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Nashim A, Pany S, Parida K. Effect of synthesis methods on the activity of NiO/Co 3O 4 as an electrode material for supercapacitor: in the light of X-ray diffraction study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:233-244. [PMID: 38173613 PMCID: PMC10759196 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of heterostructures by combining individual components (NiO and Co3O4) is a preferred approach to enhance electrochemical performance as it leads to improved charge transfer and surface reaction kinetics. In the present work, a NiO/Co3O4 composite was prepared by two methods. First, neat NiO and Co3O4 were prepared by adopting the hydrothermal method followed by the formation of the composite (i) by a hydrothermal route (NC-Hydro) and (ii) by a calcination route (NC-Cal). NC-Hydro composite shows a specific capacity of 176 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 of current density in the three-electrode system in a 2 M KOH solution as an electrolyte with 90% cyclic retention after 5000 cycles at 4 A g-1. NC-Cal shows a specific capacity of 111 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 with 75% cyclic retention. The coulombic efficiency of NC-Hydro was 86.3% while for NC-Cal it was 42.3%. The reason behind the superior electrochemical performance of NC-Hydro in comparison to NC-Cal may be the large interlayer spacing and lattice parameters of the former, which provide large space for redox reactions. The unit cell volume of the composites was more than that of the constituents. This study reveals that the composites prepared by the hydrothermal method have superior electrochemical properties in comparison to composites prepared by the calcination method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amtul Nashim
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar 751019 India
| | - Soumyashree Pany
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar 751019 India
| | - Kulamani Parida
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar 751019 India
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2
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Bui VKH, Nguyen TP. Advances in Hole Transport Materials for Layered Casting Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4443. [PMID: 38006166 PMCID: PMC10675163 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Huge energy consumption and running out of fossil fuels has led to the advancement of renewable sources of power, including solar, wind, and tide. Among them, solar cells have been well developed with the significant achievement of silicon solar panels, which are popularly used as windows, rooftops, public lights, etc. In order to advance the application of solar cells, a flexible type is highly required, such as layered casting solar cells (LCSCs). Organic solar cells (OSCs), perovskite solar cells (PSCs), or dye-sensitive solar cells (DSSCs) are promising LCSCs for broadening the application of solar energy to many types of surfaces. LCSCs would be cost-effective, enable large-scale production, are highly efficient, and stable. Each layer of an LCSC is important for building the complete structure of a solar cell. Within the cell structure (active material, charge carrier transport layer, electrodes), hole transport layers (HTLs) play an important role in transporting holes to the anode. Recently, diverse HTLs from inorganic, organic, and organometallic materials have emerged to have a great impact on the stability, lifetime, and performance of OSC, PSC, or DSSC devices. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of inorganic, organic, and organometallic HTLs for solar cells. Perspectives and challenges for HTL development and improvement are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Khac Hoang Bui
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea;
| | - Thang Phan Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Amin RS, Fetohi AE, Khater DZ, Lin J, Wang Y, Wang C, El-Khatib KM. Selenium-transition metal supported on a mixture of reduced graphene oxide and silica template for water splitting. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15856-15871. [PMID: 37250226 PMCID: PMC10209667 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01945d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploration of economical, highly efficient, and environment friendly non-noble-metal-based electrocatalysts is necessary for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) but challenging for cost-effective water splitting. Herein, metal selenium nanoparticles (M = Ni, Co & Fe) are anchored on the surface of reduced graphene oxide and a silica template (rGO-ST) through a simple one-pot solvothermal method. The resulting electrocatalyst composite can enhance mass/charge transfer and promote interaction between water molecules and electrocatalyst reactive sites. NiSe2/rGO-ST shows a remarkable overpotential (52.5 mV) at 10 mA cm-2 for the HER compared to the benchmark Pt/C E-TEK (29 mV), while the overpotential values of CoSeO3/rGO-ST and FeSe2/rGO-ST are 246 and 347 mV, respectively. The FeSe2/rGO-ST/NF shows a low overpotential (297 mV) at 50 mA cm-2 for the OER compared to RuO2/NF (325 mV), while the overpotentials of CoSeO3-rGO-ST/NF and NiSe2-rGO-ST/NF are 400 and 475 mV, respectively. Furthermore, all catalysts indicate negligible deterioration, indicating better stability during the process of HER and OER after a stability test of 60 h. The water splitting system composed of NiSe2-rGO-ST/NF||FeSe2-rGO-ST/NF electrodes requires only ∼1.75 V at 10 mA cm-2. Its performance is nearly close to that of a noble metal-based Pt/C/NF||RuO2/NF water splitting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Amin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Research and Renewable Energy Institute, National Research Centre 33 El-Buhouth St., Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Amani E Fetohi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Research and Renewable Energy Institute, National Research Centre 33 El-Buhouth St., Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - D Z Khater
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Research and Renewable Energy Institute, National Research Centre 33 El-Buhouth St., Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Jin Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Yanzhong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - K M El-Khatib
