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Alruwad MI, Salah El Dine R, Gendy AM, Sabry MM, El Hefnawy HM. Exploring the Biological and Phytochemical Potential of Jordan's Flora: A Review and Update of Eight Selected Genera from Mediterranean Region. Molecules 2024; 29:1160. [PMID: 38474670 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Jordan's flora is known for its rich diversity, with a grand sum of 2978 plant species that span 142 families and 868 genera across four different zones. Eight genera belonging to four different plant families have been recognized for their potential natural medicinal properties within the Mediterranean region. These genera include Chrysanthemum L., Onopordum Vaill. Ex. L., Phagnalon Cass., and Senecio L. from the Asteraceae family, in addition to Clematis L. and Ranunculus L. from the Ranunculaceae family, Anchusa L. from the Boraginaceae family, and Eryngium L. from the Apiaceae family. The selected genera show a wide variety of secondary metabolites with encouraging pharmacological characteristics including antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, and neuroprotective actions. Further research on these genera and their extracts will potentially result in the formulation of novel and potent natural pharmaceuticals. Overall, Jordan's rich flora provides a valuable resource for exploring and discovering new plant-based medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal I Alruwad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Riham Salah El Dine
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M Gendy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt
| | - Manal M Sabry
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hala M El Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Palá-Paúl J, Pérez-Alonso MJ, Soria AC, Brophy JJ. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of the Iberian Peninsula Endemic Species Eryngium dilatatum Lam. Molecules 2024; 29:562. [PMID: 38338307 PMCID: PMC10856671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Eryngium dilatatum Lam. is a thorny Iberian Peninsula endemic species belonging to the Apiaceae family that has not been previously analysed from a chemical point of view. Following our studies on this genus, we characterized the chemical composition of the essential oils from the different parts (inflorescences, stems + leaves, and roots) of this species; these parts were gathered in Cádiz (Spain). The specimens were collected in July during the flowering period and air-dried before the oil extraction by hydro-distillation. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The different parts of the plant yielded low amounts of pale yellow oil, with the roots being the fraction that provided the lowest amount of oil. The chemical characterization of the essential oils showed qualitative and quantitative differences between the fractions examined, but all of them showed the same principal compound, germacrene D (9.1-46.5%). Similarly, all the fractions shared most of their representative constituents, with their percentage compositions being different from one sample to the other: α-cadinol (3.8%), bicyclogermacrene (3.5%), octanal (3.1%), and spathulenol (2.5%) were found in the inflorescences; octanal (8.1%), α-cadinol (3.7%), δ-cadinene (3.6%), (E)-caryophyllene (2.6%), bicyclogermacrene (2.5%), and spathulenol (2.4%) were found in the stems and leaves; and spathulenol (4.6%), α-cadinol (4.4%), khusinol (3.2%), α-muurolol (3.1%), and δ-cadinene (2.6%) were found in the roots. As far as we know, this is the first report about the chemical composition of this endemic species of the Iberian Peninsula. It contributes to the knowledge of this species and to the genus to which it belongs. This species could be considered as a natural source of germacrene D, which is a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon with active properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Palá-Paúl
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Pérez-Alonso
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana C. Soria
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Joseph J. Brophy
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
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Hajian-Maleki H, Shams-bakhsh M. Identification of the chemical profile and evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Eryngium billardieri Delar essential oil component against bacterial species of agricultural and food interest. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1249780. [PMID: 37901821 PMCID: PMC10601649 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1249780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of E. billardieri are limited. In this study, we identified this herb as a natural complex effective against several bacteria by employing disk diffusion and broth microdilution susceptibility methods. Primary estimation of the antimicrobial effect of this herbal compound by disk diffusion method showed that the oil could inhibit the growth of the tested bacteria by the appearance of haloes between 8.25 and 21.25 mm. In the next step, the oil was found to be active against all 24 tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in the broth media, at minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.67 to 34.17 g L-1. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecalis and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens were the most sensitive food and plant pathogenic bacteria, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to assign the ingredients present in the oil; 34 different components representing 95.71% of the total oil were identified, with n-hexadecanoic acid being the dominant component, followed by 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl, 1H-Indene, 1-ethylideneoctahydro-, and Cinnamyl tiglate. