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Park YW, Yoon JH, Shin KH, Cho YJ, Yun JH, Han WH, Hong MH, Kang DG, Kim HY. Enhancing Stiffness and Oil Resistance of Fluorosilicone Rubber Composites through Untreated Cellulose Reinforcement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4489. [PMID: 38231938 PMCID: PMC10707869 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorosilicone rubber, essential in automotive and aerospace owing to its excellent chemical resistance, plays a pivotal role in sealing technology, addressing the industry's evolving demands. This study explores the preparation and properties of fibrillated cellulose-reinforced fluorosilicone rubber composites to enhance their stiffness and oil resistance. Fibrillated cellulose sourced as a wet cake and subjected to processing and modification is incorporated into a fluorosilicone rubber matrix. The resulting composites are analysed by tensile and compression tests, along with compressive stress-relaxation testing in air and in an oil-immersed environment. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in the mechanical properties, including an increased Young's modulus and elongation at break, whereas the tensile strength remained uncompromised throughout the testing procedures. Morphological analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed a remarkable interfacial affinity between the fibrillated cellulose and rubber matrix, which was attributed in part to the modified fatty acids and inorganic nanoparticles. The presence of fibrillated cellulose enhanced the stress-relaxation characteristics under oil-immersion conditions. These results contribute to the domain of advanced elastomer materials, with potential for applications requiring enhanced mechanical properties and superior oil resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Won Park
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Hwan Yoon
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Kyoung-Ho Shin
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Yeon-Jee Cho
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Ju-Ho Yun
- Chemical Materials R&D Department, Chassis & Material Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.P.); (K.-H.S.); (Y.-J.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Won-Hee Han
- R&D Centre, Lion Advanced Materials Inc., 87 Beotkkot-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34342, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hyuk Hong
- R&D Centre, Lion Advanced Materials Inc., 87 Beotkkot-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34342, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gug Kang
- Research & Development Institute, Pyung Hwa Oil Seal Industry Co., Ltd., 42 Nongongjungang-ro 51-gil, Nongong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42982, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Research & Development Institute, Pyung Hwa Oil Seal Industry Co., Ltd., 42 Nongongjungang-ro 51-gil, Nongong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42982, Republic of Korea
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Wongvasana B, Thongnuanchan B, Masa A, Saito H, Sakai T, Lopattananon N. Structure-Property Correlation in Natural Rubber Nanocomposite Foams: A Comparison between Nanoclay and Cellulose Nanofiber Used as Nanofillers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4223. [PMID: 37959903 PMCID: PMC10649899 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite foams of natural rubber (NR) with 5 phr of two kinds of nanofillers, nanoclay (NC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF), were produced using the latex mixing method and foaming with azodicarbonamide. The effect of the nanofiller on the structure and mechanical properties of NR foams was investigated through SEM, TEM, tensile tests, WAXD, and compression set measurements. Smaller cells with a narrower distribution were attained in the NC/NR foam when compared to the NR and CNF/NR foams, and the expansion ratio was larger due to the suppression of the shrinkage in the NC/NR foam. The foaming of the NR nanocomposites reduced the size of the filler aggregates and improved the dispersion and alignment of nanofillers in the cell walls. The addition of NC and CNF enhanced the tensile strength of the NR foam by 139% and 62%, respectively, without sacrificing the excellent strain of the NR, due to the acceleration of the strain-induced crystallization and small size of the filler aggregates. The compression set of the NR foam could also be reduced in the NC/NR foam compared with the NR and CNF/NR foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunsita Wongvasana
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand; (B.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Bencha Thongnuanchan
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand; (B.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Abdulhakim Masa
- Rubber Engineering & Technology Program, International College, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Hiromu Saito
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadamoto Sakai
- Organization for Innovation & Social Collaboration, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu City 432-8011, Shizuoka, Japan;
| | - Natinee Lopattananon
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand; (B.W.); (B.T.)
