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Hazrol M, Sapuan S, Ilyas R, Zainudin E, Zuhri M, Abdul N. Effect of corn husk fibre loading on thermal and biodegradable properties of kenaf/cornhusk fibre reinforced corn starch-based hybrid composites. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15153. [PMID: 37095902 PMCID: PMC10121401 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper documents the thermal and biodegradation behaviour of kenaf/cornhusk fiber reinforced corn starch-based hybrid composites film (CS/K-CH) produced by solution casting method. To develop both components as biodegradable hybrid composite, this research used corn starch as matrix, kenaf fiber and cornhusk fibre as a filler. Changes in physical structure and weight from the soil burial test were measured using Mettler Toledo digital balance ME. Films produced from physically blended corn starch reinforced kenaf biocomposites films (CS/K) biocomposite film had faster biodegradation and lost 96.18% of weight within 10 days compared with corn starch hybrid composites that only lost 83.82% of total weight. It was observed that the control film, CS/K biocomposite film was completely degraded after 10 days, meanwhile it took 12 days for hybrid composite films to be fully degrade. The thermal properties such as TGA and DTG were also measured. Addition of corn husk fiber significantly improve the film's thermal properties. Glass transition temperatures of corn starch hybrid films were significantly lowered when cornhusk compositions were increased from 0.2% wt to 0.8% wt. Importantly, the current work has demonstrated that hybrid films made of corn starch can be a suitable biodegradable material for substitute synthetic plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Hazrol
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S.M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R.A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advance Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E.S. Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M.Y.M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N.I. Abdul
- Advanced Lightning Power and Energy Research (ALPER), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Andrzejewski J, Michałowski S. Development of a New Type of Flame Retarded Biocomposite Reinforced with a Biocarbon/Basalt Fiber System: A Comparative Study between Poly(lactic Acid) and Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194086. [PMID: 36236034 PMCID: PMC9572391 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of partially biobased reinforcing filler system was developed in order to be used as a flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP)-based composites. The prepared materials intended for injection technique processing were melt blended using the novel system containing ammonium polyphosphate (EX), biocarbon (BC), and basalt fibers (BF). All of the prepared samples were subjected to a detailed analysis. The main criterion was the flammability of composites. For PLA-based composites, the flammability was significantly reduced, up to V-0 class. The properties of PLA/EX/BC and PLA/EX/(BC-BF) composites were characterized by their improved mechanical properties. The conducted analysis indicates that the key factor supporting the effectiveness of EX flame retardants is the addition of BC, while the use of BF alone increases the flammability of the samples to the reference level. The results indicate that the developed materials can be easily applied in industrial practice as effective and sustainable flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Stree, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-665-5858
| | - Sławomir Michałowski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Bayraktar E. Bio and Synthetic Based Polymer Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183778. [PMID: 36145924 PMCID: PMC9503542 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Emin Bayraktar
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, ISAE-SUPMECA Institute of Mechanics of Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France
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Azlin MNM, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Zainudin ES, Ilyas RA. Thermal Stability, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Flammability Properties of Woven Kenaf/Polyester-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Hybrid Laminated Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2690. [PMID: 35808734 PMCID: PMC9269322 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the thermal and flammability properties of woven kenaf/polyester-reinforced polylactic acid hybrid laminated composites. The effects of the fiber content and stacking sequences of hybrid composites were examined. The hybrid composites were fabricated using the hot press method. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and flammability properties of woven kenaf/polyester-reinforced polylactic hybrid composites were reported. The thermal results have demonstrated the effect of the hybridization of the composites on the thermal stability and viscoelastic properties of the laminates. The work also measured the burning rate of the hybrid composites during the flammability test. The S7 sample that consisted of all woven kenaf layers in composite recorded the highest char residue of 10%, and the S8 sample displayed the highest decomposition temperature among all samples. However, as for hybrid composites, the S5 sample shows the optimum result with a high char yield and exhibited the lowest burning rate at 29 mm/min. The S5 sample also shows the optimum viscoelastic properties such as storage and loss modulus among hybrid composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. M. Azlin
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- School of Industrial Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Kuala Pilah 72000, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
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A Review on the Thermal Characterisation of Natural and Hybrid Fiber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244425. [PMID: 34960977 PMCID: PMC8705297 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of natural fiber composites is a relevant aspect to be considered since the processing temperature plays a critical role in the manufacturing process of composites. At higher temperatures, the natural fiber components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) start to degrade and their major properties (mechanical and thermal) change. Different methods are used in the literature to determine the thermal properties of natural fiber composites as well as to help to understand and determine their suitability for a certain applications (e.g., Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and differential mechanical thermal analysis (DMA)). Weight loss percentage, the degradation temperature, glass transition temperature (Tg), and viscoelastic properties (storage modulus, loss modulus, and the damping factor) are the most common thermal properties determined by these methods. This paper provides an overview of the recent advances made regarding the thermal properties of natural and hybrid fiber composites in thermoset and thermoplastic polymeric matrices. First, the main factors that affect the thermal properties of natural and hybrid fiber composites (fiber and matrix type, the presence of fillers, fiber content and orientation, the treatment of the fibers, and manufacturing process) are briefly presented. Further, the methods used to determine the thermal properties of natural and hybrid composites are discussed. It is concluded that thermal analysis can provide useful information for the development of new materials and the optimization of the selection process of these materials for new applications. It is crucial to ensure that the natural fibers used in the composites can withstand the heat required during the fabrication process and retain their characteristics in service.
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Kufel A, Para S, Kuciel S. Basalt/Glass Fiber Polypropylene Hybrid Composites: Mechanical Properties at Different Temperatures and under Cyclic Loading and Micromechanical Modelling. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195574. [PMID: 34639971 PMCID: PMC8509748 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Basalt/glass fiber polypropylene hybrid composites were developed as subjects of investigation, with the aim to characterize their properties. An injection molding machine was used to produce the test samples. The following three different tests, at various specimen temperatures, were conducted: tensile test, three-point flexural test, and Charpy impact test. To determine fatigue behavior, the samples were uniaxially loaded and unloaded. Mechanical hysteresis loops were recorded and the dissipation energy of each loop was calculated. To determine the adhesion and dispersion between the fibers and the matrix, the fractured surfaces of the various specimens, after the tensile test, were investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the production of a composite with both basalt and glass fibers, in a polypropylene matrix with maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene, can be successfully achieved. The addition of the two types of fibers increased the tensile strength by 306% and the tensile modulus by 333% for a composition, with 20% by weight, of fibers. The material properties were estimated with the help of a simulation software, and validated with a FEA. A satisfactory correlation between the simulation and measurement data was achieved. The error lays in a range of 2% between the maximum stress values. At a lower strain (up to 0.02), the stress values are very well matched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kufel
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K); (S.K.)
| | - Slawomir Para
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Automotive Engineering and Internal Combustion Engines, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Kuciel
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K); (S.K.)
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