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, a broad spectrum of the antibacterial capacity of E. billardieri. Based on these observations, the oil could be applied as a natural preservative with the potential for designing novel products. Its bioactive agents can also be isolated for further use in the food and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Shams-bakhsh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Cárdenas-Valdovinos JG, García-Ruiz I, Angoa-Pérez MV, Mena-Violante HG. Ethnobotany, Biological Activities and Phytochemical Compounds of Some Species of the Genus Eryngium (Apiaceae), from the Central-Western Region of Mexico. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104094. [PMID: 37241835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 250 species of Eryngium L. distributed throughout the world, with North America and South America being centers of diversity on this continent. In the central-western region of Mexico there may be around 28 species of this genus. Some Eryngium species are cultivated as leafy vegetables, ornamental, and medicinal plants. In traditional medicine they are used to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, among others. This review addresses the phytochemistry and biological activities, as well as traditional uses, distribution, and characteristics of the eight species of Eryngium reported as medicinal in the central-western region of Mexico: E. cymosum, E. longifolium, E. fluitans (or mexicanum), E. beecheyanum, E. carlinae, E. comosum, E. heterophyllum, and E. nasturtiifolium. The extracts of the different Eryngium spp. have shown biological activities such as hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, renoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant, among others. E. carlinae is the most studied species, and phytochemical analyses, performed mainly by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), have shown its content of terpenoids, fatty acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, sterols, saccharides, polyalcohols, and aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. According to the results of this review on Eryngium spp., they constitute a relevant alternative as a source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical, food, and other industries. However, there is a lot of research to be conducted regarding phytochemistry, biological activities, cultivation, and propagation, in those species with few or no reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio García-Ruiz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Department of Research, CIIDIR IPN Unidad Michoacán, Jiquilpan 59510, Mexico
| | - María V Angoa-Pérez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Department of Research, CIIDIR IPN Unidad Michoacán, Jiquilpan 59510, Mexico
| | - Hortencia G Mena-Violante
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Department of Research, CIIDIR IPN Unidad Michoacán, Jiquilpan 59510, Mexico
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Nakurte I, Berga M, Mežaka I. Phytochemical Diversity Comparison in Leaves and Roots of Wild and Micropropagated Latvian Sea Holly ( Eryngium maritimum L.). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093924. [PMID: 37175333 PMCID: PMC10180267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to compare the chemical composition of the roots, shoots, and leaves of wild-growing Eryngium maritimum L., and of in vitro and in field-cultivated plants in Latvia. The essential oil yield obtained by hydrodistillation ranged from 0.14% to 0.54%, while analysis of the chemical composition using GC-MS revealed a total of 44 different volatiles, with differences in the types and amounts of volatiles between the leaves and roots. Using 96-well plate techniques, the concentration of total phenolic compounds, saponins, and sugars in the aqueous ethanolic extracts of E. maritimum were assessed, along with their capacity to scavenge stable DPPH radicals. Extracts from roots had a lower concentration of total phenolic compounds compared to those from the leaves of wild grown and cultivated plants but did not differ from in vitro shoots. Root, leaf, and shoot samples of the same genotype from different growth conditions had approximately the same concentration of total saponins, while total sugar concentrations were higher in the roots. The growth conditions had a significant effect on the concentration of total phenolic compounds and antiradical activity, with differences that were significant observed between plant aboveground and belowground parts. Analysis using UHPLC-ESI-q-TOF-MS revealed 63 compounds, with amino acids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (such as chlorogenic and rosmarinic acid) being the major compound groups that significantly differed between plant growth conditions. We also demonstrated that rapid screening of volatile compounds in in vitro plants using headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry analyses can predict the formation of marker compounds in the same mericlones grown in field conditions. These findings provide valuable insights into the chemical composition of E. maritimum and its potential for use in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilva Nakurte
- Institute for Environmental Solutions, "Lidlauks", Priekuli Parish, LV-4126 Cesis, Latvia
| | - Marta Berga
- Institute for Environmental Solutions, "Lidlauks", Priekuli Parish, LV-4126 Cesis, Latvia
| | - Ieva Mežaka
- Institute for Environmental Solutions, "Lidlauks", Priekuli Parish, LV-4126 Cesis, Latvia