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Valente M, Sambucci M, Rossitti I, Abruzzese S, Sergi C, Sarasini F, Tirillò J. Carbon-Fiber-Recycling Strategies: A Secondary Waste Stream Used for PA6,6 Thermoplastic Composite Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5436. [PMID: 37570140 PMCID: PMC10419936 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
With a view to achieving sustainable development and a circular economy, this work focused on the possibility to valorize a secondary waste stream of recycled carbon fiber (rCF) to produce a 3D printing usable material with a PA6,6 polymer matrix. The reinforcing fibers implemented in the research are the result of a double-recovery action: starting with pyrolysis, long fibers are obtained, which are used to produce non-woven fabrics, and subsequently, fiber agglomerate wastes obtained from this last process are ground in a ball mill. The effect of different amounts of reinforcement at 5% and 10% by weight on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed thermoplastic composites was investigated. Although the recycled fraction was successfully integrated in the production of filaments for 3D printing and therefore in the production of specimens via the fused deposition modeling technique, the results showed that fibers did not improve the mechanical properties as expected, due to an unsuitable average size distribution and the presence of a predominant dusty fraction ascribed to the non-optimized ball milling process. PA6,6 + 10 wt.% rCF composites exhibited a tensile strength of 59.53 MPa and a tensile modulus of 2.24 GPa, which correspond to an improvement in mechanical behavior of 5% and 21% compared to the neat PA6,6 specimens, respectively. The printed composite specimens loaded with the lowest content of rCF provided the greatest improvement in strength (+9% over the neat sample). Next, a prediction of the "optimum" critical length of carbon fibers was proposed that could be used for future optimization of recycled fiber processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Valente
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (I.R.); (S.A.); (C.S.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Sambucci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (I.R.); (S.A.); (C.S.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rossitti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (I.R.); (S.A.); (C.S.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Abruzzese
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (I.R.); (S.A.); (C.S.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Claudia Sergi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (I.R.); (S.A.); (C.S.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sarasini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (I.R.); (S.A.); (C.S.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Tirillò
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (I.R.); (S.A.); (C.S.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
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Wongvasana B, Thongnuanchan B, Masa A, Saito H, Sakai T, Lopattananon N. Reinforcement Behavior of Chemically Unmodified Cellulose Nanofiber in Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1274. [PMID: 36904515 PMCID: PMC10007268 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the reinforcement behavior of small amounts of chemically unmodified cellulose nanofiber (CNF) in eco-friendly natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites. For this purpose, NR nanocomposites filled with 1, 3, and 5 parts per hundred rubber (phr) of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) were prepared by a latex mixing method. By using TEM, a tensile test, DMA, WAXD, a bound rubber test, and gel content measurements, the effect of CNF concentration on the structure-property relationship and reinforcing mechanism of the CNF/NR nanocomposite was revealed. Increasing the content of CNF resulted in decreased dispersibility of the nanofiber in the NR matrix. It was found that the stress upturn in the stress-strain curves was remarkably enhanced when the NR was combined with 1-3 phr CNF, and a noticeable increase in tensile strength (an approximately 122% increase in tensile strength over that of NR) was observed without sacrificing the flexibility of the NR in the NR filled with 1 phr CNF, though no acceleration in their strain-induced crystallization was observed. Since the NR chains were not inserted in the uniformly dispersed CNF bundles, the reinforcement behavior by the small content of CNF might be attributed to the shear stress transfer at the CNF/NR interface through the interfacial interaction (i.e., physical entanglement) between the nano-dispersed CNFs and the NR chains. However, at a higher CNF filling content (5 phr), the CNFs formed micron-sized aggregates in the NR matrix, which significantly induced the local stress concentration and promoted strain-induced crystallization, causing a substantially increased modulus but reduced the strain at the rupture of the NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunsita Wongvasana
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Bencha Thongnuanchan
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Abdulhakim Masa
- Rubber Engineering & Technology Program, International College, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Hiromu Saito
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tadamoto Sakai
- Organization for Innovation & Social Collaboration, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8011, Japan
| | - Natinee Lopattananon
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand
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Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030671. [PMID: 36771971 PMCID: PMC9919905 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This present study optimized the cellulose nanofiber (CNF) loading and melt processing conditions of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) P(HB-co-11% HHx) bionanocomposite fabrication in twin screw extruder by using the response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (CCD) was applied to statistically specify the important parameters, namely CNF loading (1-9 wt.%), rotational speed (20-60 rpm), and temperature (135-175 °C), on the mechanical properties of the P(HB-co-11% HHx) bionanocomposites. The developed model reveals that CNF loading and temperature were the dominating parameters that enhanced the mechanical properties of the P(HB-co-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites. The optimal CNF loading, rotational speed, and temperature for P(HB-co-11% HHx) bionanocomposite fabrication were 1.5 wt.%, 20 rpm, and 160 °C, respectively. The predicted tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus for these optimum conditions were 22.96 MPa, 33.91 MPa, and 1.02 GPa, respectively, with maximum desirability of 0.929. P(HB-co-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites exhibited improved tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus by 17, 6, and 20%, respectively, as compared to the neat P(HB-co-11% HHx). While the crystallinity of P(HB-co-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites increased by 17% under the optimal fabrication conditions, the thermal stability of the P(HB-co-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites was not significantly different from neat P(HB-co-11% HHx).
