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Shahien MM, Alshammari A, Ibrahim S, Ahmed EH, Atia HA, Elariny HA, Abdallah MH. Development of Glycerosomal pH Triggered In Situ Gelling System to Ameliorate the Nasal Delivery of Sulpiride for Pediatric Psychosis. Gels 2024; 10:608. [PMID: 39330210 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulpiride (Sul) is a medication that blocks dopamine D2 receptors. It is used to treat gastrointestinal disturbances and has antipsychotic effects depending on the dose given. Sulpiride is subject to P-glycoprotein efflux, resulting in limited bioavailability and erratic absorption. Hence, the aim of this study was to generate a glycerosomal in situ gel of sulpiride for intranasal administration, specifically targeting children with schizophrenia who may have difficulty swallowing traditional solid medications, for enhancing its bioavailability. This study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of intranasal administration of glycerin-encapsulated lipid-nanovesicles (glycerosomes) mixed with in situ gels for prolonged release of anti-psychotic medication. A Box-Behnken design was utilized to create sulpiride-loaded glycerosomes (Sul-GMs), with the lipid amount (A), glycerin concentration (B), and sonication time (C) acting as independent variables. Their impact on the entrapment efficiency, EE% (Y1), and in vitro drug release (Y2) were evaluated. The sulpiride EE% showed an increase when the glycerin concentration was raised to 25% v/v. Nevertheless, when the glycerin concentration was raised to 40% v/v, there was a notable decrease in the EE%. The optimized glycerosome was added to pH triggered carbopol 974P in situ gel formulations including HPMC K15M with different concentrations. The in situ gel formulation (G3) comprising 0.6% carbopol 974P and 0.6% hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-K15M (HPMC K15M) demonstrated suitable pH, viscosity, desired gel strength, spreadability, and mucoadhesive strength. Consequently, it was selected for in vitro study, ex vivo permeation investigation, and in vivo evaluations. The glycerosomal in situ gel exhibited favorable ex vivo permeability of SU when applied to the nasal mucosa. The pharmacokinetic investigation revealed that the optimized Sul-loaded glycerosomal in situ gel exhibited a significant fourfold and twofold enhancement in systemic bioavailability compared to both the control gel and the commercially available formulation. Finally, the intranasal administration of Sul-loaded glycerosomal in situ gel is a promising alternative to oral treatment for pediatric patients with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Shahien
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somaia Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas Haridy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Hanan Abdelmawgoud Atia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Hemat A Elariny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Marwa H Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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2
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Sharma B, Dhiman C, Hasan GM, Shamsi A, Hassan MI. Pharmacological Features and Therapeutic Implications of Plumbagin in Cancer and Metabolic Disorders: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:3033. [PMID: 39275349 PMCID: PMC11397539 DOI: 10.3390/nu16173033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin (PLB) is a naphthoquinone extracted from Plumbago indica. In recent times, there has been a growing body of evidence suggesting the potential importance of naphthoquinones, both natural and artificial, in the pharmacological world. Numerous studies have indicated that PLB plays a vital role in combating cancers and other disorders. There is substantial evidence indicating that PLB may have a significant role in the treatment of breast cancer, brain tumours, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other conditions. Moreover, its potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties offer promising avenues for the treatment of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. A number of studies have identified various pathways that may be responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of PLB. These include cell cycle regulation, apoptotic pathways, ROS induction pathways, inflammatory pathways, and signal transduction pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, STAT3/PLK1/AKT, and others. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the diverse pharmacological roles of PLB, examining the mechanisms through which it operates and exploring its potential applications in various medical conditions. In addition, we have conducted a review of the various formulations that have been reported in the literature with the objective of enhancing the efficacy of the compound. However, the majority of the reviewed data are based on in vitro and in vivo studies. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the safety and efficacy of PLB in humans and to ascertain its potential integration into therapeutic regimens for cancer and chronic diseases, rigorous clinical trials are essential. Finally, by synthesizing current research and identifying gaps in knowledge, this review seeks to enhance our understanding of PLB and its therapeutic prospects, paving the way for future studies and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Chitra Dhiman
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md Imtiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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3
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Golestani P. Lipid-based nanoparticles as a promising treatment for the skin cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29898. [PMID: 38698969 PMCID: PMC11064151 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of skin disorders, especially cancer, is increasing worldwide. Several factors are involved in causing skin cancer, but ultraviolet (UV) light, including sunlight and tanning beds, are considered the leading cause. Different methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, and photodynamic therapy are mostly used for the skin cancer treatment. However, drug resistance and toxicity against cancer cells are related to these treatments. Lipid-nanoparticles have attracted significant interest as delivery systems due to non-invasive and targeted delivery based on the type of active drug. However, the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin, is inherently impervious to drugs. Due to their ability to penetrate the deep layers of the skin, skin delivery systems are capable of delivering drugs to target cells in a protected manner. The aim of this review was to examine the properties and applications of nanoliposomes used in the treatment and prevention of numerous types of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Golestani
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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da Silva Gomes B, Cláudia Paiva-Santos A, Veiga F, Mascarenhas-Melo F. Beyond the adverse effects of the systemic route: Exploiting nanocarriers for the topical treatment of skin cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115197. [PMID: 38342240 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Skin cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided into two main groups, melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Conventional therapies for skin cancer have numerous systemic side effects and a high recurrence rate. Topical treatment is an alternative approach, but drug permeability remains a challenge. Therefore, nanocarriers appear as important nanotechnology tools that reduces both the side effects and improves clinical outcomes. This is why they are attracting growing interest. In this review, scientific articles on the use of nanocarriers for the topical treatment of skin cancer were collected. Despite the promising results of the presented nanocarriers and considering that some of them are already on the market, there is an urgent need for investment in the development of manufacturing methods, as well as of suitable toxicological and regulatory evaluations, since the conventional methods currently used to develop these nanocarriers-based products are more time-consuming and expensive than conventional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz da Silva Gomes
- Laboratory of Development and Drug Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Laboratory of Development and Drug Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Laboratory of Development and Drug Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo
- University of Coimbra, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Rua da Cadeia, 6300 - 307 Guarda, Portugal.
