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Kılıç E, Fullana-I-Palmer P, Fullana M, Delgado-Aguilar M, Puig R. Circularity of new composites from recycled high density polyethylene and leather waste for automotive bumpers. Testing performance and environmental impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170413. [PMID: 38309365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
New composite materials (suitable for automotive bumpers), composed of recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and leather buffing dust waste (BF) ranging from 20 to 50 wt%, were produced and investigated for mechanical properties. Optimal mechanical performance was achieved with composites containing 30 % wt BF. The environmental performance of automotive bumper production from both virgin and recycled HDPE reinforced with 30 % wt BF (HDPE-BF, rHDPE-BF) composites was compared to that of conventional polypropylene (PP) by performing a cradle to gate life cycle assessment. A component-based approach, instead of a comprehensive LCA assessment for the entire car was adopted using various functional units (FU) such as mass (FU1), volume (FU2), and volume of raw material fulfilling a specific impact strength requirement (FU3), thus enriching the paper with methodological discussions. The rHDPE-BF system provided better environmental performance compared to the virgin PP system, when considering both mass and volume-related functional units, mainly due to the avoidance of virgin polymer production. Even with the inclusion of the use phase in FU2 and a slightly higher density (+1.7 %) of composites than PP-based bumpers, the rHDPE system still provides better environmental performance (10 % less impact). The sensitivity analysis highlighted the significance of car type and final density of the bumper on the impact results. Finally, when using FU3, due to its higher impact strength, HDPE-BF system is clearly the best environmental alternative (50 % less impact) followed by rHDPE-BF system. In all cases, rising the content of recycled materials in the bumpers increases its circularity. The paper illustrates the importance of selecting a suitable functional unit, based on a specific application (i.e., automotive bumpers), to evaluate the environmental impact of new composite materials in comparison to traditional options. Expanding the assessment to encompass multiple functions provides a more accurate portrayal of reality but also introduces greater result uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Kılıç
- Leather Engineering Department, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Pere Fullana-I-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, University Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margalida Fullana
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | | | - Rita Puig
- ABBU Research Group, Department of Industrial and Building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), 08700 Igualada, Spain.
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Ustuntag S, Cakir N, Erdem A, Ozmen O, Dogan M. Production and Characterization of Flame Retardant Leather Waste Filled Thermoplastic Polyurethane. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9475-9485. [PMID: 38434846 PMCID: PMC10905688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Discovering new applications for discarded materials, such as leather waste (LW), has proven to be an effective approach to an ecofriendly and sustainable production. The manufacture of halogen-free flame retardant LW containing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based samples containing an organic phosphinate (OP)-based flame retardant additive would represent an advance in this area. The effects of LW and OP levels on the thermal, flame retardant, and tensile properties of the samples using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 (UL-94 V), mass loss calorimetry, and tensile tests have been assessed. OP is highly effective in LW-filled TPU. The highest UL-94 V rating of V0, LOI value of 31.4%, the lowest peak heat release rate (93 ± 3 kW/m2), and total heat evolved (49 ± 2 MJ/m2) values are obtained with the use of 20 wt % OP. OP is primarily promoted through the creation of a compact intumescent residue structure in the condensed phase. LW exhibits an adjuvant effect by producing nonflammable gases in the gas phase and raising the residual yield in the condensed phase. The most remarkable effect of the LW presence is observed in fire performance index (FPI) and fire growth rate (FIGRA) values. The highest FPI value of 0.49 sm2/kW and the lowest FIGRA value of 0.91 kW/m2s are observed with the use of 20 wt % LW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyye Ustuntag
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
| | - Nida Cakir
- Department
of Fashion Design Trabzon Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkiye
| | | | - Ozkan Ozmen
- Department
of Industrial Design Engineering, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Dogan
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
- Erciyes
Teknopark, Hematainer Biotechnology and
Health Products Inc, Kayseri 38010, Turkiye
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Ulfat W, Mohyuddin A, Amjad M, Othman MHD, Gikas P, Kurniawan TA. Fabrication, characterization, and application of light weight thermal insulation material from combined buffing dust and plaster of paris for construction industry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119129. [PMID: 37778073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Buffing dust, generated from tannery industries, is a source of air pollution in Pakistan. Valorization of the waste into another useful material is important to deal with the environmental pollution, while reducing waste disposal costs in landfills. To demonstrate its technological strength, this work fabricates a thermal insulation material made of plaster of Paris and the buffing dust (from tanning waste) in the form of a composite with superior mechanical properties and low thermal conductivity. Buffing dust with concentrations ranging from 5 to 20% (w/w) were loaded in the composite. The samples synthesized were made slurry of plaster of Paris, buffing dust, and water at ambient temperature. The physico-mechanical properties of composite were analyzed. It was found that the composite had better thermal insulation properties than the panels of the plaster of Paris. Its thermal conductivity was reduced to 15% after adding buffing dust (20% w/w). All the materials had physico-chemical properties like tensile strength (0.02 MPa and 0.06 MPa), density (700-400 kg/m3), water absorption (5.2-8.6%) and thermal conductivity (0.17000-0.09218 W/m-K). Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the material was thermally stable at temperatures ranging from 145 to 177 °C, while FT-IR results revealed that the composite contained O-H, N-H, and CO functional groups. SEM analysis displayed that the composite's homogeneity was reduced with low voids due to buffing dust addition, while EDX analysis showed that the composite contained 23.62% of S, 26.76% of Ca, 49.2% of O and 0.42% of C. This implies that buffing dust could be recycled to manufacture heat insulation materials for construction sector to reduce air pollution, while minimizing energy consumption. By integrating the buffing dust from tanning waste and the plaster of Paris as a composite for construction sector, this work promotes the recycling of unused waste, while saving public funds. Instead of paying landfill fees and polluting soil, the waste may be recycled at lower cost, while reducing environmental damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajad Ulfat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Mohyuddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Amjad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Petros Gikas
- Technical University of Crete, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Chania, Greece
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Mozhiarasi V, Natarajan TS, Karthik V, Anburajan P. Potential of biofuel production from leather solid wastes: Indian scenario. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125214-125237. [PMID: 37488387 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
India is one among the major leather-producing countries in the world which shares close to one-fourth of the world's leather solid wastes and most of these wastes are not effectively utilized. These wastes are rich in protein and lipids that could be a potential feedstock for biofuel production, i.e., biogas, biodiesel, etc. Among the 150,000 tons of daily leather solid wastes in India, approximately 87,150 tons are shared by pre-tanning operations (i.e., raw trimmings, fleshing, and hair wastes) while the rest of the 62,850 tons are shared by tanning, post-tanning, and finishing operations (i.e., wet blue trimmings, chrome splits, shavings, buffing dust, crust trimming wastes). This review article shows that there is considerable bioenergy potential for the use of leather solid wastes as a green fuel. The biogas potential of leather solid wastes is estimated to be 40,532.9 m3/day whereas the biodiesel potential is estimated as 15,452.6 L/day. The bio-oil and bio-char potential of leather solid wastes is estimated to be 80,513.0 L/day and 45.8 tons/day, respectively. Several factors influence the biofuel process efficacy, which needs to be taken into consideration while setting up a biofuel recovery plant. The overall biofuel potential of leather solid wastes shows that this feedstock is an untapped resource for energy recovery to add commercial benefits to India's energy supply. Furthermore, in addition to the economic benefits for investors, the use of leather solid wastes for biofuel production will yield a positive environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Mozhiarasi
- CLRI Regional Centre Jalandhar, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Jalandhar, Punjab, 144021, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Thillai Sivakumar Natarajan
- Environmental Science Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijayarangan Karthik
- CLRI Regional Centre Jalandhar, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Jalandhar, Punjab, 144021, India
| | - Parthiban Anburajan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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Yang K, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Li S, Chen D, Li Z. Superhydrophobic tough hierarchical porous thermal insulation composites prepared by in situ formation of silica aerogel in collagen fiber matrix. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry Sichuan University Chengdu China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zetian Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry Sichuan University Chengdu China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry Sichuan University Chengdu China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry Sichuan University Chengdu China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Deyan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry Sichuan University Chengdu China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry Sichuan University Chengdu China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Approaching a Zero-Waste Strategy in Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Exploitation: Sustainably Approaching Bio-Based Polyethylene Composites. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current need to develop more sustainable processes and products requires the study of new materials. In the field of plastic materials, the need to develop 100% bio-based materials that meet market requirements is evident. In this sense, the present work aims to explore the potential of rapeseed waste as a reinforcement of a bio-based plastic matrix that does not generate new sub-waste. For this purpose, three types of processing of rapeseed residues have been studied: (i) milling; (ii) mechanical process; (iii) thermomechanical process. In addition, the reinforcing capacity of these materials, together with the need for an optimized coupling agent at 6 wt.%, has been verified. The micromechanics of the materials have been evaluated to determine the development of these fibers in the composite material. The results obtained show remarkable increases in mechanical properties, reaching more than 141% in tensile strength and 128% in flexural strength. There is a remarkable difference in the impact behavior between the materials with milled rapeseed and the fibers obtained by mechanical or thermomechanical processes. It was found that by sustainable design it is possible to achieve a 76.2% reduction in the amount of plastic used to manufacture material with the same mechanical properties.