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Research and Renewable Energy Institute, National Research Centre 33 El-Buhouth St., Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
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Kong T, Yang G, Fan P, Yu J. Solution-Processable NiO x:PMMA Hole Transport Layer for Efficient and Stable Inverted Organic Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081875. [PMID: 37112022 PMCID: PMC10144863 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For organic solar cells (OSCs), nickel oxide (NiOx) is a potential candidate as the hole transport layer (HTL) material. However, due to the interfacial wettability mismatch, developing solution-based fabrication methods of the NiOx HTL is challenging for OSCs with inverted device structures. In this work, by using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to dissolve poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), the polymer is successfully incorporated into the NiOx nanoparticle (NP) dispersions to modify the solution-processable HTL of the inverted OSCs. Benefiting from the improvements of electrical and surface properties, the inverted PM6:Y6 OSCs based on the PMMA-doped NiOx NP HTL achieves an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 15.11% as well as improved performance stability in ambient conditions. The results demonstrated a viable approach to realize efficient and stable inverted OSCs by tuning the solution-processable HTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Genjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Pu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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Anrango-Camacho C, Pavón-Ipiales K, Frontana-Uribe BA, Palma-Cando A. Recent Advances in Hole-Transporting Layers for Organic Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:443. [PMID: 35159788 PMCID: PMC8840354 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Global energy demand is increasing; thus, emerging renewable energy sources, such as organic solar cells (OSCs), are fundamental to mitigate the negative effects of fuel consumption. Within OSC's advancements, the development of efficient and stable interface materials is essential to achieve high performance, long-term stability, low costs, and broader applicability. Inorganic and nanocarbon-based materials show a suitable work function, tunable optical/electronic properties, stability to the presence of moisture, and facile solution processing, while organic conducting polymers and small molecules have some advantages such as fast and low-cost production, solution process, low energy payback time, light weight, and less adverse environmental impact, making them attractive as hole transporting layers (HTLs) for OSCs. This review looked at the recent progress in metal oxides, metal sulfides, nanocarbon materials, conducting polymers, and small organic molecules as HTLs in OSCs over the past five years. The endeavors in research and technology have optimized the preparation and deposition methods of HTLs. Strategies of doping, composite/hybrid formation, and modifications have also tuned the optical/electrical properties of these materials as HTLs to obtain efficient and stable OSCs. We highlighted the impact of structure, composition, and processing conditions of inorganic and organic materials as HTLs in conventional and inverted OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya Anrango-Camacho
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100119, Ecuador; (C.A.-C.); (K.P.-I.)
| | - Karla Pavón-Ipiales
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100119, Ecuador; (C.A.-C.); (K.P.-I.)
| | - Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEMex-UNAM, Carretera Toluca Atlacomulco, Km 14.5, Toluca 50200, Mexico;
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alex Palma-Cando
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100119, Ecuador; (C.A.-C.); (K.P.-I.)
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Zidan MN, Everitt N, Ismail T, Fahim IS. Organic Solar Cells Parameters Extraction and Characterization Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193224. [PMID: 34641041 PMCID: PMC8512755 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic research is continuing in order to improve the efficiency and stability of the products. Organic devices have recently demonstrated excellent efficiency, bringing them closer to the market. Understanding the relationship between the microscopic parameters of the device and the conditions under which it is prepared and operated is essential for improving performance at the device level. This review paper emphasizes the importance of the parameter extraction stage for organic solar cell investigations by offering various device models and extraction methodologies. In order to link qualitative experimental measurements to quantitative microscopic device parameters with a minimum number of experimental setups, parameter extraction is a valuable step. The number of experimental setups directly impacts the pace and cost of development. Several experimental and material processing procedures, including the use of additives, annealing, and polymer chain engineering, are discussed in terms of their impact on the parameters of organic solar cells. Various analytical, numerical, hybrid, and optimization methods were introduced for parameter extraction based on single, multiple diodes and drift-diffusion models. Their validity for organic devices was tested by extracting the parameters of some available devices from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud N. Zidan
- Smart Engineering Systems Research Center (SESC), Industrial Engineering Department, Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt;
| | - Nicola Everitt
- Department of Mechanical, Faculty of Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72RD, UK;
| | - Tawfik Ismail
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
- Wireless Intelligent Networks Center (WINC), Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt
| | - Irene S. Fahim
- Smart Engineering Systems Research Center (SESC), Industrial Engineering Department, Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1-001-822-221