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Almeleebia T, Akhter MH, Khalilullah H, Rahman MA, Ahmad S, Alam N, Ali MS, Khan G, Alanazi IM, Shahzad N, Alalmaie A. Co-Delivery of Naringin and Ciprofloxacin by Oleic Acid Lipid Core Encapsulated in Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Alginate Nanoparticle Composite for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6845-6860. [PMID: 38371782 PMCID: PMC10870392 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A novel combination of antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CIP) with herbal counterpart naringin (NAR) was encapsulated by an oleic acid lipid core and carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-CS)/Alginate (AG) nanoparticle composite (CIP + NAR-CM-CS/AG-NPs) for improved antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotic. Herein, this study explored the design and preparation of a composite system that enables to deliver both CIP and NAR from the oleic acid lipid core of CM-CS/AG nanoparticles using a nonsolvent ionic gelation technique. The nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated with improved long-acting antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The optimized composition was investigated for physicochemical properties particle size, particle distribution, and ζ-potential. A diverse array of analytical tools was employed to characterize the optimized formulation including DSC, XRD, Malvern Zetasizer for particle size, ζ-potential, TEM, and SEM. Further, the preparation was investigated for % drug release, flux determination, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity. The formulation stability was tested for 90 days and also evaluated formulation stability in fetal bovine serum to inspect the modification in physicochemical characteristics. NPs size was determined at 85 nm, PDI, and ζ-potential was recorded at 0.318, and 0.7 ± 0.4 mV. The % CIP and NAR entrapment efficiency and % loading were incurred as 91 ± 1.9, and 89.5 ± 1.2; 11.5 ± 0.6, and 10.8 ± 0.5%, respectively. The drug release erupted in the beginning phase followed by sustained and prolonged release for 48 h. The analytical experiments by DSC ensured the noninteracting and safe use of excipients in combination. X-ray studies demonstrated the amorphous state of the drug in the formulation. The insignificant alteration of formulation characteristics in FBS suggested stable and robust preparation. Storage stability of the developed formulation ensured consistent and uniform stability for three months. The DPPH assays demonstrated that NAR had good antioxidant capacity and supported improving antimicrobial activity of CIP. The hemolytic test suggested the developed formulation was compatible and caused insignificant RBC destruction. The in-house built formulation CIP + NAR-CM-CS/AG-NPs significantly improved the antimicrobial activity compared to CIP alone, offering a novel choice in antimicrobial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani
M. Almeleebia
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of
Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Akhlaquer Rahman
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Sajid Ali
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan
University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyas Khan
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan
University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Mufadhi
M. Alanazi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naiyer Shahzad
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amnah Alalmaie
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Khalid University, P.O. Box 62529, Abha61421, Saudi Arabia
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Touitou E, Natsheh H. The Evolution of Emerging Nanovesicle Technologies for Enhanced Delivery of Molecules into and across the Skin. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:267. [PMID: 38399321 PMCID: PMC10892037 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on nanovesicular carriers for enhanced delivery of molecules into and across the skin, from their design to recent emerging technologies. During the last four decades, several approaches have been used aiming to design new nanovesicles, some of them by altering the properties of the classic phospholipid vesicle, the liposome. Phospholipid nanovesicular systems, including the phospholipid soft vesicles as well as the non-phospholipid vesicular carries, are reviewed. The altered nanovesicles have served in the manufacture of various cosmetic products and have been investigated and used for the treatment of a wide variety of skin conditions. The evolution and recent advances of these nanovesicular technologies are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka Touitou
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
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7
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Hathout RM, Ishak RAH, Shakshak DH. Do the chitosan nanoparticles really augment the drugs' transdermal fluxes: ending the debate using meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:325-335. [PMID: 38340063 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2317935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal delivery has been extensively investigated as a successful alternative to the oral and parenteral routes of administration. The use of polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery systems through this route has always been controversial. The use of meta-analyses is a useful quantitative means to decide upon the efficiency of this type of vehicles transporting drugs through the skin. AREAS COVERED In this meta-analysis study, polymeric nanoparticles were quantitatively compared to conventional formulations in order to investigate the feasibility of using these particles in transdermal delivery. Natural versus synthetic polymeric sub-groups were also contrasted to determine the most efficient class for transdermal drug enhancement. EXPERT OPINION Meta-analyses are gaining ground in the drug delivery field as they can exploit the mines of the literature and pick up by statistical evidence the superior formulations administered through several routes of administration. This is the first study that utilized the transdermal fluxes as the meta-analysis study effect and could prove the superiority of natural polymeric nanoparticles in transdermal delivery. In our opinion, there is paucity in research work regarding this type of nanocarriers, specifically on chitosan nanoparticles. More studies are warranted for full exploitation of its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A H Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa H Shakshak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Singh R, Singh A, Srivastava D, Fatima Z, Prasad R. Crisaborole-Enthused Glycerosomal Gel for an Augmented Skin Permeation. