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Richard M, Kobayashi G, Wang Z, Kurita H, Narita F. Mechanical Properties of Twisted Cellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Silk Yarns. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4237-4244. [PMID: 38853637 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Silk has recently attracted considerable interest owing to its versatile properties as a natural fiber, especially in the medical sector. However, the mechanical properties of silk limit its potential applications. In our earlier work, the mechanical performance of silk filaments was enhanced owing to the insertion of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Nevertheless, silk filaments must be assembled and twisted to form a continuous yarn. In this study, the mechanical properties of CNF-reinforced silk yarns were evaluated to determine the optimal yarn structure. The evolution of the Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, toughness, and elongation at break was assessed as a function of the twist level in comparison with regular silk. The results demonstrated that the most favorable compromise of the mechanical properties was obtained at 1000 twists per meter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Richard
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon (INSA Lyon), 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Genki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Zhenjin Wang
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurita
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Fumio Narita
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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2
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Martin KA, Riveros GA, Thornell TL, McClelland ZB, Freeman EL, Stinson JT. Thermomechanical Material Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol with 30% Carbon Fiber for Large-Format Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1913. [PMID: 39000768 PMCID: PMC11243919 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) is used to print large-scale polymer structures. Understanding the thermal and mechanical properties of polymers suitable for large-scale extrusion is needed for design and production capabilities. An in-house-built LFAM printer was used to print polyethylene terephthalate glycol with 30% carbon fiber (PETG CF30%) samples for thermomechanical characterization. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the samples were 30% carbon fiber by weight. X-ray microscopy (XRM) and porosity studies find 25% voids/volume for undried material and 1.63% voids/volume for dry material. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 66 °C, while dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) found Tg as 82 °C. The rheology indicated that PETG CF30% is a good printing material at 220-250 °C. Bending experiments show an average of 48.5 MPa for flexure strength, while tensile experiments found an average tensile strength of 25.0 MPa at room temperature. Comparison with 3D-printed PLA and PETG from the literature demonstrated that LFAM-printed PETG CF30% had a comparative high Young's modulus and had similar tensile strength. For design purposes, prints from LFAM should consider both material choice and print parameters, especially when considering large layer heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Martin
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Guillermo A Riveros
- Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Travis L Thornell
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Zackery B McClelland
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Elton L Freeman
- Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - James T Stinson
- Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
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Clarke AJ, Dickson A, Dowling DP. Fabrication and Performance of Continuous 316 Stainless Steel Fibre-Reinforced 3D-Printed PLA Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:63. [PMID: 38201728 PMCID: PMC10780637 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of 3D printing continuous stainless steel fibre-reinforced polymer composites. The printing study was carried out using 316L stainless steel fibre (SSF) bundles with an approximate diameter of 0.15 mm. This bundle was composed of 90 fibres with a 14 μm diameter. This fibre bundle was first coated with polylactic acid (PLA) in order to produce a polymer-coated continuous stainless steel filament, with diameters tailored in the range from 0.5 to 0.9 mm. These filaments were then used to print composite parts using the material extrusion (MEX) technique. The SSF's volume fraction (Vf) was controlled in the printed composite structures in the range from 4 to 30 Vf%. This was facilitated by incorporating a novel polymer pressure vent into the printer nozzle, which allowed the removal of excess polymer. This thus enabled the control of the metal fibre content within the printed composites as the print layer height was varied in the range from 0.22 to 0.48 mm. It was demonstrated that a lower layer height yielded a more homogeneous distribution of steel fibres within the PLA polymer matrix. The PLA-SSF composites were assessed to evaluate their mechanical performance, volume fraction, morphology and porosity. Composite porosities in the range of 2-21% were obtained. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the stainless steel composites exhibited a twofold increase in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and a fourfold increase in its tensile strength compared with the PLA-only polymer prints. When comparing the 4 and 30 Vf% composites, the latter exhibited a significant increase in both the tensile strength and modulus. The ILSS values obtained for the steel composites were up to 28.5 MPa, which is significantly higher than the approximately 13.8 MPa reported for glass fibre-reinforced PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Clarke
- I-Form Centre, School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Andrew Dickson
- Infraprint, Nova UCD, Belfield, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Denis P. Dowling
- I-Form Centre, School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
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Royo I, Fernández-García R, Gil I. Microwave Resonators for Wearable Sensors Design: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9103. [PMID: 38005491 PMCID: PMC10675034 DOI: 10.3390/s23229103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of flexible electronics is undergoing an exponential evolution due to the demand of the industry for wearable devices, wireless communication devices and networks, healthcare sensing devices and the technology around the Internet of Things (IoT) framework. E-tex tiles are attracting attention from within the healthcare areas, amongst others, for providing the possibility of developing continuous patient monitoring solutions and customized devices to accommodate each patient's specific needs. This review paper summarizes multiple approaches investigated in the literature for wearable/flexible resonators working as antenna-based systems, sensors and filters with special attention paid to the integration to flexible materials, especially textiles. This review manuscript provides a general overview of the flexible resonators' advantages and drawbacks, materials, fabrication techniques and processes and applications. Finally, the main challenges and future prospects of wearable resonators are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Royo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.F.-G.); (I.G.)