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Navakoteswara Rao V, Ravi P, Sathish M, Lakshmana Reddy N, Lee K, Sakar M, Prathap P, Mamatha Kumari M, Raghava Reddy K, Nadagouda MN, Aminabhavi TM, Shankar MV. Monodispersed core/shell nanospheres of ZnS/NiO with enhanced H 2 generation and quantum efficiency at versatile photocatalytic conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125359. [PMID: 33609871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This investigation is first to elucidate the synthesis of mono-dispersed ZnS/NiO-core/shell nanostructures with a uniform thin layer of NiO-shell on the ZnS-nanospheres as a core under controlled thermal treatments. NiO-shell thickness varied to 8.2, 12.4, 18.2, and 24.2 nm, while the ZnS-core diameter remained stable about 96 ± 6 nm. The crystalline phase and core/shell structure of the materials were confirmed using XRD and HRTEM techniques, respectively. Optical properties through UV-vis spectroscopy analysis revealed the manifestation of red-shift in the absorption spectrum of core/shell materials, while the XPS analysis of elements elucidated their stable oxidation states in ZnS/NiO core/shell structure. The optimized ZnS/NiO-core/shell showed 1.42 times higher H2 generation (162.1 mmol h-1 g-1cat) than the pristine ZnS-core (113.2 mmol h-1 g-1cat), and 64.5 times higher than the pristine NiO-shell (2.5 mmol h-1 g-1cat). The quantum efficiency at wavelengths of 420, 365 nm, and 1.5 G air mass filters was found to be 13.5%, 25.0%, and 45.3%, respectively. Water splitting experiments was also performed without addition of any additives, which showed enhanced H2 gas evolution of 1.6 mmol h-1 g-1cat under the sunlight illumination. Photoelectrochemical measurements revealed the stable photocurrent density and minimized charge recombination in the system. The performed recyclability and reusability tests for five recycles demonstrated the excellent stability of the developed photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vempuluru Navakoteswara Rao
- Nanocatalysis and Solar Fuels Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Parnapalle Ravi
- Electrochemical Power Sources Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Marappan Sathish
- Electrochemical Power Sources Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nagappagari Lakshmana Reddy
- Department of Energy Chemical Engineering, School of Nano & Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, 37224 Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Energy Chemical Engineering, School of Nano & Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, 37224 Sangju, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Environmental Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mohan Sakar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Pathi Prathap
- Photovoltaic Metrology Laboratory, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Murikinati Mamatha Kumari
- Nanocatalysis and Solar Fuels Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SETs' College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580007, Karnataka, India
| | - Muthukonda Venkatakrishnan Shankar
- Nanocatalysis and Solar Fuels Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Noor T, Pervaiz S, Iqbal N, Nasir H, Zaman N, Sharif M, Pervaiz E. Nanocomposites of NiO/CuO Based MOF with rGO: An Efficient and Robust Electrocatalyst for Methanol Oxidation Reaction in DMFC. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081601. [PMID: 32824116 PMCID: PMC7466713 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work a novel bimetallic nickel oxide/copper oxide metal–organic framework (NiO/CuO MOF) has been developed by using two linkers: Benzene Dicarboxylic acid (BDC) and Pyrazine. The composites of NiO/CuO MOF with different amounts of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized through a hydrothermal method and subsequently characterized by multiple significant techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR and Raman IR for an investigation of their structural and morphological properties. The prepared series of material was later employed for electrochemical oxidation of methanol, tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in basic medium on a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical response depicts that increasing concentration of rGO enhances the electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The catalyzed oxidation reaction of methanol by NiO/CuO MOF and rGO-NiO/CuO MOF composites give a superlative current density of 437. 28 mA/cm2 at 0.9 V potential at 50 mV/s scan rate. This activity makes it a promising catalytic material for electrolysis of methanol in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Noor
- School of Chemical & Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-51-90855121
| | - Sadaf Pervaiz
- School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Naseem Iqbal
- U.S-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (N.I.); (N.Z.)
| | - Habib Nasir
- School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (H.N.)
| | - Neelam Zaman
- U.S-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (N.I.); (N.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Sharif
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Erum Pervaiz
- School of Chemical & Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
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Kim JK. Novel Materials for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112475. [PMID: 32485862 PMCID: PMC7321110 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sustainability is highly desired for human beings due to a rapidly changing global climate and numerous environmental issues. In past decades, state-of-the-art studies have been extensively conducted to achieve sustainable energy conversion and storage. However, the remaining challenges in the commercialization of energy conversion and storage devices are to develop novel materials and advanced manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the engineering of nanostructures and device-architectures is of great importance for the energy conversion and storage flat forms. This Special Issue “Novel Materials for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage” aims the state-of-the-art research reports of novel nanomaterials and the engineering of device architectures for divergent energy conversion and storage applications with high sustainability involving solar energy systems, electrochemical cells, artificial photosynthesis or secondary (rechargeable) batteries, as highlighted in this editorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
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