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2024; 18:120-130. [PMID: 38659269 DOI: 10.2174/0126673878283299240418112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crisaborole (CB), a boron-based compound, is the first topical PDE4 inhibitor to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (2016) for the treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. It is marketed as a 2% ointment (Eucrisa, Pfizer). However, CB is insoluble in water; therfore, CB glycersomes were formulated to enhance its permeation flux across the skin. OBJECTIVE We developed a glycerosomal gel of CB and compared its in vitro release and permeation flux with the 2% conventional ointment. METHODS Glycerosomes were prepared using thin film hydration method employing CB, soya phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol. The formed film was further hydrated employing a mixture of phosphate buffer pH 7.4 /glycerin solution containing varying percentages (20,30, 40, and 50 %) of glycerol. The glycerosomes obtained were characterized by their size, polydispersity index (PDI), and Zeta potential. The entrapment efficiency of the optimized formulation (F1) was determined. The in vitro release of F1 was compared with its 2% conventional ointment. F1 was further incorporated into carbopol 934 P gel. The gel was characterized by pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drug content. The permeability flux of the glycerosomal gel was compared with its 2% conventional ointment. RESULTS The optimized CB glycerosomes had a vesicle size of 137.5 ± 50.58 nm, PDI 0.342, and zeta potential -65.4 ± 6.75 mV. CB glycerosomal gel demonstrated a 2.13-fold enhancement in the permeation flux. CONCLUSION It can thereby be concluded that glycerosomes can be an effective delivery system to enhance the penetration of CB across the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Anshu Singh
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Dipti Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India
- Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Rammani Prasad
- Central Instrumentation Facility, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
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Mir M, Akhter MH, Afzal O, Rab SO, Altamimi ASA, Alossaimi MA, Nasar Mir Najib Ullah S, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Ahmad S, Alam N, Ali MS. Design-of-Experiment-Assisted Fabrication of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles: In Vitro Characterization, Biological Activity, and In Vivo Assessment. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38806-38821. [PMID: 37901564 PMCID: PMC10601053 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Berberine (BER) is an alkaloid obtained from berberis plant having broad biological activities including anticancer. BER-encapsulated alginate (ALG)/chitosan (CHS) nanoparticles (BER-ALG/CHS-NPs) were developed for long-acting improved treatment in breast cancer. The surface of the NPs was activated by a conjugation reaction, and thereafter, the BER-ALG/CHS-NP surface was grafted with folic acid (BER-ALG/CHS-NPs-F) for specific targeting in breast cancer. BER-ALG/CHS-NPs-F was optimized by applying the Box-Behnken design using Expert design software. Moreover, formulations are extensively evaluated in vitro for biopharmaceutical performances and tested for cell viability, cellular uptake, and antioxidant activity. The comparative pharmacokinetic study of formulation and free BER was carried out in animals for estimation of bioavailability. The particle size recorded for the diluted sample using a Malvern Zetasizer was 240 ± 5.6 nm. The ζ-potential and the predicted % entrapment efficiency versus (vs) observed were +18 mV and 83.25 ± 2.3% vs 85 ± 3.5%. The high % drug release from the NPs was recorded. The analytical studies executed using infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction expressed safe combinations of the components in the formulation and physical state of the drug revealed to be amorphous in the formulation. Cytotoxicity testing demonstrated that the formulation effectively lowered the cell viability and IC50 of the tested cell line in comparison to a raw drug. The cellular uptake of BER-ALG/CHS-NPs-F was 5.5-fold higher than that of BER-suspension. The antioxidant capacities of BER-ALG/CHS-NPs-F vs BER-suspension by the DPPH assay were measured to be 62.3 ± 2.5% vs 30 ± 6%, indicating good radical scavenging power of folate-conjugated NPs. The developed formulation showed a 4.4-fold improved oral bioavailability compared to BER-suspension. The hemolytic assay intimated <2% destruction of erythrocytes by the developed formulation. The observed experimental characterization results such as cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, antioxidant activity, and improved absorption suggested the effectiveness of BER-ALG/CHS-NPs-F toward breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq
Ahmad Mir
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Habban Akhter
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safia Obaidur Rab
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A. Alossaimi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Sajid Ali
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan
University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Abdallah MH, El-Horany HES, El-Nahas HM, Ibrahim TM. Tailoring Risperidone-Loaded Glycethosomal In Situ Gels Using Box-Behnken Design for Treatment of Schizophrenia-Induced Rats via Intranasal Route. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2521. [PMID: 38004501 PMCID: PMC10675145 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients often face challenges with adherence to oral regimens. The study aimed to highlight the potentiality of intranasal ethanol/glycerin-containing lipid-nanovesicles (glycethosomes) incorporated into in situ gels for sustaining anti-psychotic risperidone (RS) release. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was followed for in vitro characterization. Glycethosomal-based in situ gels were examined by physical, ex vivo, and in vivo investigations. The ethanol impact on minimizing the vesicle size (VS) and enhancing the zeta potential (ZP) and entrapment efficiency (EE%) of nanovesicles was observed. Glycerin displayed positive action on increasing VS and ZP of nanovesicles, but reduced their EE%. After incorporation into various mucoadhesive agent-enriched poloxamer 407 (P407) in situ gels, the optimized gel containing 20% P407 and 1% hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-K4M (HPMC-K4M) at a 4:1 gel/glycethosomes ratio showed low viscosity and high spreadability with acceptable pH, gel strength, and mucoadhesive strength ranges. The ethanol/glycerin mixture demonstrated a desirable ex vivo skin permeability of RS through the nasal mucosa. By pharmacokinetic analysis, the optimized gel showed eight-fold and three-fold greater increases in RS bioavailability than the control gel and marketed tablet, respectively. Following biochemical assessments of schizophrenia-induced rats, the optimized gel boosted the neuroprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory action of RS in comparison to other tested preparations. Collectively, the intranasal RS-loaded glycethosomal gel offered a potential substitute to oral therapy for schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa H. Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.E.-N.); (T.M.I.)