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Wiphanurat C, Hanthanon P, Ouipanich S, Harnkarnsujarit N, Magaraphan R, Nampitch T. Blending HDPE with biodegradable polymers using modified natural rubber as a compatibilizing agent: mechanical, physical, chemical, thermal and morphological properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Comparative Structure–Property Relationship between Nanoclay and Cellulose Nanofiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183747. [PMID: 36145891 PMCID: PMC9505582 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites reinforced with five parts per hundred rubber (phr) of two different nano-fillers, i.e., nanoclay (abbrev. NC) and cellulose nanofiber (abbrev. CNF), were prepared by using latex mixing approach, followed by mill-compounding and molding. The morphology, stress–strain behavior, strain-induced crystallization, and bound rubber of the NR nanocomposites were systematically compared through TEM, tensile test, WAXS, DMA, and bound rubber measurement. The aggregated CNFs were observed in the NR matrix, while the dispersed nanosized clay tactoids were detected across the NR phase. The reinforcement effects of NC and CNF were clearly distinct in the NR nanocomposites. At the same nano-filler content, the addition of NC and CNF effectively accelerated strain-induced crystallization of NR. The high tensile strength obtained in the NC-filled NR nanocomposite was attributed to strain-induced crystallization of NR accelerated by well-dispersed NC. However, the larger tensile modulus and low strain for the CNF-filled NR were related to the formation of immobilized NR at the interface between CNF aggregate and NR. The immobilization effect of NR at the CNF surface offered by a mutual entanglement of CNF aggregate and NR chain led to local stress concentration and accelerated strain-induced crystallization of CNF/NR nanocomposite. From the present study, the NR nanocomposites combined with 5 phr CNF shows high-tensile modulus and acceptable breaking tensile stress and strain, suggesting the application of CNF/NR based nanocomposite in automotive and stretchable sensors for next-generation electronic devices.
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Amin MN, Ahmad W, Khan K, Ahmad A. A Comprehensive Review of Types, Properties, Treatment Methods and Application of Plant Fibers in Construction and Building Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4362. [PMID: 35744418 PMCID: PMC9227278 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable development involves the usage of alternative sustainable materials in order to sustain the excessive depletion of natural resources. Plant fibers, as a "green" material, are progressively gaining the attention of various researchers in the field of construction for their potential use in composites for stepping towards sustainable development. This study aims to provide a scientometric review of the summarized background of plant fibers and their applications as construction and building materials. Studies from the past two decades are summarized. Quantitative assessment of research progress is made by using connections and maps between bibliometric data that are compiled for the analysis of plant fibers using Scopus. Data refinement techniques are also used. Plant fibers are potentially used to enhance the mechanical properties of a composite. It is revealed from the literature that plant-fiber-reinforced composites have comparable properties in comparison to composites reinforced with artificial/steel fibers for civil engineering applications, such as construction materials, bridge piers, canal linings, soil reinforcement, pavements, acoustic treatment, insulation materials, etc. However, the biodegradable nature of plant fibers is still a hindrance to their application as a structural material. For this purpose, different surface and chemical treatment methods have been proposed in past studies to improve their durability. It can be surmised from the gathered data that the compressive and flexural strengths of plant-fiber-reinforced cementitious composites are increased by up to 43% and 67%, respectively, with respect to a reference composite. In the literature, alkaline treatment has been reported as an effective and economical method for treating plant fibers. Environmental degradation due to excessive consumption of natural resources and fossil fuels for the construction industry, along with the burning of waste plant fibers, can be reduced by incorporating said fibers in cementitious composites to reduce landfill pollution and, ultimately, achieve sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;
| | - Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- MaREI Centre, Ryan Institute and School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 HX31 Galway, Ireland;
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Mustapha S, Lease J, Eksiler K, Sim ST, Ariffin H, Andou Y. Facile Preparation of Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Using Hybrid Filler Method. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081630. [PMID: 35458380 PMCID: PMC9028520 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried hybrid fillers comprised of silica/CNF were successfully synthesized in ethanol/water mixed solvents at room temperature without the usage of any precursor. The as-prepared fillers were incorporated with polypropylene (PP) as a polymer matrix through a twin-screw extruder. From surface morphology analysis, the agglomeration of the silica/CNF hybrid fillers was prevented in the PP matrix and they exhibited moderate transparency, around 17.9% and 44.6% T at 660 nm. Further, the chemical structures of the polymer composites were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. According to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the insertion of silica as a co-filler to the PP matrix resulted in an increase in its degradation onset temperature and also thermal stability. In addition, the mechanical properties of the PP composites also increased after the blending process with the hybrid fillers. Overall, sample PP-SS/CNF exhibited the highest tensile strength, which was 36.8 MPa, or around 73.55% compared to the pristine PP. The improvements in tensile strength were attributed to good dispersion and enhanced efficiency of the stress transfer mechanism between the silica and the cellulose within the PP matrix. However, elongation of the sample was reduced sharply due to the stiffening effect of the filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safarul Mustapha
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2–4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan; (S.M.); (J.L.); (K.E.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Jacqueline Lease
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2–4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan; (S.M.); (J.L.); (K.E.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Kubra Eksiler
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2–4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan; (S.M.); (J.L.); (K.E.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Siew Teng Sim
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2–4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan; (S.M.); (J.L.); (K.E.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Yoshito Andou
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2–4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan; (S.M.); (J.L.); (K.E.); (S.T.S.)
- Collaborative Research Centre for Green Materials on Environmental Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2–4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Emerging Developments on Nanocellulose as Liquid Crystals: A Biomimetic Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081546. [PMID: 35458295 PMCID: PMC9025541 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetics is the field of obtaining ideas from nature that can be applied in science, engineering, and medicine. The usefulness of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and their excellent characteristics in biomimetic applications are exciting and promising areas of present and future research. CNCs are bio-based nanostructured material that can be isolated from several natural biomasses. The CNCs are one-dimensional with a high aspect ratio. They possess high crystalline order and high chirality when they are allowed to assemble in concentrated dispersions. Recent studies have demonstrated that CNCs possess remarkable optical and chemical properties that can be used to fabricate liquid crystals. Research is present in the early stage to develop CNC-based solvent-free liquid crystals that behave like both crystalline solids and liquids and exhibit the phenomenon of birefringence in anisotropic media. All these characteristics are beneficial for several biomimetic applications. Moreover, the films of CNC show the property of iridescent colors, making it suitable for photonic applications in various devices, such as electro-optical devices and flat panel displays.
