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Gowda K, Raza A, Vangala V, Lone NA, Lin JM, Singh JK, Srivastava SK, Schell TD, Robertson GP, Amin S, Sharma AK. Identification of Novel Isatin Derivative Bearing a Nitrofuran Moiety as Potent Multi-Isoform Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitor. Molecules 2024; 29:3114. [PMID: 38999066 PMCID: PMC11243058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a family of enzymes that aid in detoxification and are overexpressed in several different malignancies. There is a correlation between increased expression of ALDH and a poor prognosis, stemness, and resistance to several drugs. Several ALDH inhibitors have been generated due to the crucial role that ALDH plays in cancer stem cells. All of these inhibitors, however, are either ineffective, very toxic, or have yet to be subjected to rigorous testing on their effectiveness. Although various drug-like compounds targeting ALDH have been reported in the literature, none have made it to routine use in the oncology clinic. As a result, new potent, non-toxic, bioavailable, and therapeutically effective ALDH inhibitors are still needed. In this study, we designed and synthesized potent multi-ALDH isoform inhibitors based on the isatin and indazole pharmacophore. Molecular docking studies and enzymatic tests revealed that among all of the synthesized analogs, compound 3 is the most potent inhibitor of ALDH1A1, ALDH3A1, and ALDH1A3, exhibiting 51.32%, 51.87%, and 36.65% inhibition, respectively. The ALDEFLUOR assay further revealed that compound 3 acts as an ALDH broad spectrum inhibitor at 500 nM. Compound 3 was also the most cytotoxic to cancer cells, with an IC50 in the range of 2.1 to 3.8 µM for ovarian, colon, and pancreatic cancer cells, compared to normal and embryonic kidney cells (IC50 7.1 to 8.7 µM). Mechanistically, compound 3 increased ROS activity due to potent multi-ALDH isoform inhibition, which increased apoptosis. Taken together, this study identified a potent multi-isoform ALDH inhibitor that could be further developed as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Venugopal Vangala
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nazir Ahmad Lone
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jyh Ming Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine Hershey, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jaikee Kumar Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, India (S.K.S.)
| | | | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine Hershey, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gavin P. Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Dermatology, Surgery, Melanoma Skin Cancer Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine Hershey, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Roh J, Jang JP, Oh T, Kim J, Lee B, Hong YS, Jang JH, Ko SK. Protective effect of hygrolansamycin C against corticosterone-induced toxicity and oxidative stress-mediated via autophagy and the MAPK signaling pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:368-378. [PMID: 38498259 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive stress, a major problem in modern societies, affects people of all ages worldwide. Corticosterone is one of the most abundant hormones secreted during stressful conditions and is associated with various dysfunctions in the body. In particular, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of hygrolansamycin C (HYGC) against corticosterone-induced cellular stress, a manifestation of excessive stress prevalent in contemporary societies. METHODS We isolated HYGC from Streptomyces sp. KCB17JA11 and subjected PC12 cells to corticosterone-induced stress. The effects of HYGC were assessed by measuring autophagy and the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation-related genes. We used established cellular and molecular techniques to analyze protein levels and pathways. RESULTS HYGC effectively protected cells against corticosterone-induced injury. Specifically, it significantly reduced corticosterone-induced oxidative stress and inhibited the expression of autophagy-related proteins induced by corticosterone, which provided mechanistic insight into the protective effects of HYGC. At the signaling level, HYGC suppressed c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and p38 activation. CONCLUSIONS HYGC is a promising candidate to counteract corticosterone-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Autophagy and MAPK pathway inhibition contribute to the protective effects of HYGC. Our findings highlight the potential of HYGC as a therapeutic agent for stress-related disorders and serve as a stepping stone for further exploration and development of stress management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongtae Roh
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
| | - Taehoon Oh
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jihong Kim
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byeongsan Lee
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea.
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea.
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea.