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Huang M, Duan W, Chen N, Lin G, Wang X. Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation of Menthone-Derived Pyrimidine-Urea Compounds as Potential PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway Inhibitor. Front Chem 2022; 9:815531. [PMID: 35186896 PMCID: PMC8852737 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.815531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel menthone derivatives bearing pyrimidine and urea moieties was designed and synthesized to explore more potent natural product-derived antitumor agents. The structures of the target compounds were confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and HRMS. The in vitro antitumor activity was tested by standard methyl thiazolytetrazolium assay and showed that 4i, 4g, 4s, and 4m are the best compounds with IC50 values of 6.04 ± 0.62µM, 3.21 ± 0.67µM, 19.09 ± 0.49µM, and 18.68 ± 1.53µM, against Hela, MGC-803, MCF-7, and A549, respectively. The results of the preliminary action mechanism studies showed that compound 4i, the representative compound, could induce cell apoptosis in Hela cells in a dose-dependent manner and might arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, the results of network pharmacology prediction and Western blot experiments indicated that compound 4i might inhibit Hela cells through inhibit PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The binding modes and the binding sites interactions between compound 4i and the target proteins were predicted preliminarily by the molecular docking method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Nanning, China
| | - Wengui Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Wengui Duan, ; Naiyuan Chen,
| | - Naiyuan Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Wengui Duan, ; Naiyuan Chen,
| | - Guishan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Phytochemical Traits and Biological Activity of Eryngium amethystinum and E. alpinum (Apiaceae). HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eryngium amethystinum L. is a wild vegetable used in Croatia. Both E. amethystinum and E. alpinum L. are decorative plants that can also be used in horticulture. To find out the hidden qualities of these two species, the following biological activities were studied: essential oil (EO) composition, analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC, GC–MS); phenolic compound content (PC), analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); total phenols as well as total flavonoids, analyzed by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV/Vis); antioxidants, analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity (DPPH), β-carotene-linoleic acid assay, chelating activity and reducing power of the extracts; and antimicrobial evaluation by micro-dilution assay and inhibition of Candida albicans blastospore germination. The major constituents of EO were β-caryophyllene (15.2%), α-pinene (10.2%) and 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (9.3%) for E. amethystinum and caryophyllene oxide (27.9%), bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) and germacrene D (8.2%) for E. alpinum. The methanol extracts of both species showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) less than or equal to 1.944 and 1.11 mg/mL, respectively.
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Kikowska M, Thiem B, Jafernik K, Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Studzińska-Sroka E, Ekiert H, Szopa A. Effect of Elicitation with (+)-Usnic Acid on Accumulation of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Agitated Microshoots of Eryngium alpinum L. Molecules 2021; 26:5532. [PMID: 34577004 PMCID: PMC8465747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was aimed at studying the potential of elicitation on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in in vitro shoot cultures of Eryngium alpinum L., a protected plant from the Apiaceae family. The study examined the influence of (+)-usnic acid on the biomass growth as well as on the biosynthesis of the desired flavonoids and phenolic acids in the cultured microshoots. The phenolic compound content was determined by HPLC-DAD. The flavonoid of the highest concentration was isoquercetin, and the phenolic acids of the highest amount were rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, both in the non-elicited and elicited biomass. Isoquercetin accumulation was efficiently increased by a longer elicitation with a lower concentration of lichenic compound (107.17 ± 4.67 mg/100 g DW) or a shorter elicitation with a higher concentration of acid (127.54 ± 11.34 and 108.37 ± 12.1 mg/100 g DW). Rosmarinic acid production generally remained high in all elicited and non-elicited microshoots. The highest content of this acid was recorded at 24 h of elicitation with 3.125 µM usnic acid (512.69 ± 4.89 mg/100 g DW). The process of elicitation with (+)-usnic acid, a well-known lichenic compound with allelopathic nature, may therefore be an effective technique of enhancing phenolic compound accumulation in alpine eryngo microshoot biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 14 Św. Marii Magdaleny St., 61-861 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Barbara Thiem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 14 Św. Marii Magdaleny St., 61-861 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Karolina Jafernik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (M.K.-S.); (H.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (M.K.-S.); (H.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 4 Święcickiego St., 61-781 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (M.K.-S.); (H.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (M.K.-S.); (H.E.); (A.S.)