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Venkatesh A, Forsgren L, Avella A, Banke K, Wahlberg J, Vilaseca F, Lo Re G, Boldizar A. Water‐assisted melt processing of cellulose biocomposites with poly(ε‐caprolactone) or poly(ethylene‐acrylic acid) for the production of carton screw caps. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Venkatesh
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lilian Forsgren
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Angelica Avella
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | | | - Fabiola Vilaseca
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Girona Girona Spain
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Antal Boldizar
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
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The Relationship between Crystal Structure and Mechanical Performance for Fabrication of Regenerated Cellulose Film through Coagulation Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244450. [PMID: 34961000 PMCID: PMC8708383 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose films regenerated from aqueous alkali–urea solution possess different properties depending on coagulation conditions. However, the correlation between coagulant species and properties of regenerated cellulose (RC) films has not been clarified yet. In this study, RC films were prepared from cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) under several coagulation conditions. Cellulose dissolved in aqueous LiOH–urea solution was regenerated using various solvents at ambient temperature to investigate the effects of their dielectric constant on the properties of RC film. The crystal structure, mechanical properties, and surface morphology of prepared RC films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile tester, and atomic probe microscopy (AFM), respectively. It is revealed that the preferential orientation of (110) and (020) crystal planes, which are formed by inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in cellulose crystal regions, changed depending on coagulant species. Furthermore, we found out that tensile strength, elongation at break, and crystal structure properties of RC films strongly correlate to the dielectric constant of solvents used for the coagulation process. This work, therefore, would be able to provide an indicator to control the mechanical performance of RC film depending on its application and to develop detailed researches on controlling the crystal structure of cellulose.
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Norrrahim MNF, Mohd Kasim NA, Knight VF, Ong KK, Mohd Noor SA, Abdul Halim N, Ahmad Shah NA, Jamal SH, Janudin N, Misenan MSM, Ahmad MZ, Yaacob MH, Wan Yunus WMZ. Emerging Developments Regarding Nanocellulose-Based Membrane Filtration Material against Microbes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3249. [PMID: 34641067 PMCID: PMC8512566 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide availability and diversity of dangerous microbes poses a considerable problem for health professionals and in the development of new healthcare products. Numerous studies have been conducted to develop membrane filters that have antibacterial properties to solve this problem. Without proper protective filter equipment, healthcare providers, essential workers, and the general public are exposed to the risk of infection. A combination of nanotechnology and biosorption is expected to offer a new and greener approach to improve the usefulness of polysaccharides as an advanced membrane filtration material. Nanocellulose is among the emerging materials of this century and several studies have proven its use in filtering microbes. Its high specific surface area enables the adsorption of various microbial species, and its innate porosity can separate various molecules and retain microbial objects. Besides this, the presence of an abundant OH groups in nanocellulose grants its unique surface modification, which can increase its filtration efficiency through the formation of affinity interactions toward microbes. In this review, an update of the most relevant uses of nanocellulose as a new class of membrane filters against microbes is outlined. Key advancements in surface modifications of nanocellulose to enhance its rejection mechanism are also critically discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focusing on the development of nanocellulose as a membrane filter against microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (K.K.O.); (S.A.M.N.); (N.J.)
| | - Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (K.K.O.); (S.A.M.N.); (N.J.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.A.S.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Victor Feizal Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (K.K.O.); (S.A.M.N.); (N.J.)
| | - Keat Khim Ong
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (K.K.O.); (S.A.M.N.); (N.J.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.A.S.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Siti Aminah Mohd Noor
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (K.K.O.); (S.A.M.N.); (N.J.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.A.S.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Norhana Abdul Halim
- Department of Physics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Noor Aisyah Ahmad Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.A.S.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Siti Hasnawati Jamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.A.S.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Nurjahirah Janudin
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (K.K.O.); (S.A.M.N.); (N.J.)
| | - Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey;
| | - Muhammad Zamharir Ahmad
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysia Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Hanif Yaacob
- Wireless and Photonics Network Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
- Research Centre for Tropicalisation, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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14
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Norrrahim MNF, Huzaifah MRM, Farid MAA, Shazleen SS, Misenan MSM, Yasim-Anuar TAT, Naveen J, Nurazzi NM, Rani MSA, Hakimi MI, Ilyas RA, Jenol MA. Greener Pretreatment Approaches for the Valorisation of Natural Fibre Biomass into Bioproducts. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2971. [PMID: 34503011 PMCID: PMC8434465 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in various applications has a promising potential as advanced technology progresses due to its renowned advantages as cheap and abundant feedstock. The main drawback in the utilization of this type of biomass is the essential requirement for the pretreatment process. The most common pretreatment process applied is chemical pretreatment. However, it is a non-eco-friendly process. Therefore, this review aims to bring into light several greener pretreatment processes as an alternative approach for the current chemical pretreatment. The main processes for each physical and biological pretreatment process are reviewed and highlighted. Additionally, recent advances in the effect of different non-chemical pretreatment approaches for the natural fibres are also critically discussed with a focus on bioproducts conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.I.H.); (M.A.J.)
| | | | - Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.I.H.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Siti Shazra Shazleen
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey;
| | | | - Jesuarockiam Naveen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Norizan Mohd Nurazzi
- Center for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Idham Hakimi
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.I.H.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azwan Jenol
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.I.H.); (M.A.J.)