| | - Hemat El-Sayed El-Horany
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Hanan M. El-Nahas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.E.-N.); (T.M.I.)
| | - Tarek M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.E.-N.); (T.M.I.)
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Alam MS, Sultana N, Rashid MA, Alhamhoom Y, Ali A, Waheed A, Ansari MS, Aqil M, Mujeeb M. Quality by Design-Optimized Glycerosome-Enabled Nanosunscreen Gel of Rutin Hydrate. Gels 2023; 9:752. [PMID: 37754433 PMCID: PMC10531150 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunburn is caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, resulting in redness of the skin as well as tenderness, swelling, and blistering issues. During the healing process, it can cause peeling, irritation, and some long-term effects, including premature aging, pigmentation, and a high risk of skin cancer. Rutin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which could potentially reduce inflammation and soothe sunburned skin. The objective of the current proposal is to develop and create carbopol gel-encased glycerosomes for the treatment of sunburn. The Design of Expert (DoE) technique was used to optimize the proposed formulation and was subjected to various characterization parameters such as nanovesicles size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, entrapment efficiency (EE), and surface morphology. The optimized rutin-loaded glycerosomes (opt-RUT-loaded-GMs) were further characterised for drug release, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The formulation showed sustained release, greater permeation into the skin, and good antioxidant activity. The dermatokinetic study of opt-RUT-loaded-GMs confirms that the Rutin hydrate had better retention in the epidermis as compared to the dermis, owing to its potential for long lasting protection after topical application. It was observed that the prepared formulation was stable, highly safe, and had good sun protection factor (SPF) values that could be used as a suitable option for topical drug administration to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shabbir Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.S.A.); (N.S.); (A.A.); (A.W.); (M.S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Niha Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.S.A.); (N.S.); (A.A.); (A.W.); (M.S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Md. Abdur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.R.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yahya Alhamhoom
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.R.); (Y.A.)
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.S.A.); (N.S.); (A.A.); (A.W.); (M.S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Ayesha Waheed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.S.A.); (N.S.); (A.A.); (A.W.); (M.S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mo. Suheb Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.S.A.); (N.S.); (A.A.); (A.W.); (M.S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohd. Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.S.A.); (N.S.); (A.A.); (A.W.); (M.S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.S.A.); (N.S.); (A.A.); (A.W.); (M.S.A.); (M.M.)
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12
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Szymczak J, Cielecka-Piontek J. Fisetin-In Search of Better Bioavailability-From Macro to Nano Modifications: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14158. [PMID: 37762460 PMCID: PMC10532335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As secondary plant metabolites, polyphenols are abundant in fruits and vegetables. They are in high demand because of their many health benefits. However, their low bioavailability makes them complex compounds to use for therapeutic purposes. Due to the limited solubility of phytocompounds, dietary supplements made from them may only be partially effective. Such molecules include fisetin, found in strawberries, and have shown great promise in treating Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Unfortunately, because of their limited water solubility, low absorption, and poor bioavailability, the assistance of nanotechnology is required to allow them to fulfil their potential fully. Here, we provide evidence that nanodelivery methods and structure modifications can improve fisetin bioavailability, which is linked to improvements in therapeutic efficacy. An open question remains as to which nanocarrier should be chosen to meet the abovementioned requirements and be able to enhance fisetin's therapeutic potential to treat a particular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
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13
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Ahmad I, Farheen M, Kukreti A, Afzal O, Akhter MH, Chitme H, Visht S, Altamimi AS, Alossaimi MA, Alsulami ER, Jaremko M, Emwas AH. Natural Oils Enhance the Topical Delivery of Ketoconazole by Nanoemulgel for Fungal Infections. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28233-28248. [PMID: 37576685 PMCID: PMC10413480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulgel (NEG) pharmaceutical formulations are gaining popularity because of their ability to serve both as a nanoemulsion and as a gel. These products are well-known for their ease of use, spreadability, controlled release, and ability to hydrate dry skin. Natural essential oils have been shown to promote the cutaneous permeability of topical formulations, enhancing medication safety and efficacy. Herein, we developed NEG for the enhanced permeation of ketoconazole against candidiasis using clove oil (clove-oil-NEG) or eucalyptus oil (eucalyptus-oil-NEG), using the gelling agents carbopol 943 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). We tested various excipients to increase the solubility of ketoconazole and formulate a nanoemulsion (NE). We measured the NE droplet particle size, shape, entrapment efficiency, and drug release. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the optimized nanoemulsion formulation were characterized by techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The NEs were loaded into gels to form NEGs. NEGs were characterized for drug content, homogeneity, rheology, spreadability, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, both in vitro and in vivo. Optimized ketoconazole NEG preparations consisted of either 15% clove oil or 20% eucalyptus oil. Droplet sizes in the optimized NEs were <100 nm, and the polydispersity indexes were 0.24 and 0.26. The percentages of ketoconazole released after 24 h from the clove-oil-NEG and eucalyptus-oil-NEGs were 91 ± 4.5 and 89 ± 7%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the NEGs had a smooth, uniform, and consistent shape and internal structural organization. The drug contents in the clove-oil-NEG and eucalyptus-oil-NEG were 98.5 ± 2.2 and 98.8 ± 3.4%, respectively. Permeation values of ketoconazole from clove-oil-NEG and eucalyptus-oil-NEG were 117 ± 7 and 108.34 ± 6 μg cm-2, respectively. The ketoconazole NEG formulations also had higher levels of fungal growth inhibition than a marketed formulation. Finally, in vivo studies showed that the NEGs do not irritate the skin. Ketoconazole NEG with either 15% clove oil or 20% eucalyptus oil is stable with better efficacy than ketoconazole alone due to excellent dispersion, drug dissolution, and permeability and thus might be recommended for the effective and safe treatment of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ms Farheen
