposure of a victim drug with concurrent mechanisms. With this first step, we hope to trigger a scientific discussion on the value of a routine comparison of the two methods for regulatory submissions to potentially create a best practice that could help identify examples where the use of dynamic changes in modulator concentrations could make a difference to DDI risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose David Gomez-Mantilla
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, TMCP Therapeutic Areas, Binger Str. 173, 55218, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Sheila Annie Peters
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, TMCP Therapeutic Areas, Binger Str. 173, 55218, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
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13
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Zalewski A, Szepietowski JC. Topical and systemic JAK inhibitors in hand eczema - a narrative review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:365-373. [PMID: 36708316 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2174526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hand eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by significant prevalence and impact on patients' Quality of Life (QoL). Because of its complex and diverse clinical picture, HE management requires patient-specific treatment which may constitute a challenge. First described in the 1990s, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK inhibitors) state a group of modern therapeuticals, which exhibit good bioavailability and are well tolerated by patients in both - topical and systemic - routes of administration. They are an immunomodulating small molecules, impacting JAKs' enzymatic activity. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of available data concerning JAK inhibitors' use in HE patients, regarding also clinical trials for the HE treatment. EXPERT OPINION Recent studies are introducing JAK inhibitors as an alternative for other topical and systemic therapies in HE patients. Treatment targeting specific immune pathways enables precise management and extends range of potential therapeutic options. Despite early promising results, future studies need to evaluate JAK inhibitors' safety, potential risks and benefits resulting from the treatment, as well as impact of the therapy on patients' QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zalewski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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Jain NK, Tailang M, Jain HK, Chandrasekaran B, Sahoo BM, Subramanian A, Thangavel N, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Alagusundaram M, Kumar S, Selvam P. Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1135145. [PMID: 37021053 PMCID: PMC10067607 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1135145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by hyperinflammation induced by cytokine storm, ARDS leading to multiorgan failure and death. JAK-STAT signaling has been implicated in immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 infection under different stages such as viral entry, escaping innate immunity, replication, and subsequent inflammatory processes. Prompted by this fact and prior utilization as an immunomodulatory agent for several autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory conditions, Jakinibs have been recognized as validated small molecules targeting the rapid release of proinflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-6, and GM-CSF. Various clinical trials are under investigation to evaluate Jakinibs as potential candidates for treating COVID-19. Till date, there is only one small molecule Jakinib known as baricitinib has received FDA-approval as a standalone immunomodulatory agent in treating critical COVID-19 patients. Though various meta-analyses have confirmed and validated the safety and efficacy of Jakinibs, further studies are required to understand the elaborated pathogenesis of COVID-19, duration of Jakinib treatment, and assess the combination therapeutic strategies. In this review, we highlighted JAK-STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and clinically approved Jakinibs. Moreover, this review described substantially the promising use of Jakinibs and discussed their limitations in the context of COVID-19 therapy. Hence, this review article provides a concise, yet significant insight into the therapeutic implications of Jakinibs as potential anti-COVID agents which opens up a new horizon in the treatment of COVID-19, effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nem Kumar Jain
- School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mukul Tailang
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Jain
- Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Balakumar Chandrasekaran, ; Palani Selvam,
| | - Biswa Mohan Sahoo
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Anandhalakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neelaveni Thangavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Alagusundaram
- School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- School of Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Palani Selvam
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jijiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Balakumar Chandrasekaran, ; Palani Selvam,
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Henry SP, Liosi ME, Ippolito JA, Menges F, Newton AS, Schlessinger J, Jorgensen WL. Covalent Modification of the JH2 Domain of Janus Kinase 2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1819-1826. [PMID: 36385940 PMCID: PMC9661697 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Probe molecules that covalently modify the JAK2 pseudokinase domain (JH2) are reported. Selective targeting of JH2 domains over the kinase (JH1) domains is a necessary feature for ligands intended to evaluate JH2 domains as therapeutic targets. The JH2 domains of three Janus kinases (JAK1, JAK2, and TYK2) possess a cysteine residue in the catalytic loop that does not occur in their JH1 domains. Starting from a non-selective kinase binding molecule, computer-aided design directed attachment of substituents terminating in acrylamide warheads to modify Cys675 of JAK2 JH2. Successful covalent attachment was demonstrated first through observation of enhanced binding with increasing incubation time in fluorescence polarization experiments. Covalent binding also increased selectivity to as much as ca. 30-fold for binding the JAK2 JH2 domain over the JH1 domain after a 20-h incubation. Covalency was confirmed through HPLC electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight HRMS experiments, which revealed the expected mass shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Henry