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Beckman IP, Berry G, Cho H, Riveros G. Alternative High-Performance Fibers for Nonwoven HEPA Filter Media. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023; 7:36-58. [PMCID: PMC9579614 DOI: 10.1007/s41810-022-00161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continual research, development, and advancement in air filtration technology is important to abate the ever increasing health hazards of air pollution and global pandemics. The purpose of this review is to survey, categorize, and compare mechanical and thermal characteristics of fibers to assess their potential applicability in air filter media. The history of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter development explains how we arrived at the current state of the art nonwoven fibrous borosilicate glass filter paper. This review explores the history and practical uses of particular fiber types and explains fiber production methods in general terms. The thermal and mechanical properties of particular fibers are examined using the codes and standards produced by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to generalize the applicability of fiber categories for HEPA filter units within the nuclear air cleaning industry. This review discusses common measurements for specific strength and tenacity used by the textile and construction industries. Particular fibers are selectively compared for density, tensile strength, tensile stiffness, flexural rigidity, moisture regain, decomposition temperature, and thermal expansion. This review concludes with a subjective assessment of which types of fibers may be appropriate to study for HEPA filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan P. Beckman
- Information Technology Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA
- Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, 205 Research Blvd., Starkville, MS 39759 USA
| | - Gentry Berry
- Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, 205 Research Blvd., Starkville, MS 39759 USA
| | - Heejin Cho
- Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, 205 Research Blvd., Starkville, MS 39759 USA
| | - Guillermo Riveros
- Information Technology Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA
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Environmental Effects on Strength and Failure Strain Distributions of Sheep Wool Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132651. [PMID: 35808696 PMCID: PMC9269294 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep wool is an eco-friendly, renewable, and totally recyclable material increasingly used in textiles, filters, insulation, and building materials. Recently, wool fibers have become good alternatives for reinforcement of polymer composites and filaments for 3D printing. Wool fibers are susceptible to environmental degradation that could shorten their lifetime and limit applications. This study reports on the mechanical properties of sheep wool fibers under the impact of humid air and UV irradiation. The results of single fiber tensile tests showed a noticeable gauge length effect on the fibers’ strength and failure strain. Long (50 mm) fibers possessed about 40% lower characteristics than short (10 mm) fibers. Environmental aging decreased the elastic modulus and strength of the fibers. Moisture-saturated fibers possessed up to 43% lower characteristics, while UV aging resulted in up to a twofold reduction of the strength. The most severe degradation effect is observed under the coupled influence of UVs and moisture. The two-parameter Weibull distribution was applied for the fiber strength and failure strain statistical assessment. The model well predicted the gauge length effects. Moisture-saturated and UV-aged fibers were characterized by less extensive strength dependences on the fiber length. The strength and failure strain distributions of aged fibers were horizontally shifted to lower values. The results will contribute to be reliable predictions of the environmental durability of sheep wool fibers and will extend their use in technical applications.
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Abstract
Computational modeling of air filtration is possible by replicating nonwoven nanofibrous meltblown or electrospun filter media with digital representative geometry. This article presents a methodology to create and modify randomly generated fiber geometry intended as a digital twin replica of fibrous filtration media. Digital twin replicas of meltblown and electrospun filter media are created using Python scripting and Ansys SpaceClaim. The effect of fiber stiffness, represented by a fiber relaxation slope, is analyzed in relation to resulting filter solid volume fraction and thickness. Contemporary air filtration media may also be effectively modeled analytically and tested experimentally in order to yield valuable information on critical characteristics, such as overall resistance to airflow and particle capture efficiency. An application of the Single Fiber Efficiency model is incorporated in this work to illustrate the estimation of performance for the generated media with an analytical model. The resulting digital twin fibrous geometry compares well with SEM imagery of fibrous filter materials. This article concludes by suggesting adaptation of the methodology to replicate digital twins of other nonwoven fiber mesh applications for computational modeling, such as fiber reinforced additive manufacturing and composite materials.
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Bashir MBA. Principle Parameters and Environmental Impacts that Affect the Performance of Wind Turbine: An Overview. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021; 47:7891-7909. [PMID: 34815927 PMCID: PMC8601092 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The share of wind-based electricity generation is gradually increasing in the world energy market. Wind energy can reduce dependency on fossil fuels, as the result being attributed to a decrease in global warming. This paper discusses and reviews the basic principle parameters that affect the performance of wind turbines. An overview presents the introduction and the background of energy consumption, following the order of the elaboration of wind turbines, including mathematical models, categories of wind turbines were critically discussed. Moreover, it also focuses on materials that are commonly considered for wind turbine manufacturing, and the process used to recycle them. The scale of recycling methods for fiberglass and thermoplastic is presented in the respective section. Various parameters that reduce the function of wind turbines are explained in depth. This review also discusses various environmental impacts of wind turbines. Future research studies are suggested in the conclusion section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bashir Ali Bashir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka, 42421 Saudi Arabia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eldaein University, 63312 Eldaein, Sudan
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Natural Fibers as an Alternative to Synthetic Fibers in Reinforcement of Geopolymer Matrices: A Comparative Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152493. [PMID: 34372097 PMCID: PMC8347070 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Geopolymer materials have been gaining ground in the civil construction sector not only for having superior physical properties when compared to conventional cement, but also for being less harmful to the environment, since the synthesis of the geopolymer does not release toxic gases or require high energy costs. On the other hand, geopolymer materials like cementitious matrices have low flexural strength and have fragile breakage. To overcome these deficiencies, the insertion of fibers in geopolymeric matrices has been evaluated as a solution. Although most research on this practice focuses on the use of synthetic fibers, the use of natural fibers has been growing and brings as an advantage the possibility of producing an even more ecological material, satisfying the need to create eco-friendly materials that exists today in society. Thus, this paper aimed to, through the evaluation of research available in the literature, understand the behavior of fibers in geopolymer matrices, identify similarities and differences between the performance of geopolymer composites reinforced with natural and synthetic fibers and, understanding that it is possible, point out ways to optimize the performance of these composites.
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