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Ashish Kukreti
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Habban Akhter
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Havagiray Chitme
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Sharad Visht
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | | | - Manal A. Alossaimi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtisam R. Alsulami
- Nursing
Department, Najran Armed Forces Hospital, Najran 66251, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Slavkova M, Tzankov B, Popova T, Voycheva C. Gel Formulations for Topical Treatment of Skin Cancer: A Review. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050352. [PMID: 37232944 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer, with all its variations, is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Chemotherapy by topical application is an attractive strategy because of the ease of application and non-invasiveness. At the same time, the delivery of antineoplastic agents through the skin is difficult because of their challenging physicochemical properties (solubility, ionization, molecular weight, melting point) and the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Various approaches have been applied in order to improve drug penetration, retention, and efficacy. This systematic review aims at identifying the most commonly used techniques for topical drug delivery by means of gel-based topical formulations in skin cancer treatment. The excipients used, the preparation approaches, and the methods characterizing gels are discussed in brief. The safety aspects are also highlighted. The combinatorial formulation of nanocarrier-loaded gels is also reviewed from the perspective of improving drug delivery characteristics. Some limitations and drawbacks in the identified strategies are also outlined and considered within the future scope of topical chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Slavkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Borislav Tzankov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Popova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christina Voycheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Farheen M, Akhter MH, Chitme H, Akhter MS, Tabassum F, Jaremko M, Emwas AH. Harnessing Folate-Functionalized Nasal Delivery of Dox-Erlo-Loaded Biopolymeric Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: Development, Optimization, Characterization, and Biodistribution Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:207. [PMID: 37259356 PMCID: PMC9959140 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to develop Doxorubicin-Erlotinib nanoparticles (Dox-Erlo NPs) and folate-armored Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates for targeting glioma cancer. Glioma is one of the most common progressive cancerous growths originating from brain glial cells. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is only semi-permeable and is highly selective as to which compounds are let through; designing compounds that overcome this constraint is therefore a major challenge in the development of pharmaceutical agents. We demonstrate that the NP conjugates studied in this paper may ameliorate the BBB penetration and enrich the drug concentration in the target bypassing the BBB. NPs were prepared using a biopolymer with a double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique and functionalized with folic acid for site-specific targeting. Dox-Erlo NPs and Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates were extensively characterized in vitro for various parameters. Dox-Erlo NPs and Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates incurred a z-average of 95.35 ± 10.25 nm and 110.12 ± 9.2 nm, respectively. The zeta potentials of the Dox-Erlo NPs and Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates were observed at -18.1 mV and -25.1 mV, respectively. A TEM image has shown that the NPs were well-dispersed, uniform, de-aggregated, and consistent. A hemolytic assay confirmed hemocompatibility with the developed formulation and that it can be safely administered. Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates significantly reduced the number of viable cells to 24.66 ± 2.08% and 32.33 ± 2.51% in U87 and C6 cells, respectively, and IC50 values of 3.064 µM and 3.350 µM in U87 and C6 cells were reported after 24 h, respectively. A biodistribution study revealed that a significant concentration of Dox and Erlo were estimated in the brain relative to drug suspension. Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates were also stable for three months. The findings suggest that the developed Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates may be a promising agent for administration in glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ms Farheen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Md Habban Akhter
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Havagiray Chitme
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Md Sayeed Akhter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fauzia Tabassum
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Private College, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Saindane D, Bhattacharya S, Shah R, Prajapati BG. The recent development of topical nanoparticles for annihilating skin cancer. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dnyanesh Saindane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, India
| | - Rahul Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shree S.K.Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, India
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17
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Shree D, Patra CN, Sahoo BM. Novel Herbal Nanocarriers for Treatment of Dermatological Disorders. Pharm Nanotechnol 2022; 10:246-256. [PMID: 35733305 DOI: 10.2174/2211738510666220622123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In the present scenario, the use of novel nanocarriers to provide a better therapy regimen is noteworthy. Nanotechnology with the advanced system enables the herbs for encapsulation within the smart carrier and boosts the nanotherapeutic. These emerging innovations of herbal nanocarriers have paved the way for dermal targeting by eliciting the desired response for particular diseases. METHODS In this current manuscript, an extensive search is conducted for the original research papers using databases, viz., Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, etc. Furthermore, painstaking efforts are made to compile and update the novel herbal nanocarriers, such as liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, nanogels, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid carriers, etc., which are mostly used for the treatment of several skin maladies, viz., eczema, psoriasis, acne, etc. This article highlights the recent findings that the innovators are exclusively working on herbal drug delivery systems for dermal targeting, and these are enumerated in the form of tables. CONCLUSION Herbal formulations employing a suitable nanocarrier could be a promising approach for the treatment of several pathological conditions, including skin ailments. Therefore, scientific research is still being carried out in this specific area for a better perspective in herbal drug delivery and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipthi Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India