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Kiliç E, Oliver-Ortega H, Tarrés Q, Delgado-Aguilar M, Fullana-i-Palmer P, Puig R. Valorization Strategy for Leather Waste as Filler for High-Density Polyethylene Composites: Analysis of the Thermal Stability, Insulation Properties and Chromium Leaching. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193313. [PMID: 34641129 PMCID: PMC8512770 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leather waste (BF) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were compounded in a lab scale internal mixer and processed by means of injection molding. In this study, leather waste and HDPE composites were characterized by instrumental techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Physical integrity of composites against chemical exposure and chromium-leaching properties of the composites were also investigated. This study shows that the incorporation of 30% leather waste fiber into HDPE composites decreases the thermal conductivity of the composite samples by 17% in comparison to that of neat HDPE samples. Composites showed no thermal degradation during processing cycle. Strong interfacial bonding between leather waste and polymer results in comparable low-leachate levels to maximum allowed concentration for nonhazardous waste, and good chemical resistance properties. The BF/HDPE composites could be a promising low-cost alternative in industrial application areas of HDPE, where high-mechanical strength and low-thermal conductivity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Kiliç
- Material Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department, Usak University, 64200 Usak, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-276-2212121
| | - Helena Oliver-Ortega
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Pere Fullana-i-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rita Puig
- ABBU Research Group, Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 08700 Igualada, Spain;
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Pectin-organophilized ZnO nanoparticles as sustainable fillers for high-density polyethylene composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1832-1842. [PMID: 34051257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of nanocomposites made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 10 wt% zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were produced by extrusion and injection molding. The nanoparticles were prepared via a green way using the pectin-based banana peel extract as the stabilizer and a proper dispersion-providing agent. The fillers were well-dispersed in the matrix and the composites exhibited improved functional characteristics such as increased thermal stability and mechanical properties. The presence of the pectin-organophilized filler had a significant impact on the crystallization process of HDPE. The kinetics of the degradation process was also altered in comparison to the pure polymer. The fire properties of the composites were enhanced as the amount of the gas products produced during their degradation was reduced, what was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with gas products analyses (TGA/FTIR/QMS). The structure and morphology of the materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the mechanical properties were tested by tensile tests. An in-depth analysis revealed that the HDPE-pectin-ZnO interactions are crucial for the structural and performance properties of the final composite. The used biopolymer reacts with ZnO via ionic interaction and through hydrogen bond in the case of HDPE.
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Zhang T, Zeng S, Jiang H, Li Z, Bai D, Li Y, Li J. Leather Solid Waste/Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Polyaniline Aerogel with Mechanical Robustness, Flame Retardancy, and Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11332-11343. [PMID: 33625832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Renewable biobased aerogels display a promising potential to fulfill the surging demand in various industrial sectors. However, its inherent low mechanical robustness, flammability, and lack of functionality are still huge obstacles in its practical application. Herein, a novel integrated leather solid waste (LSW)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/polyaniline (PANI) aerogel with high mechanical robustness, flame retardancy, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance was successfully prepared. Amino carboxyl groups in LSW could be effectively exposed by solid-state shear milling (S3 M) technology to form strong hydrogen-bond interactions with the PVA molecular chains. This led to a change in the compressive strength and the temperature of the initial dimensional change to 15.6 MPa and 112.7 °C at a thickness of 2.5 cm, respectively. Moreover, LSW contains a large number of N elements, which ensures a nitrogen-based flame-retardant mechanism and increase in the limit oxygen index value of LSW/PVA aerogel to 32.0% at a thickness of 2.5 mm. Notably, by the cyclic coating method, a conductive PANI layer could be polymerized on the surface of LSW/PVA aerogel, which led to the construction of a sandwich structure with impressive EMI shielding capability. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) reached more than 40 dB, and the specific shielding effectiveness (SSE) reached 73.0 dB cm3 g-1. The inherent dipoles in collagen fibers and the conductive PANI synergistically produced an internal multiple reflection and absorption mechanism. The comprehensive performance of LSW/PVA/PANI aerogel not only demonstrates a new strategy to recycle LSW in a more value-added way but also sheds some more light on the development of biomass aerogels with high-performance, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shulong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zeshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dongyu Bai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China
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Zhou S, Xie L, Jia Y, Wang C. Review of Cementitious Composites Containing Polyethylene Fibers as Repairing Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112624. [PMID: 33171827 PMCID: PMC7695156 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is an important polymeric material which is widely used in civil engineering. Recently, engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) have adopted PE fibers in structural repairing. ECC with polyethylene fibers (PE-ECC) has excellent tensile properties, ductility, strain-hardening behavior, thermal performance and durability. In this paper, a systematic review of the cementitious composites with PE fibers is summarized to facilitate the application of PE-ECC. The influence of PE fibers on the properties of ECC, such as compressive strength, flexural behavior, shear properties, impact resistance and tensile properties, is presented. Meanwhile, the properties of PE-ECC repaired structures, such as beams, walls and columns, are described. Further, the self-repairing properties of PE-ECC are presented. Finally, some suggestions for future research are provided in order to apply PE-ECC to practical repairing cases. The review exhibits that PE-ECC is of notable significance to the repairing of structures and clarifies its application scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-23-6511-1826 (S.Z.)
| | | | | | - Chong Wang
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-23-6511-1826 (S.Z.)
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