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Mihelčič M, Oseli A, Huskić M, Slemenik Perše L. Influence of Stabilization Additive on Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245438. [PMID: 36559809 PMCID: PMC9785811 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To decrease the amount of plastic waste, the use of recycling techniques become a necessity. However, numerous recycling cycles result in the mechanical, thermal, and chemical degradation of the polymer, which leads to an inefficient use of recycled polymers for the production of plastic products. In this study, the effects of recycling and the improvement of polymer performance with the incorporation of an additive into recycled polypropylene was studied by spectroscopic, rheological, optical, and mechanical characterization techniques. The results showed that after 20 recycling steps of mechanical processing of polypropylene, the main degradation processes of polypropylene are chain scission of polymer chains and oxidation, which can be improved by the addition of a stabilizing additive. It was shown that a small amount of an additive significantly improves the properties of the recycled polypropylene up to the 20th reprocessing cycle. The use of an additive improves the rheological properties of the recycled melt, surface properties, and time-dependent mechanical properties of solid polypropylene since it was shown that the additive acts as a hardener and additionally crosslinks the recycled polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohor Mihelčič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Oseli
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miroslav Huskić
- Faculty of Polymer Technology, Ozare 19, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Slemenik Perše
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Parveez B, Kittur MI, Badruddin IA, Kamangar S, Hussien M, Umarfarooq MA. Scientific Advancements in Composite Materials for Aircraft Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225007. [PMID: 36433134 PMCID: PMC9692500 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in aircraft materials and their manufacturing technologies have enabled progressive growth in innovative materials such as composites. Al-based, Mg-based, Ti-based alloys, ceramic-based, and polymer-based composites have been developed for the aerospace industry with outstanding properties. However, these materials still have some limitations such as insufficient mechanical properties, stress corrosion cracking, fretting wear, and corrosion. Subsequently, extensive studies have been conducted to develop aerospace materials that possess superior mechanical performance and are corrosion-resistant. Such materials can improve the performance as well as the life cycle cost. This review introduces the recent advancements in the development of composites for aircraft applications. Then it focuses on the studies conducted on composite materials developed for aircraft structures, followed by various fabrication techniques and then their applications in the aircraft industry. Finally, it summarizes the efforts made by the researchers so far and the challenges faced by them, followed by the future trends in aircraft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Parveez
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (I.A.B.)
| | - M. I. Kittur
- Centre of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Sarfaraz Kamangar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Pesticide Formulation Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M. A. Umarfarooq
- Center of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India
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Dündar GŞ, Saner Okan B. An efficient interface model to develop scalable methodology of melt processing of polypropylene with graphene oxide produced by an improved and eco‐friendly electrochemical exfoliation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gülayşe Şahin Dündar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and NanoEngineering Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burcu Saner Okan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and NanoEngineering Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence Istanbul Turkey
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Stalmann G, Matic A, Jacobsson P, Tranchida D, Gitsas A, Gkourmpis T. Crystallisation Kinetics and Associated Electrical Conductivity Dynamics of Poly(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) Nanocomposites in the Melt State. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3602. [PMID: 36296791 PMCID: PMC9612297 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite systems comprised of a poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix and carbon black (CB) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were used to investigate conductivity and crystallisation dynamics using a commercially relevant melt-state mixing process. Crystallisation kinetics and morphology, as investigated by DSC and SEM, turn out to depend on the interplay of (i) the interphase interactions between matrix and filler, and (ii) the degree of filler agglomeration. For the GNP-based systems, an almost constant conductivity value was observed for all compositions upon cooling, something not observed for the CB-based compositions. These conductivity changes reflect structural and morphological changes that can be associated with positive and negative thermal expansion coefficients. GNP-based systems were observed to exhibit a percolation threshold of approximately 2.2 vol%, lower than the 4.4 vol% observed for the CB-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Stalmann
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothemburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Jacobsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Antonis Gitsas
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gkourmpis
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis AB, 444 86 Stenungsund, Sweden
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Influence of Carbon Micro- and Nano-Fillers on the Viscoelastic Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122440. [PMID: 35746016 PMCID: PMC9227514 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research study, three carbon fillers of varying dimensionality in the form of graphite (3D), graphite nano-platelets (2D), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (1D) were incorporated into a matrix of poly (ethylene terephthalate), forming carbon-reinforced polymer composites. Melt compounding was followed by compression moulding and then a quenching process for some of the samples to inhibit crystallization. The samples were analysed using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), considering the dimensionality and loading of the carbon fillers. The dynamic mechanical analysis revealed a similar decline of storage moduli for all composites during the glassy to rubbery transition. However, storage moduli values at room temperature increased with higher loading of nano-fillers but only to a certain level; followed by a reduction attributed to the formation of agglomerates of nanotubes and/or rolled up of nano-platelets, as observed by SEM. Much greater reinforcement was observed for the carbon nanotubes compared to the graphite and or the graphite nano-platelets. The quenched PET samples showed significant changes in their dynamic mechanical properties due to both filler addition and to cold crystallization during the DMTA heating cycle. The magnitude of changes due to filler dimensionality was found to follow the order: 1D > 2D > 3D, this carbon filler with lower dimensionality have a more significant effect on the viscoelastic properties of polymer composite materials.
