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Akbarishandiz S, Khani S, Maia J. Adhesion dynamics of Janus nanocarriers to endothelial cells: A dissipative particle dynamics study. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064408. [PMID: 39020963 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Janus nanocarriers (NCs) provide promising features in interfacial applications such as targeted drug delivery. Herein, we use dissipative particle dynamics simulations to study the adhesion dynamics of NCs with Janus ligand compositions to the endothelial cell as a function of a series of effects, such as the initial orientation, ligand density, shape, and size of Janus NCs. The Janus NCs, with its long axis parallel to the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) layer, has the best penetration depth due to its lower potential energy and the lowest shell entropy loss. Among different shapes of Janus NCs, both the potential energy and the EG entropy loss control the penetration. In fact, at the parallel orientations, Janus shapes with a robust mechanical strength and larger surface area at the EG/water interface can rotate and penetrate more efficiently. An increase in the ligand density of Janus NCs increases entropy losses of both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic ligands and decreases the potential energy. Thus, for a specific Janus NCs, functionalizing with an appropriate ligand density would help driving forces prevail over barriers of penetration into the EG layer. For a particular ligand density, once the radius of the Janus NCs exceeds the appropriate size, barriers such as hydrophobic ligands and shell entropy losses are also reinforced significantly and surpass driving forces. Our observations reveal that entropy losses for hydrophobic ligands of Janus NCs and for the shell of NCs are decisive for the adhesion and penetration of Janus NCs to endothelial cells.
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Huang Z, Gu C, Li J, Xiang P, Liao Y, Jiang BP, Ji S, Shen XC. Surface-Initiated Polymerization with an Initiator Gradient: A Monte Carlo Simulation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1203. [PMID: 38732672 PMCID: PMC11085584 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the difficulty of accurately characterizing properties such as the molecular weight (Mn) and grafting density (σ) of gradient brushes (GBs), these properties are traditionally assumed to be uniform in space to simplify analysis. Applying a stochastic reaction model (SRM) developed for heterogeneous polymerizations, we explored surface-initiated polymerizations (SIPs) with initiator gradients in lattice Monte Carlo simulations to examine this assumption. An initial exploration of SIPs with 'homogeneously' distributed initiators revealed that increasing σ slows down the polymerization process, resulting in polymers with lower molecular weight and larger dispersity (Đ) for a given reaction time. In SIPs with an initiator gradient, we observed that the properties of the polymers are position-dependent, with lower Mn and larger Đ in regions of higher σ, indicating the non-uniform properties of polymers in GBs. The results reveal a significant deviation in the scaling behavior of brush height with σ compared to experimental data and theoretical predictions, and this deviation is attributed to the non-uniform Mn and Đ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.H.); (B.-P.J.)
| | - Caixia Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.H.); (B.-P.J.)
| | - Jiahao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.H.); (B.-P.J.)
| | - Peng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.H.); (B.-P.J.)
| | - Yanda Liao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering & School of Software, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China;
| | - Bang-Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.H.); (B.-P.J.)
| | - Shichen Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.H.); (B.-P.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing-Can Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (Z.H.); (B.-P.J.)