| | - Chinam Niranjan Patra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India
| | - Biswa Mohan Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India
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18
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Gupta N, Gupta GD, Singh D. Localized topical drug delivery systems for skin cancer: Current approaches and future prospects. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery presents a novel substitute to the conventional drug-distribution routes of oral delivery and injection. Apart from the simplicity and non-invasiveness, the skin also serves as a “reservoir” that sustains administration over a period of days. Nanocarriers provide new potential for the treatment of skin disease. The skin’s barrier function offers a considerable obstacle for the potential nanocarriers to infiltrate into the tissue. However, the barrier is partially weakened in case of damage or inflammation, as in the case of skin cancer. Nanoparticles may promote the penetration of the skin. Extensive research has been done into producing nanoparticles for topical distribution; nevertheless, relatively little progress has been achieved in transferring them to the clinic for treating skin malignancies. The prior art features the critical concepts of skin malignancies and techniques in current clinical care. The present review gives a complete viewpoint of the numerous nanoparticle technologies studied for the topical treatment of skin malignancies and outlines the hurdles that hamper its advancement from the bench to the bedside. The review also intends to give knowledge of the routes that control nanoparticle penetration into the skin and their interactions inside the tissue.
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Afzal O, Akhter MH, Ahmad I, Muzammil K, Dawria A, Zeyaullah M, Altamimi ASA, Khalilullah H, Mir Najib Ullah SN, Rahman MA, Ali A, Shahzad N, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Abdel Aziz Ibrahim I. A β-Sitosterol Encapsulated Biocompatible Alginate/Chitosan Polymer Nanocomposite for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081711. [PMID: 36015337 PMCID: PMC9416187 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
β−sitosterol is the most abundant type of phytosterol or plant sterol and can be found in various plant dietary sources including natural oils, soy products, and nuts. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential therapeutic and clinical applications of β−sitosterol including lowering low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol levels, scavenging free radicals in the body, and interestingly, treating and preventing cancer. This study focuses on synthesizing and characterizing β−sitosterol encapsulated Alginate/Chitosan nanoparticles (β−sito−Alg/Ch/NPs) and evaluating their effectiveness in breast cancer treatment and their pharmacokinetic profile in vivo. The synthesized NPs, which incurred a mean size of 25 ± 1 nm, were extensively characterized in vitro for various parameters including surface charge and morphology. The NPs were further analyzed using DSC, FT-IR, thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction studies. The release of β−sito from NPs was carried out in a bio-relevant medium of pH 7.4 and pH 5.5 and samples were drawn off and analyzed under time frames of 0, 8, 16, 32, 64, 48, 80, and 96 h, and the best kinetic release model was developed after fitting drug release data into different kinetic models. The metabolic activity of MCF-7 cells treated with the prepared formulation was assessed. The radical scavenging potential of β−sito−Alg/Ch/NPs was also studied. The pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, Tmax, half-life (t1/2), and bioavailability were measured for β−sito−Alg/Ch/NPs as compared to β−sito−suspension. The β−sito−Alg/Ch/NPs stability was assessed at biological pH 7.4. The % drug release in PBS of pH 7.4 reportedly has shown 41 ± 6% vs. 11 ± 1% from β−sito−Alg/Ch/NPs and β−sito−suspension. In acidic pH 5.5 mimicking the tumor microenvironment has shown 75 ± 9% vs. 12 ± 4% drug release from β−sito−Alg/Ch/NPs and β−sito−suspension. When compared to the β−sito−suspension, the β−sito−Alg/Ch/NPs demonstrated greater cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) and ~3.41-fold higher oral bioavailability. Interestingly, this work demonstrated that β−sito−Alg/Ch/NPs showed higher cytotoxicity due to improved bioavailability and antioxidant potential compared to the β−sito−suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Habban Akhter
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Dawria
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Zeyaullah
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Akhlaquer Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abuzer Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naiyer Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Central Composite Optimization of Glycerosomes for the Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Brain Delivery of Quetiapine Fumarate. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080940. [PMID: 36015089 PMCID: PMC9412614 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to formulate and statistically optimize glycerosomal formulations of Quetiapine fumarate (QTF) to increase its oral bioavailability and enhance its brain delivery. The study was designed using a Central composite rotatable design using Design-Expert® software. The independent variables in the study were glycerol % w/v and cholesterol % w/v, while the dependent variables were vesicle size (VS), zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency percent (EE%). The numerical optimization process resulted in an optimum formula composed of 29.645 (w/v%) glycerol, 0.8 (w/v%) cholesterol, and 5 (w/v%) lecithin. It showed a vesicle size of 290.4 nm, zeta potential of −34.58, and entrapment efficiency of 80.85%. The optimum formula was further characterized for DSC, XRD, TEM, in-vitro release, the effect of aging, and pharmacokinetic study. DSC thermogram confirmed the compatibility of the drug with the ingredients. XRD revealed the encapsulation of the drug in the glycerosomal nanovesicles. TEM image revealed spherical vesicles with no aggregates. Additionally, it showed enhanced drug release when compared to a drug suspension and also exhibited good stability for one month. Moreover, it showed higher brain Cmax, AUC0–24, and AUC0–∞ and plasma AUC0–24 and AUC0–∞ in comparison to drug suspension. It showed brain and plasma bioavailability enhancement of 153.15 and 179.85%, respectively, compared to the drug suspension. So, the optimum glycerosomal formula may be regarded as a promising carrier to enhance the oral bioavailability and brain delivery of Quetiapine fumarate.