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15
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Rayung M, Norrrahim MNF, Shazleen SS, Rani MSA, Shafi AR, Aisyah HA, Radzi MHM, Sabaruddin FA, Ilyas RA, Zainudin ES, Abdan K. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162710. [PMID: 34451248 PMCID: PMC8399699 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites’ structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rayung
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - S. S. Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - M. S. A. Rani
- School of Materials and Minerals Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - A. R. Shafi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - M. H. M. Radzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar 02100, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - K. Abdan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
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16
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Fatimah Athiyah S, Shazleen SS, Rafiqah SA, Harussani MM, Kamarudin SH, Razman MR, Rahmah M, Zainudin ES, Ilyas RA, Aisyah HA, Norrrahim MNF, Abdullah N, Sapuan SM, Khalina A. A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2170. [PMID: 34209030 PMCID: PMC8271713 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites, there has been a recent surge in research and innovation for structural applications. To expand the strengths and applications of this category of materials, significant effort was put into improving their mechanical properties. Hybridization is a designed technique for fiber-reinforced composite materials that involves combining two or more fibers of different groups within a single matrix to manipulate the desired properties. They may be made from a mix of natural and synthetic fibers, synthetic and synthetic fibers, or natural fiber and carbonaceous materials. Owing to their diverse properties, hybrid natural fiber composite materials are manufactured from a variety of materials, including rubber, elastomer, metal, ceramics, glasses, and plants, which come in composite, sandwich laminate, lattice, and segmented shapes. Hybrid composites have a wide range of uses, including in aerospace interiors, naval, civil building, industrial, and sporting goods. This study intends to provide a summary of the factors that contribute to natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites' mechanical and structural failure as well as overview the details and developments that have been achieved with the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. Fatimah Athiyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. S. Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. Ayu Rafiqah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. H. Kamarudin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (S.H.K.); (M.R.)
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rahmah
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (S.H.K.); (M.R.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - N. Abdullah
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - A. Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
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17
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Norrrahim MNF, Ariffin H, Yasim-Anuar TAT, Hassan MA, Ibrahim NA, Yunus WMZW, Nishida H. Performance Evaluation of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-Based Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1064. [PMID: 33800573 PMCID: PMC8037030 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual hemicellulose could enhance cellulose nanofiber (CNF) processing as it impedes the agglomeration of the nanocellulose fibrils and contributes to complete nanofibrillation within a shorter period of time. Its effect on CNF performance as a reinforcement material is unclear, and hence this study seeks to evaluate the performance of CNF in the presence of amorphous hemicellulose as a reinforcement material in a polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite. Two types of CNF were prepared: SHS-CNF, which contained about 11% hemicellulose, and KOH-CNF, with complete hemicellulose removal. Mechanical properties of the PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF showed an almost similar increment in tensile strength (31% and 32%) and flexural strength (28% and 29%) when 3 wt.% of CNF was incorporated in PP, indicating that hemicellulose in SHS-CNF did not affect the mechanical properties of the PP nanocomposite. The crystallinity of both PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF nanocomposites showed an almost similar value at 55-56%. A slight decrement in thermal stability was seen, whereby the decomposition temperature at 10% weight loss (Td10%) of PP/SHS-CNF was 6 °C lower at 381 °C compared to 387 °C for PP/KOH-CNF, which can be explained by the degradation of thermally unstable hemicellulose. The results from this study showed that the presence of some portion of hemicellulose in CNF did not affect the CNF properties, suggesting that complete hemicellulose removal may not be necessary for the preparation of CNF to be used as a reinforcement material in nanocomposites. This will lead to less harsh pretreatment for CNF preparation and, hence, a more sustainable nanocomposite can be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Research Center for Chemistry Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn. Bhd., Paloh Inai, Pekan 26600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Nor Azowa Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Haruo Nishida
- Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, Graduate Kyushu Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan;
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18
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Clemons C, Sabo R. A Review of Wet Compounding of Cellulose Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:911. [PMID: 33809615 PMCID: PMC8001547 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are an emerging class of materials with numerous potential applications, including as additives or reinforcements for thermoplastics. Unfortunately, the preparation of CNs typically results in dilute, aqueous suspensions, and the lack of efficient water removal methods has hindered commercialization. However, water may also present opportunities for improving overall efficiencies if its potential is better understood and if it is better managed through the various stages of CN and composite production. Wet compounding represents one such possible opportunity by leveraging water's ability to aid in CN dispersion, act as a transport medium for metering and feeding of CNs, plasticize some polymers, or potentially facilitate the preparation of CNs during compounding. However, there are also considerable challenges and much investigation remains. Here, we review various wet compounding approaches used in the preparation of cellulose nanocomposites as well as the related concepts of wet feeding and wet extrusion fibrillation of cellulose. We also discuss potential opportunities, remaining challenges, and research and development needs with the ultimate goal of developing a more integrated approach to cellulose nanocomposite preparation and a more sophisticated understanding of water's role in the compounding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Clemons
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
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19
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Faiz Norrrahim MN, Mohd Kasim NA, Knight VF, Mohamad Misenan MS, Janudin N, Ahmad Shah NA, Kasim N, Wan Yusoff WY, Mohd Noor SA, Jamal SH, Ong KK, Zin Wan Yunus WM. Nanocellulose: a bioadsorbent for chemical contaminant remediation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7347-7368. [PMID: 35423275 PMCID: PMC8695092 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08005e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, dyes, and organic oils seriously affect the environment and threaten human health. About 2 million tons of waste is released every day into the water system. Heavy metals are the largest contributor which cover about 31% of the total composition of water contaminants. Every day, approximately 14 000 people die due to environmental exposure to selected chemicals. Removal of these contaminants down to safe levels is expensive, high energy and unsustainable by current approaches such as oxidation, biodegradation, photocatalysis, precipitation, reverse osmosis and adsorption. A combination of biosorption and nanotechnology offers a new way to remediate these chemical contaminants. Nanostructured materials are proven to have higher adsorption capacities than the same material in its larger-scale form. Nanocellulose is very promising as a high-performance bioadsorbent due to its interesting characteristics of high adsorption capacity, high mechanical strength, hydrophilic surface chemistry, renewability and biodegradability. It has been proven to have higher adsorption capacity and better binding affinity than other similar materials at the macroscale. The high specific surface area and abundance of hydroxyl groups within lead to the possible functionalization of this material for decontamination purposes. Several research papers have shown the effectiveness of nanocellulose in the remediation of chemical contaminants. This review aims to provide an overview of the most recent developments regarding nanocellulose as an adsorbent for chemical contamination remediation. Recent advancements regarding the modification of nanocellulose to enhance its adsorption efficiency towards heavy metals, dyes and organic oils were highlighted. Moreover, the desorption capability and environmental issue related to every developed nanocellulose-based adsorbent were also tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Victor Feizal Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus 34220 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Nurjahirah Janudin
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Noor Aisyah Ahmad Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Norherdawati Kasim
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Wan Yusmawati Wan Yusoff
- Department of Physics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Siti Aminah Mohd Noor
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Siti Hasnawati Jamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Keat Khim Ong
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Research Centre for Tropicalisation, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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20