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Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121309. [PMID: 33371338 PMCID: PMC7767362 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, increasing public concern about hygiene has been driving many studies to investigate antimicrobial and antiviral agents. However, the use of any antimicrobial agents must be limited due to their possible toxic or harmful effects. In recent years, due to previous antibiotics' lesser side effects, the use of herbal materials instead of synthetic or chemical drugs is increasing. Herbal materials are found in medicines. Herbs can be used in the form of plant extracts or as their active components. Furthermore, most of the world's populations used herbal materials due to their strong antimicrobial properties and primary healthcare benefits. For example, herbs are an excellent material to replace nanosilver as an antibiotic and antiviral agent. The use of nanosilver involves an ROS-mediated mechanism that might lead to oxidative stress-related cancer, cytotoxicity, and heart diseases. Oxidative stress further leads to increased ROS production and also delays the cellular processes involved in wound healing. Therefore, existing antibiotic drugs can be replaced with biomaterials such as herbal medicine with high antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity. This review paper highlights the antibacterial, antiviral, and radical scavenger (antioxidant) properties of herbal materials. Antimicrobial activity, radical scavenger ability, the potential for antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents, and efficacy in eliminating bacteria and viruses and scavenging free radicals in herbal materials are discussed in this review. The presented herbal antimicrobial agents in this review include clove, portulaca, tribulus, eryngium, cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, thyme, pennyroyal, mint, fennel, chamomile, burdock, eucalyptus, primrose, lemon balm, mallow, and garlic, which are all summarized.
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de Carvalho Augusto R, Merad N, Rognon A, Gourbal B, Bertrand C, Djabou N, Duval D. Molluscicidal and parasiticidal activities of Eryngium triquetrum essential oil on Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate snail host Biomphalaria glabrata, a double impact. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:486. [PMID: 32967724 PMCID: PMC7513307 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Freshwater snails are the intermediate hosts of a large variety of trematode flukes such as Schistosoma mansoni responsible for one of the most important parasitic diseases caused by helminths, affecting 67 million people worldwide. Recently, the WHO Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030 (GVCR) programme reinforced its message for safer molluscicides as part of required strategies to strengthen vector control worldwide. Here, we present the essential oil from Eryngium triquetrum as a powerful product with molluscicide and parasiticide effect against S. mansoni and the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata. Methods In the present study, we describe using several experimental approaches, the chemical composition of E. triquetrum essential oil extract and its biological effects against the snail B. glabrata and its parasite S. mansoni. Vector and the free-swimming larval stages of the parasite were exposed to different oil concentrations to determine the lethal concentration required to produce a mortality of 50% (LC50) and 90% (LC90). In addition, toxic activity of this essential oil was analyzed against embryos of B. glabrata snails by monitoring egg hatching and snail development. Also, short-time exposure to sublethal molluscicide concentrations on S. mansoni miracidia was performed to test a potential effect on parasite infectivity on snails. Mortality of miracidia and cercariae of S. mansoni is complete for 5, 1 and 0.5 ppm of oil extract after 1 and 4 h exposure. Results The major chemical component found in E. triquetrum oil determined by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses is an aliphatic polyacetylene molecule, the falcarinol with 86.9–93.1% of the total composition. The LC50 and LC90 values for uninfected snails were 0.61 and 1.02 ppm respectively for 24 h exposure. At 0.5 ppm, the essential oil was two times more toxic to parasitized snails with a mortality rate of 88.8 ± 4.8%. Moderate embryonic lethal effects were observed at the concentration of 1 ppm. Severe surface damage in miracidia was observed with a general loss of cilia that probably cause their immobility. Miracidia exposed 30 min to low concentration of plant extract (0.1 ppm) were less infective with 3.3% of prevalence compare to untreated with a prevalence of 44%. Conclusions Essential oil extracted from E. triquetrum and falcarinol must be considered as a promising product for the development of new interventions for schistosomiasis control and could proceed to be tested on Phase II according to the WHO requirements. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo de Carvalho Augusto
- University Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Perpignan, France.,University Montpellier, IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadjiya Merad
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, Université de Tlemcen, Laboratoire COSNA, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Anne Rognon
- University Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Perpignan, France.,University Montpellier, IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- University Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Perpignan, France.,University Montpellier, IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Bertrand
- EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence «CORAIL», Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France.,S.A.S. AkiNaO, Perpignan, France
| | - Nassim Djabou
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, Université de Tlemcen, Laboratoire COSNA, Tlemcen, Algeria.
| | - David Duval
- University Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Perpignan, France. .,University Montpellier, IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Montpellier, France.
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