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Song X, Man J, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu J, Li R, Zhang Y, Li J, Li J, Chen Y. Design, preparation, and characterization of lubricating polymer brushes for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2024; 175:76-105. [PMID: 38128641 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The lubrication modification of biomedical devices significantly enhances the functionality of implanted interventional medical devices, thereby providing additional benefits for patients. Polymer brush coating provides a convenient and efficient method for surface modification while ensuring the preservation of the substrate's original properties. The current research has focused on a "trial and error" method to finding polymer brushes with superior lubricity qualities, which is time-consuming and expensive, as obtaining effective and long-lasting lubricity properties for polymer brushes is difficult. This review summarizes recent research advances in the biomedical field in the design, material selection, preparation, and characterization of lubricating and antifouling polymer brushes, which follow the polymer brush development process. This review begins by examining various approaches to polymer brush design, including molecular dynamics simulation and machine learning, from the fundamentals of polymer brush lubrication. Recent advancements in polymer brush design are then synthesized and potential avenues for future research are explored. Emphasis is placed on the burgeoning field of zwitterionic polymer brushes, and highlighting the broad prospects of supramolecular polymer brushes based on host-guest interactions in the field of self-repairing polymer brush applications. The review culminates by providing a summary of methodologies for characterizing the structural and functional attributes of polymer brushes. It is believed that a development approach for polymer brushes based on "design-material selection-preparation-characterization" can be created, easing the challenge of creating polymer brushes with high-performance lubricating qualities and enabling the on-demand creation of coatings. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomedical devices have severe lubrication modification needs, and surface lubrication modification by polymer brush coating is currently the most promising means. However, the design and preparation of polymer brushes often involves "iterative testing" to find polymer brushes with excellent lubrication properties, which is both time-consuming and expensive. This review proposes a polymer brush development process based on the "design-material selection-preparation-characterization" strategy and summarizes recent research advances and trends in the design, material selection, preparation, and characterization of polymer brushes. This review will help polymer brush researchers by alleviating the challenges of creating polymer brushes with high-performance lubricity and promises to enable the on-demand construction of polymer brush lubrication coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Song
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jia Man
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China.
| | - Yinghua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jianing Liu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Ruijian Li
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanicalanufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China; Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Akbarishandiz S, Khani S, Maia J. Adhesion dynamics of functionalized nanocarriers to endothelial cells: a dissipative particle dynamics study. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:9254-9268. [PMID: 38009071 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to endothelial cells utilizing functionalized nanocarriers (NCs) is an essential procedure in therapeutic and diagnosis therapies. Using dissipative particle dynamics simulation, NCs have been designed and combined with an endothelial environment, such as the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) layer, receptors, water, and cell wall. Furthermore, the energy landscapes of the functionalized NC with the endothelial cell have been analyzed as a function of properties such as the shape, size, initial orientation, and ligand density of NCs. Our results show that an appropriate higher ligand density for each particular NC provides more driving forces than barriers for the penetration of the NCs. Herein we report the importance of shell entropy loss for the NC shape effect on the adhesion and penetration into the EG layer. Moreover, the rotation of the disc shape NC as a wheel during the penetration is an extra driving force for its further inclusion. By increasing the NCs' size larger than the appropriate size for each particular ligand density, due to an increase in the NCs' shell entropy loss, the barriers surpass the driving forces for NC penetration. Furthermore, the parallel orientation provides the NCs with the best penetration capabilities. However, the rotation of the disc shape NCs enhances their diffusion in the perpendicular orientation too. Overall, our findings highlight the crucial role of the shell entropy loss in governing the penetration of NCs. Besides, studying NCs with a homogeneous ligand composition enabled us to cross barriers and probe energetics after the complete inclusion of the NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akbarishandiz
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Shaghayegh Khani
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Joao Maia
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
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Wang Y, Mou X, Ji Y, Pan F, Li S. Interaction of Macromolecular Chain with Phospholipid Membranes in Solutions: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation Study. Molecules 2023; 28:5790. [PMID: 37570760 PMCID: PMC10420874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between macromolecular chains and phospholipid membranes in aqueous solution was investigated using dissipative particle dynamics simulations. Two cases were considered, one in which the macromolecular chains were pulled along parallel to the membrane surfaces and another in which they were pulled vertical to the membrane surfaces. Several parameters, including the radius of gyration, shape factor, particle number, and order parameter, were used to investigate the interaction mechanisms during the dynamics processes by adjusting the pulling force strength of the chains. In both cases, the results showed that the macromolecular chains undergo conformational transitions from a coiled to a rod-like structure. Furthermore, the simulations revealed that the membranes can be damaged and repaired during the dynamic processes. The role of the pulling forces and the adsorption interactions between the chains and membranes differed in the parallel and perpendicular pulling cases. These findings contribute to our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between macromolecules and membranes, and they may have potential applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuane Wang
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.W.); (X.M.); (Y.J.)
| | - Xuankang Mou
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.W.); (X.M.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yongyun Ji
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.W.); (X.M.); (Y.J.)
| | - Fan Pan
- School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shiben Li
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.W.); (X.M.); (Y.J.)