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Ikhmais BA, Hammad AM, Abusara OH, Hamadneh L, Abumansour H, Abdallah QM, Ibrahim AIM, Elsalem L, Awad M, Alshehada R. Investigating Carvedilol's Repurposing for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Modulation in the Presence of β-Adrenergic Agonists. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7996-8012. [PMID: 37886948 PMCID: PMC10605277 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing existing drugs appears to be a potential solution for addressing the challenges in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). β-adrenoceptor antagonist drugs (β-blockers) have tumor-inhibiting effects, making them promising candidates for potential NSCLC treatment. This study investigates the anticancer potential of a subset of β-blockers in NSCLC cell lines; A549 and H1299. Additionally, it investigates the underlying mechanism behind β-blockers' anticancer effect by influencing a potential novel target named aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The MTT assay assessed β-blockers' cytotoxicity on both cell lines, while Western blot and NADH fluorescence assays evaluated their influence on ALDH protein expression and activity. Carvedilol (CAR) was the most effective blocker in reducing cell survival of A549 and H1299 with IC50 of 18 µM and 13.7 µM, respectively. Significantly, CAR led to a 50% reduction in ALDH expression and 80% decrease in ALDH activity in A549 cells, especially when combined with β-agonists, in comparison to the control. This effect might be attributed to β-agonist blockade or an alternative pathway. This novel finding adds to our understanding of CAR's multifaceted anticancer properties, implying that combining CAR with β-agonists could be a useful strategy for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balqis A. Ikhmais
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan; (A.M.H.); (O.H.A.); (H.A.); (A.I.M.I.); (M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Alaa M. Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan; (A.M.H.); (O.H.A.); (H.A.); (A.I.M.I.); (M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Osama H. Abusara
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan; (A.M.H.); (O.H.A.); (H.A.); (A.I.M.I.); (M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Lama Hamadneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 206, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Hamza Abumansour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan; (A.M.H.); (O.H.A.); (H.A.); (A.I.M.I.); (M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Qasem M. Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, P.O. Box 961343, Amman 11196, Jordan;
| | - Ali I. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan; (A.M.H.); (O.H.A.); (H.A.); (A.I.M.I.); (M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Lina Elsalem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Mariam Awad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan; (A.M.H.); (O.H.A.); (H.A.); (A.I.M.I.); (M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Rahaf Alshehada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan; (A.M.H.); (O.H.A.); (H.A.); (A.I.M.I.); (M.A.); (R.A.)
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Liu M, Niu Q, Wang Z, Qi H, Liang X, Gai Y, Wang B, Yin S. Comparative physiological and transcriptome analysis provide insights into the inhibitory effect of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one on Clarireedia jacksonii. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105456. [PMID: 37248022 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Clarireedia spp. is a destructive phytopathogenic fungus that causes turf dollar spot of bent-grass, leading to widespread lawn death. In this study, we explored the antifungal capability of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PP), a natural metabolite volatilized by microorganisms, which plays an important role in the biological control of turfgrass dollar spot. However, the mechanisms by which 6PP inhibits Clarireedia jacksonii remain unknown. In the present study, C. jacksonii mycelial growth was inhibited by the 6PP treatment and the 6PP treatment damaged cell membrane integrity, causing an increase in relative conduc-tivity. Furthermore, physiological and biochemistry assay showed that 6PP treatment can enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) content obviously increased with 6PP exposure, increased alchohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and depleted acetalde-hyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and activated the activities of many antioxidant enzymes in C. jacksonii. Gen Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that some genes in C. jacksonii after 6PP treatment related to integrity of the cell wall and membrane, and oxidative stress were significantly downregulated. It is worth mentioning that the fatty acid degradation pathway is significantly upregulated, with an increase in ATP content and ATP synthase activity, which may promote fungal cell apoptosis. Moreover, we found that the expression of ABC transporters, and glutathione metabolism encoding genes were increased to respond to external stimuli. Taken together, these findings revealed the potential antifungal mechanism of 6PP against Clarireedia spp., which also provides a theoretical basis for the commercial utilization of 6PP as a green pesticide in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qichen Niu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziyue Wang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongyin Qi
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xingxing Liang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yunpeng Gai
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Baisen Wang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Shuxia Yin