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21
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Salicin and Hederacoside C-Based Extracts and UV-Absorbers Co-Loaded into Bioactive Lipid Nanocarriers with Promoted Skin Antiaging and Hydrating Efficacy. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142362. [PMID: 35889587 PMCID: PMC9321659 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventional and herbal active principles can be combined in a beneficial harmony using their best features and compensating for the certain weaknesses of each. The study will answer the question, “how can willow bark extract (Wbe) or ivy leaf extract (Ile) influence the photoprotective, skin permeation and hydration properties of Bioactive Lipid Nanocarriers (BLN) loaded with UV-filters and selected herbals?”. BLN-Wbe/Ile-UV-filters were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, thermal behavior, entrapment efficiency and drug loading. The formulated BLN-hydrogels (HG) were subjected to in vitro release and permeation experiments. The in vitro determination of sun protection factors, as well as comparative in vitro photostability tests, rheology behavior and in vivo hydration status have been also considered for hydrogels containing BLN-Ile/Wbe-UV-filters. Photoprotection of BLN-HG against UVA rays was more pronounced as compared with the UVB (UVA-PF reached values of 30, while the maximum SPF value was 13). The in vitro irradiation study demonstrated the photostability of BLN-HG under UV exposure. A noteworthy cosmetic efficacy was detected by in vivo skin test (hydration effect reached 97% for the BLN-Wbe-UV-filters prepared with pomegranate oil). The research novelty, represented by the first-time co-optation of the active herbal extracts (Wbe and Ile) together with two synthetic filters in the same nanostructured delivery system, will provide appropriate scientific support for the cosmetic industry to design novel marketed formulations with improved quality and health benefices.
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Tea Tree Oil Nanoemulsion-Based Hydrogel Vehicle for Enhancing Topical Delivery of Neomycin. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12071011. [PMID: 35888099 PMCID: PMC9317510 DOI: 10.3390/life12071011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation aims to improve the antimicrobial influence of certain antibacterial drugs, namely, neomycin (NEO), exploiting the benefits of natural oils such as tea tree oil (TTO). Therefore, a distinctive nanolipid formulation, namely, a nanoemulsion (NE), was developed using a Central Composite Factorial Design (CCD) approach depending on the amount of TTO and tween 80 as surfactant. The optimized NEO-NE formula exhibiting minimum globular size and maximum in vitro release was selected. For efficient topical delivery, NEO-NE was incorporated into a pre-formulated hydrogel. The developed NEO-NE-hydrogel was characterized by its physical characteristics such as pH, viscosity, and spreadability. Next, it was tested for stability under different conditions for 3 months. Ultimately, an irritation test was conducted followed by an antibacterial examination. The preparation demonstrated acceptable properties to be successfully applied topically. It showed non-significant changes in stability in both conditions up to 3 months storage when compared to a fresh preparation. It exhibited no irritation when applied on hairless animal skin. Finally, TTO revealed a good inhibition for the bacterial growth that could improve the influence of NEO antibacterial activity, indicating the efficiency of NE containing NEO prepared with TTO to be a promising antibacterial nanocarrier.