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Al Faruque MA, Syduzzaman M, Sarkar J, Bilisik K, Naebe M. A Review on the Production Methods and Applications of Graphene-Based Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2414. [PMID: 34578730 PMCID: PMC8469961 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials in the form of fibres, fabrics, films, and composite materials are the most widely investigated research domains because of their remarkable physicochemical and thermomechanical properties. In this era of scientific advancement, graphene has built the foundation of a new horizon of possibilities and received tremendous research focus in several application areas such as aerospace, energy, transportation, healthcare, agriculture, wastewater management, and wearable technology. Although graphene has been found to provide exceptional results in every application field, a massive proportion of research is still underway to configure required parameters to ensure the best possible outcomes from graphene-based materials. Until now, several review articles have been published to summarise the excellence of graphene and its derivatives, which focused mainly on a single application area of graphene. However, no single review is found to comprehensively study most used fabrication processes of graphene-based materials including their diversified and potential application areas. To address this genuine gap and ensure wider support for the upcoming research and investigations of this excellent material, this review aims to provide a snapshot of most used fabrication methods of graphene-based materials in the form of pure and composite fibres, graphene-based composite materials conjugated with polymers, and fibres. This study also provides a clear perspective of large-scale production feasibility and application areas of graphene-based materials in all forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Syduzzaman
- Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (M.S.); (K.B.)
- Department of Textile Engineering Management, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Joy Sarkar
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh;
| | - Kadir Bilisik
- Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Maryam Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
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Zhao X, Huang D, Ewulonu CM, Wu M, Wang C, Huang Y. Polypropylene/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites with high conductivity via solid-state shear mixing. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The research on facile, low-cost, and green process for the uniform dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) into polymer matrix has always been a considerable challenge in practical applications. The Van der Waals interaction between graphene layers can easily cause aggregation of the nanofillers. Here, we propose a new method to solve this problem by involving solid-state shear mixing to obtain a well-dispersed nanocomposite. The comprehensive properties of nanocomposite, including antistatic properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability, can be significantly enhanced by this method. The surface resistivity of the nanocomposite can be up to 2.4 × 107 Ω sq−1 under 1 wt% content of GNPs, which is significantly better than the value obtained by conventional melting compounding and meets the required standard of less than 3 × 108 Ω sq−1 for actual application antistatic materials. The impact strength of the nanocomposite increased by 120.8% when compared with neat PP. At the same time, the heat distortion temperature and initial decomposition temperature of the nanocomposite with only 0.5 wt% content of GNPs are improved by 11.7°C and 110°C, respectively. In addition, GNPs is a heterogeneous nucleating agent that leads PP to emerge β crystal form. This study provides an effective and practical reference for the broad-scale industrial preparation of polymer-based graphene nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Dayong Huang
- Functional Polymer Materials Center, National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chinomso M. Ewulonu
- Functional Polymer Materials Center, National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University , P. M. B 5025 , Awka , Nigeria
| | - Min Wu
- Functional Polymer Materials Center, National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chao Wang
- Functional Polymer Materials Center, National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
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Pathak AK, Zhou Y, Lecointre L, Yokozeki T. Polypropylene nanocomposites with high-loading conductive carbon nano-reinforcements for multifunctional applications. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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