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Maria-Elena Liosi
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Joseph A. Ippolito
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Fabian Menges
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Ana S. Newton
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Joseph Schlessinger
- Department
of Pharmacology, Yale University School
of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - William L. Jorgensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Inflammation Causes Exacerbation of COVID-19: How about Skin Inflammation? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012260. [PMID: 36293117 PMCID: PMC9603600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a recently emerged viral infection worldwide. SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, is believed to have emerged from bat coronaviruses, probably through host conversion. The bat coronavirus which has the highest gene homology to SARS-CoV-2 specifically infects deep forest bats in China whose habitat extends through the Middle East to Southern Europe. Host conversion might have occurred due to the deforestation by humans exposing wild bats to the environment they had never encountered before. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through two mechanisms: through its receptor ACE2 with the help of enzyme TMPRSS and through membrane fusion with the help of elastases in the inflammatory condition. Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and pulmonary diseases cause poor prognosis of COVID-19. Aging is another factor promoting poor prognosis. These diseases and aging cause low-level and persistent inflammation in humans, which can promote poor prognosis of COVID-19. Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are the major inflammatory skin diseases. These inflammatory skin conditions, however, do not seem to cause poor prognosis for COVID-19 based on the epidemiological data accumulated so far. These mechanisms need to be elucidated.
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Iglesias M, Brennan DC, Larsen CP, Raimondi G. Targeting inflammation and immune activation to improve CTLA4-Ig-based modulation of transplant rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926648. [PMID: 36119093 PMCID: PMC9478663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last few decades, Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI)-based therapy has been the pillar of immunosuppression for prevention of organ transplant rejection. However, despite exerting effective control of acute rejection in the first year post-transplant, prolonged CNI use is associated with significant side effects and is not well suited for long term allograft survival. The implementation of Costimulation Blockade (CoB) therapies, based on the interruption of T cell costimulatory signals as strategy to control allo-responses, has proven potential for better management of transplant recipients compared to CNI-based therapies. The use of the biologic cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4)-Ig is the most successful approach to date in this arena. Following evaluation of the BENEFIT trials, Belatacept, a high-affinity version of CTLA4-Ig, has been FDA approved for use in kidney transplant recipients. Despite its benefits, the use of CTLA4-Ig as a monotherapy has proved to be insufficient to induce long-term allograft acceptance in several settings. Multiple studies have demonstrated that events that induce an acute inflammatory response with the consequent release of proinflammatory cytokines, and an abundance of allograft-reactive memory cells in the recipient, can prevent the induction of or break established immunomodulation induced with CoB regimens. This review highlights advances in our understanding of the factors and mechanisms that limit CoB regimens efficacy. We also discuss recent successes in experimentally designing complementary therapies that favor CTLA4-Ig effect, affording a better control of transplant rejection and supporting their clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Iglesias
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Giorgio Raimondi, ; Marcos Iglesias,
| | - Daniel C. Brennan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christian P. Larsen
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Giorgio Raimondi
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Giorgio Raimondi, ; Marcos Iglesias,
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A Comprehensive Overview of Globally Approved JAK Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051001. [PMID: 35631587 PMCID: PMC9146299 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of cytoplasmic non-receptor tyrosine kinases that includes four members, namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. The JAKs transduce cytokine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway, which regulates the transcription of several genes involved in inflammatory, immune, and cancer conditions. Targeting the JAK family kinases with small-molecule inhibitors has proved to be effective in the treatment of different types of diseases. In the current review, eleven of the JAK inhibitors that received approval for clinical use have been discussed. These drugs are abrocitinib, baricitinib, delgocitinib, fedratinib, filgotinib, oclacitinib, pacritinib, peficitinib, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, and upadacitinib. The aim of the current review was to provide an integrated overview of the chemical and pharmacological data of the globally approved JAK inhibitors. The synthetic routes of the eleven drugs were described. In addition, their inhibitory activities against different kinases and their pharmacological uses have also been explained. Moreover, their crystal structures with different kinases were summarized, with a primary focus on their binding modes and interactions. The proposed metabolic pathways and metabolites of these drugs were also illustrated. To sum up, the data in the current review could help in the design of new JAK inhibitors with potential therapeutic benefits in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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