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Wang Y, Sun X, Wang Y. Synthesis of pH-responsive covalent organic frameworks nanocarrier for plumbagin delivery. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16046-16050. [PMID: 35733662 PMCID: PMC9136960 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks have attracted increasing attention in the fields of nanotechnology and nanoscience. However, the biomedical applications of COFs still remain less explored. Here, a new type of nanoscale covalent organic framework (COF-366) composite was prepared by a facile solvothermal method. The obtained material was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the COF-366 nanocarriers possess uniform spherical morphology with a diameter of 150 nm, which make them favourable for drug delivery. After the plumbagin encapsulation, an effective pH responsive release, high adsorption capacity, and good biocompatibility were achieved. These characteristics make nanoscale COF-366 an ideal material for drug delivery and reveal its promising application in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenzhou 325024 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Xin Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenzhou 325024 China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
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Phytosterol-Loaded Surface-Tailored Bioactive-Polymer Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment: Optimization, In Vitro Cell Viability, Antioxidant Activity, and Stability Studies. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040219. [PMID: 35448120 PMCID: PMC9026838 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimsto optimize, characterize, and assess the phytosterol-loaded surface-tailored bioactive Alginate/Chitosan NPs for antitumor efficacy against breast cancer. β-Sitosterol-loaded Alginate/Chitosan nanoparticles (β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs) were fabricated using an ion-gelation technique, and then the NPs’ surfaces were activated using an EDC/sulfo-NHS conjugation reaction. The activated chitosan NPs werefunctionalized with folic acid (FA), leveled as β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs-FA. Moreover, the functionalized NPs were characterized for size distribution, polydispersity index (PDI), and surface charge, FT-IR and DSC. β-SIT released from β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs was estimated in various biorelevant media of pH 7.4, 6.5, and 5.5, and data werefitted into various kinetic models. The cytotoxic study of β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs-FA against the cancer cell line was established. The antioxidant study of developed β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs was performed using DPPH assay. The stability of developed optimized formulation was assessed in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4), as per ICH guidelines. The drug-entrapped Alg/Ch-NPs-FA appeared uniform and nonaggregated, and the nanoscale particle measured a mean size of 126 ± 8.70 nm. The %drug encapsulation efficiency and %drug loading in β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs-FA were 91.06 ± 2.6% and 6.0 ± 0.52%, respectively. The surface charge on β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs-FA was measured as +25 mV. The maximum β-SIT release from β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs-FA was 71.50 ± 6.5% in pH 5.5. The cytotoxic assay expressed an extremely significant antitumor effect by β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs-FA when compared to β-SIT-suspension (p < 0.001). The antioxidant capacity of β-SIT-Alg/Ch-NPs-FA was 91 ± 5.99% compared to 29 ± 8.02% for β-SIT-suspension. The stability of NPs noticed an unworthy alteration (p > 0.05) in particle sizes and other parameters under study in the specific period.
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Topical Administration of Drugs Incorporated in Carriers Containing Phospholipid Soft Vesicles for the Treatment of Skin Medical Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122129. [PMID: 34959410 PMCID: PMC8706871 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the improved topical treatment of various medical skin conditions by the use of drugs delivered from carriers containing phospholipid soft vesicles. Topical drug delivery has many advantages over other ways of administration, having increased patient compliance, avoiding the first-pass effect following oral drug administration or not requesting multiple doses administration. However, the skin barrier prevents the access of the applied drug, affecting its therapeutic activity. Carriers containing phospholipid soft vesicles are a new approach to enhance drug delivery into the skin and to improve the treatment outcome. These vesicles contain molecules that have the property to fluidize the phospholipid bilayers generating the soft vesicle and allowing it to penetrate into the deep skin layers. Ethosomes, glycerosomes and transethosomes are soft vesicles containing ethanol, glycerol or a mixture of ethanol and a surfactant, respectively. We review a large number of publications on the research carried out in vitro, in vivo in animal models and in humans in clinical studies, with compositions containing various active molecules for treatment of skin medical conditions including skin infections, skin inflammation, psoriasis, skin cancer, acne vulgaris, hair loss, psoriasis and skin aging.
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Md S, Alhakamy NA, Neamatallah T, Alshehri S, Mujtaba MA, Riadi Y, Radhakrishnan AK, Khalilullah H, Gupta M, Akhter MH. Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of α-Mangostin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticle Gel for Topical Therapy in Skin Cancer. Gels 2021; 7:230. [PMID: 34842729 PMCID: PMC8628708 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate α-mangostin-loaded polymeric nanoparticle gel (α-MNG-PLGA) formulation to enhance α-mangostin delivery in an epidermal carcinoma. The poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed using the emulsion-diffusion-evaporation technique with a 3-level 3-factor Box-Behnken design. The NPs were characterized and evaluated for particle size distribution, zeta potential (mV), drug release, and skin permeation. The formulated PLGA NPs were converted into a preformed carbopol gel base and were further evaluated for texture analysis, the cytotoxic effect of PLGA NPs against B16-F10 melanoma cells, and in vitro radical scavenging activity. The nanoscale particles were spherical, consistent, and average in size (168.06 ± 17.02 nm), with an entrapment efficiency (EE) of 84.26 ± 8.23% and a zeta potential of -25.3 ± 7.1 mV. Their drug release percentages in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) at pH 7.4 and pH 6.5 were 87.07 ± 6.95% and 89.50 ± 9.50%, respectively. The release of α-MNG from NPs in vitro demonstrated that the biphasic release system, namely, immediate release in the initial phase, was accompanied by sustained drug release. The texture study of the developed α-MNG-PLGA NPs gel revealed its characteristics, including viscosity, hardness, consistency, and cohesiveness. The drug flux from α-MNG-PLGA NPs gel and α-MNG gel was 79.32 ± 7.91 and 16.88 ± 7.18 µg/cm2/h in 24 h, respectively. The confocal study showed that α-MNG-PLGA NPs penetrated up to 230.02 µm deep into the skin layer compared to 15.21 µm by dye solution. MTT assay and radical scavenging potential indicated that α-MNG-PLGA NPs gel had a significant cytotoxic effect and antioxidant effect compared to α-MNG gel (p < 0.05). Thus, using the developed α-MNG-PLGA in treating skin cancer could be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thikryat Neamatallah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samah Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Ali Mujtaba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yassine Riadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ammu K. Radhakrishnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manish Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Md Habban Akhter
- School of Pharmaceutical and population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
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