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Tong L, Wang J. Morphological Study on the Differentiation of Flower Buds and the Embryological Stages of Male and Female Floral Organs in Lespedeza davurica (Laxm.) Schindl. cv. JinNong ( Fabaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1661. [PMID: 38931095 PMCID: PMC11207519 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Lespedeza davurica (Laxm.) is a leguminous plant with significant ecological benefits, but its embryonic development mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the flower bud differentiation, megaspore and microspore formation, gametophyte development, and embryo and endosperm development in L. davurica. Our aim was to elucidate the relationship between the external morphology and internal development processes of male and female floral organs during growth, as well as the reproductive factors influencing fruiting. The results indicated that although the pistil develops later than the stamen during flower bud differentiation, both organs mature synchronously before flowering. L. davurica pollen exhibits three germination grooves, a reticulate outer wall, and papillary structures on the anther surface. In vivo pollination experiments revealed abnormal spiral growth of L. davurica pollen tubes within the style and the occurrence of callus plugs, which may reduce the seed setting rate. The anther wall development follows the dicotyledonous type, with tetrads formed through microspore meiosis exhibiting both left-right symmetry and tetrahedral arrangements. L. davurica has a single ovule, and the embryo sac develops in the monosporic polygonum type. After dormancy, the zygote undergoes multiple divisions, progressing through spherical, heart-shaped, and torpedo-shaped embryo stages, culminating in a mature embryo. A mature seed comprises cotyledons, hypocotyl, embryo, radicle, and seed coat. Phylogenetic tree analysis reveals a close genetic relationship between L. davurica and other leguminous plants from the genera Lespedeza and Medicago. This study provides valuable insights into the regulation of flowering and hybrid breeding in leguminous plants and offers a new perspective on the development of floral organs and seed setting rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Tong
- College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030800, China;
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030800, China;
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Leal M, Moreno MA, Albornoz PL, Mercado MI, Zampini IC, Isla MI. Morphological Characterization of Nicotiana tabacum Inflorescences and Chemical-Functional Analysis of Extracts Obtained from Its Powder by Using Green Solvents (NaDESs). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1554. [PMID: 37050180 PMCID: PMC10096878 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of smokeable tobacco for use in cigarettes is characterized by the production of pre-harvest and post-harvest waste, with ensuing undesirable effects on the environment. The inflorescences of tobacco after blunting, deflowering, or topping are considered pre-harvest waste and left in the field. Using green and ecofriendly solvents such as Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs), these wastes could be used to obtain antioxidant molecules of interest in cosmetics. Taking into account its potential as plant matrix to obtain metabolites of commercial interest, tobacco inflorescences and inflorescence powders of different particle sizes were characterized by optic and electronic microscopy. Thus, the powdered inflorescences were extracted with four conventional solvents, i.e., distilled water (DW), acetone: distilled water (AW), ethanol 70° (EW), methanol (Me), and five NaDESs, i.e., lactic acid: sucrose (LAS), lactic acid: sucrose: distilled water (SALA), fructose: glucose: sucrose: distilled water (FGS), choline chloride: urea: distilled water (CU), and citric acid: propylene glycol (CAP). Among the tested NADESs, SALA was the most promising solvent; higher extraction yields of total phenolic compound (3420.0 ± 9.4 µg GAE/mL) than conventional solvents were attained and it was the only selective solvent to phenolics. CU was the best solvent for flavonoids and alkaloids extraction (215.3 ± 3.2 µg QE/mL and 392.3 ± 8.0 µg ACE/mL, respectively). All extracts showed antioxidant activity. A heatmap with dendrogram and main component analysis showed that acid-based NaDESs are grouped together, this group being the one with the best performance in H2O2 scavenging. The extracts obtained with green solvents could be used directly in cosmetic formulations as antioxidant ingredients because both tobacco flower oil and flower extracts are listed in the cosmetic ingredients database as non-toxic products. Additionally, the demand for sustainable ecological cosmetics is growing. In this sense, NaDESs represent an opportunity to develop innovative extracts with unique phytochemical fingerprints and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Leal
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
- Biolates Network for Sustainable Use of Ibero-American Vegetable Biomass Resources in Cosmetics (Biolates CYTED), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra Moreno
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
- Biolates Network for Sustainable Use of Ibero-American Vegetable Biomass Resources in Cosmetics (Biolates CYTED), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
| | - Patricia Liliana Albornoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
- Instituto de Morfología Vegetal, Fundación M. Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
| | - María Inés Mercado
- Instituto de Morfología Vegetal, Fundación M. Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
| | - Iris Catiana Zampini
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
- Biolates Network for Sustainable Use of Ibero-American Vegetable Biomass Resources in Cosmetics (Biolates CYTED), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
| | - María Inés Isla
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
- Biolates Network for Sustainable Use of Ibero-American Vegetable Biomass Resources in Cosmetics (Biolates CYTED), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina
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Cruz JO, San Martin JAB, Lubini G, Strini EJ, Sobral R, Pinoti VF, Ferreira PB, Thomé V, Quiapim AC, Dornelas MC, Pranchevicius MCS, Madueño F, Costa MMR, Goldman MHS. SCI1 Is a Direct Target of AGAMOUS and WUSCHEL and Is Specifically Expressed in the Floral Meristematic Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:642879. [PMID: 33815449 PMCID: PMC8012853 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The specified floral meristem will develop a pre-established number of floral organs and, thus, terminate the floral meristematic cells. The floral meristematic pool of cells is controlled, among some others, by WUSCHEL (WUS) and AGAMOUS (AG) transcription factors (TFs). Here, we demonstrate that the SCI1 (Stigma/style cell-cycle inhibitor 1) gene, a cell proliferation regulator, starts to be expressed since the floral meristem specification of Nicotiana tabacum and is expressed in all floral meristematic cells. Its expression is higher in the floral meristem and the organs being specified, and then it decreases from outside to inside whorls when the organs are differentiating. SCI1 is co-expressed with N. tabacum WUSCHEL (NtWUS) in the floral meristem and the whorl primordia at very early developmental stages. Later in development, SCI1 is co-expressed with NAG1 (N. tabacum AG) in the floral meristem and specialized tissues of the pistil. In silico analyses identified cis-regulatory elements for these TFs in the SCI1 genomic sequence. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoresis mobility shift assay demonstrated that both TFs interact with the SCI1 promoter sequence. Additionally, the luciferase activity assay showed that NAG1 clearly activates SCI1 expression, while NtWUS could not do so. Taken together, our results suggest that during floral development, the spatiotemporal regulation of SCI1 by NtWUS and NAG1 may result in the maintenance or termination of proliferative cells in the floral meristem, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelma O. Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juca A. B. San Martin
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Greice Lubini
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Edward J. Strini
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rómulo Sobral
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vitor F. Pinoti
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pedro B. Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Thomé
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Andréa C. Quiapim
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C. Dornelas
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Madueño
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Manuela R. Costa
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena S. Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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