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Vagias A, Nelson A, Wang P, Reitenbach J, Geiger C, Kreuzer LP, Saerbeck T, Cubitt R, Benetti EM, Müller-Buschbaum P. The Topology of Polymer Brushes Determines Their Nanoscale Hydration. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300035. [PMID: 36815590 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight neutron reflectometry (ToF-NR) performed under different relative humidity conditions demonstrates that polymer brushes constituted by hydrophilic, cyclic macromolecules exhibit a more compact conformation with lower roughness as compared to linear brush analogues, due to the absence of dangling chain ends extending at the polymer-vapor interface. In addition, cyclic brushes feature a larger swelling ratio and an increased solvent uptake with respect to their linear counterparts as a consequence of the increased interchain steric repulsions. It is proposed that differences in swelling ratios between linear and cyclic brushes come from differences in osmotic pressure experienced by each brush topology. These differences stem from entropic constraints. The findings suggest that to correlate the equilibrium swelling ratios at different relative humidity for different topologies a new form of the Flory-like expression for equilibrium thicknesses of grafted brushes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Vagias
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Andrew Nelson
- ANSTO, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Peixi Wang
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Julija Reitenbach
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christina Geiger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lucas Philipp Kreuzer
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Saerbeck
- Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Robert Cubitt
- Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Edmondo Maria Benetti
- Polymer Surfaces Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35122, Italy.,Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Faria BF, Palyulin VV, Vishnyakov AM. Free energies of polymer brushes with mobile anchors in a good solvent calculated with the expanded ensemble method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Egorov SA. Linear and Ring Polymer Brushes: A Density Functional Theory Study. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A. Egorov
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22901 USA
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Li TH, Yadav V, Conrad JC, Robertson ML. Effect of Dispersity on the Conformation of Spherical Polymer Brushes. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:518-524. [PMID: 35570760 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We show that dispersity (D̵) markedly alters the conformation of spherical polymer brushes. The average lengths (lb) of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) brushes of varying D̵ grafted to nanoparticles were measured using dynamic light scattering. In the semidilute polymer brush (SDPB) regime, the lb of PtBA and polymers from earlier studies of various D̵ could be cleanly collapsed onto a master curve as a function of the scaling variable Nwσ1/3, where Nw is the weight-average degree of polymerization and σ is the grafting density. In the concentrated polymer brush (CPB) regime, however, lb collapsed onto a bifurcated curve as a function of the scaling variable Nwσ1/2, indicating D̵ more strongly affects the average length of brushes with low Nwσ1/2. We propose that the stretching of the stem near the particle surface due to interchain interactions in the CPB regime leads to greater lb in broad dispersity brushes of low but not high Nwσ1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Han Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Vivek Yadav
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jacinta C. Conrad
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Top Cited 2018–2019 Papers in the Section “Polymer Theory and Simulation”. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010043. [PMID: 33374327 PMCID: PMC7796158 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Investigation of Magneto Hydro-Dynamics Effects on a Polymer Chain Transfer in Micro-Channel Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics Method. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of Magneto Hydro-Dynamics (MHD) on a polymer chain in the micro channel is studied by employing the Dissipative Particle Dynamics simulation (DPD) method. First, in a simple symmetric micro-channel, the results are evaluated and validated for different values of Hartmann (Ha) Number. The difference between the simulation and analytical solution is below 10%. Then, two types of polymer chain including short and long polymer chain are examined in the channel and the effective parameters such as Ha number, the harmony bond coefficient or spring constant (K), and the length of the polymer chain (N) are studied in the MHD flow. It is shown that by increasing harmony bond constant to 10 times with Ha = 20, the reduction of about 80% in radius of gyration squared, and half in polymer length compared to Ha = 1 would occur for both test cases. For short and long length of polymer, proper transfer of a polymer chain through MHD particles flow is observed with less perturbations (80%) and faster polymer transfer in the symmetric micro-channel.
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Mauri E, Veglianese P, Papa S, Rossetti A, De Paola M, Mariani A, Posel Z, Posocco P, Sacchetti A, Rossi F. Effects of primary amine-based coatings on microglia internalization of nanogels. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 185:110574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kröger M. Developments in Polymer Theory and Simulation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010030. [PMID: 31877990 PMCID: PMC7023532 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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