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Sharip NS, Ariffin H, Yasim-Anuar TAT, Andou Y, Shirosaki Y, Jawaid M, Tahir PM, Ibrahim NA. Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030404. [PMID: 33513876 PMCID: PMC7865645 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major hurdle in melt-processing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) nanocomposite lies on the high melt viscosity of the UHMWPE, which may contribute to poor dispersion and distribution of the nanofiller. In this study, UHMWPE/cellulose nanofiber (UHMWPE/CNF) bionanocomposites were prepared by two different blending methods: (i) melt blending at 150 °C in a triple screw kneading extruder, and (ii) non-melt blending by ethanol mixing at room temperature. Results showed that melt-processing of UHMWPE without CNF (MB-UHMWPE/0) exhibited an increment in yield strength and Young’s modulus by 15% and 25%, respectively, compared to the Neat-UHMWPE. Tensile strength was however reduced by almost half. Ethanol mixed sample without CNF (EM-UHMWPE/0) on the other hand showed slight decrement in all mechanical properties tested. At 0.5% CNF inclusion, the mechanical properties of melt-blended bionanocomposites (MB-UHMWPE/0.5) were improved as compared to Neat-UHMWPE. It was also found that the yield strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, toughness and crystallinity of MB-UHMWPE/0.5 were higher by 28%, 61%, 47%, 45% and 11%, respectively, as compared to the ethanol mixing sample (EM-UHMWPE/0.5). Despite the reduction in tensile strength of MB-UHMWPE/0.5, the value i.e., 28.4 ± 1.0 MPa surpassed the minimum requirement of standard specification for fabricated UHMWPE in surgical implant application. Overall, melt-blending processing is more suitable for the preparation of UHMWPE/CNF bionanocomposites as exhibited by their characteristics presented herein. A better mechanical interlocking between UHMWPE and CNF at high temperature mixing with kneading was evident through FE-SEM observation, explains the higher mechanical properties of MB-UHMWPE/0.5 as compared to EM-UHMWPE/0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sharmila Sharip
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.S.S.); (M.J.); (P.M.T.)
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.S.S.); (M.J.); (P.M.T.)
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9769-7515
| | - Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Yoshito Andou
- Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan;
| | - Yuki Shirosaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan;
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.S.S.); (M.J.); (P.M.T.)
| | - Paridah Md Tahir
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.S.S.); (M.J.); (P.M.T.)
| | - Nor Azowa Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
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Electrospun Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Gelatin and Cellulose Acetate Bi-Layer Scaffold Loaded with Gentamicin as Possible Wound Dressing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102311. [PMID: 33050196 PMCID: PMC7599463 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acceleration of wound healing can be achieved with the use of wound dressings. Through the electrospinning technique, a polymeric scaffold composed of two layers was processed: a gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone layer with gentamicin, and a second layer of cellulose acetate. The conditions for the electrospinning process were standardized for voltage parameters, feed flow and the distance from the injector to the collector. Once the values of the main variables for the electrospinning were optimized, a three-hour processing time was established to allow the separation of the material from the collector. The obtained material was characterized by observations on scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis; contact angle measurement was performed to evaluate wettability properties, and antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated using the Kirby–Bauer test. The obtained fibers that form the bi-layer scaffold present diameters from 100 to 300 nm. The scaffold presents chemical composition, thermal stability, wettability characteristics and antibacterial activity that fulfill the proposal from this study, based on obtaining a scaffold that could be used as a drug delivery vehicle and a wound dressing material.
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Process Optimization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposites in Triple Screw Kneading Extruder by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194498. [PMID: 33008017 PMCID: PMC7582604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of nanocellulose could improve wear resistance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for an artificial joint application. Yet, the extremely high melt viscosity of the polymer may constrict the mixing, leading to fillers agglomeration and poor mechanical properties. This study optimized the processing condition of UHMWPE/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) bionanocomposite fabrication in triple screw kneading extruder by using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of the process parameters-temperature (150-190 °C), rotational speed (30-60 rpm), and mixing time (30-45 min)-on mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites was investigated. Homogenous filler distribution, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis, was obtained through the optimal processing condition of 150 °C, 60 rpm, and 45 min. The UHMWPE/CNF bionanocomposites exhibited improved mechanical properties in terms of Young's and flexural modulus by 11% and 19%, respectively, as compared to neat UHMWPE. An insignificant effect was observed when maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene (MAPE) was added as compatibilizer. The obtained results proved that homogenous compounding of high melt viscosity UHMWPE with CNF was feasible by optimizing the melt blending processing condition in triple screw kneading extruder, which resulted in improved stiffness, a contributing factor for wear resistance.
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