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Yan C, Hu W, Tu J, Li J, Liang Q, Han S. Pathogenic mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in alcoholic liver disease. J Transl Med 2023; 21:300. [PMID: 37143126 PMCID: PMC10158301 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a widespread and damaging behaviour of people throughout the world. Long-term alcohol consumption has resulted in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) being the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Many metabolic enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenases such as ADH, CYP2E1, and CATacetaldehyde dehydrogenases ALDHsand nonoxidative metabolizing enzymes such as SULT, UGT, and FAEES, are involved in the metabolism of ethanol, the main component in alcoholic beverages. Ethanol consumption changes the functional or expression profiles of various regulatory factors, such as kinases, transcription factors, and microRNAs. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms of ALD are complex, involving inflammation, mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, nitrification, and oxidative stress. Moreover, recent evidence has demonstrated that the gut-liver axis plays a critical role in ALD pathogenesis. For example, ethanol damages the intestinal barrier, resulting in the release of endotoxins and alterations in intestinal flora content and bile acid metabolism. However, ALD therapies show low effectiveness. Therefore, this review summarizes ethanol metabolism pathways and highly influential pathogenic mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in ALD pathology with the aim of new therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyun Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Wanting Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinqi Tu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College of Wuhu, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuxin Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
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Xia J, Li S, Liu S, Zhang L. Aldehyde dehydrogenase in solid tumors and other diseases: Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e195. [PMID: 36694633 PMCID: PMC9842923 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) contains 19 isozymes and is involved in the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to carboxylic acids, which contributes to cellular and tissue homeostasis. ALDHs play essential parts in detoxification, biosynthesis, and antioxidants, which are of important value for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in normal body tissues. However, ALDHs are frequently dysregulated and associated with various diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and especially solid tumors. Notably, the involvement of the ALDHs in tumor progression is responsible for the maintenance of the stem-cell-like phenotype, triggering rapid and aggressive clinical progressions. ALDHs have captured increasing attention as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Nevertheless, these require further longitudinal clinical studies in large populations for broad application. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding ALDHs as potential biomarkers in tumors and several non-tumor diseases, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of ALDHs in disease development. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of ALDHs in diseases, especially in tumor therapy with an emphasis on their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Siqin Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Suling Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lixing Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The International Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Yu JS, Jeong SY, Li C, Oh T, Kwon M, Ahn JS, Ko SK, Ko YJ, Cao S, Kim KH. New phenalenone derivatives from the Hawaiian volcanic soil-associated fungus Penicillium herquei FT729 and their inhibitory effects on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:105-113. [PMID: 35201589 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Phenalenone derivatives sourced from fungi are polyketides that have attracted significant interest because of their diverse chemical structures and potential bioactivities. As part of our ongoing quest to discover novel natural products with biological properties from diverse natural resources, three unreported phenalenone derivatives (1-3), named ent-12-methoxyisoherqueinone (1), (-)-scleroamide (2), and (+)-scleroamide (3), together with four known phenalenone derivatives, ent-atrovenetinone (4), isoherqueinone (5), herqueinone (6), and ent-peniciherquinone (7) were isolated from the Hawaiian soil fungus Penicillium herquei FT729, collected on the Big Island, Hawaii. Compounds 2 and 3 were enantiomers, which were separated using a chiral-phase HPLC column, which provided optically pure compounds 2 and 3. The structures of the novel compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution ESIMS. Their absolute configurations were determined using quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The inhibitory activity of the isolated compounds (1-7) against indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) was assessed. Compounds 1, 5-7 inhibited IDO1, with IC50 values of 32.59, 36.86, 19.05, and 24.18 μM, respectively. These findings demonstrated that the phenalenone derivatives 1 and 5-7, as IDO1 inhibitors, are promising anticancer immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,New Material Development Team, COSMAX BIO Ltd., 255 Pangyo-ro, Bungdang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunshun Li
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Taehoon Oh
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Kwon
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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