Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor Roflumilast-Mediated Protective Effect in Sepsis-Induced Late-Phase Event of Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review

Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR: A biomarker and therapeutic target in urological tumors

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) significantly influence gene regulation across epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels through their interactions with DNA, RNA, and proteins. There is growing evidence of lncRNAs' critical roles in the emergence and progression of various diseases, including urological tumors (UTs), such as cancers of the kidney, bladder, and prostate. Research increasingly links lncRNA dysregulation to diverse cellular processes like invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and chromatin remodeling. Among these, HOTAIR stands out for its pivotal role in oncogenesis, impacting treatment resistance, cell migration, proliferation, survival, and genomic integrity. This review provides an overview of HOTAIR's functions, its identification, and its biological significance. Furthermore, it delves into HOTAIR's involvement in UTs, underlining its potential as a therapeutic target and biomarker for innovative approaches to treating these cancers.

Noncoding RNAs in hepatitis: Unraveling the apoptotic pathways

Hepatitis is a worldwide health issue that causes inflammation of the liver and is frequently brought on by viral infections, specifically those caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses. Although the pathophysiological causes of hepatitis are complex, recent research indicates that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating apoptosis, an essential process for maintaining liver homeostasis and advancing the illness. Noncoding RNAs have been linked to several biological processes, including apoptosis. These RNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Distinct expression patterns characterising different stages of the disease have been discovered, indicating dysregulation of these non-coding RNAs in liver tissues infected with hepatitis. The complex interplay that exists between these noncoding RNAs and apoptotic effectors, including caspases and members of the Bcl-2 family, plays a role in the precarious equilibrium that regulates cell survival and death during hepatitis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of ncRNA-mediated apoptosis in hepatitis, as well as insights into possible therapeutic targets and diagnostic indicators.

Prediction of drug-drug interactions between roflumilast and CYP3A4/1A2 perpetrators using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approach

This study aimed to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict changes in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD, PDE4 inhibition) of roflumilast (ROF) and ROF N-oxide when co-administered with eight CYP3A4/1A2 perpetrators. The population PBPK model of ROF and ROF N-oxide has been successfully developed and validated based on the four clinical PK studies and five clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs) studies. In PK simulations, every ratio of prediction to observation for PK parameters fell within the range 0.7 to 1.5. In DDI simulations, except for tow peak concentration ratios (Cmax) of ROF with rifampicin (prediction: 0.63 vs. observation: 0.19) and with cimetidine (prediction: 1.07 vs. observation: 1.85), the remaining predicted ratios closely matched the observed ratios. Additionally, the PBPK model suggested that co-administration with the three perpetrators (cimetidine, enoxacin, and fluconazole) may use with caution, with CYP3A4 strong inhibitor (ketoconazole and itraconazole) or with dual CYP3A41A2 inhibitor (fluvoxamine) may reduce to half-dosage or use with caution, while co-administration with CYP3A4 strong or moderate inducer (rifampicin, efavirenz) should avoid. Overall, the present PBPK model can provide recommendations for adjusting dosing regimens in the presence of DDIs.