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Sayanjali S, Lu Y, Howell K. Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Broccoli Stems as a New Biopolymer Source for Producing Carboxymethyl Cellulose Films. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2024; 2024:7661288. [PMID: 38680866 PMCID: PMC11052598 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7661288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The use of food and agricultural waste-derived carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has become of interest due to their biodegradability and cost-effectiveness. In the current research, cellulose was extracted from broccoli stems to produce carboxymethyl cellulose using a carboxymethylation reaction via chloroacetic acid (CAA) and sodium hydroxide (5-10 M). The effects of different synthesis conditions on the degree of substitution (DS) and viscosity of the synthesized CMC powder were investigated. The mechanical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), and colour of CMC films were also evaluated. The results showed that CMC with the highest DS value (0.60) and the highest viscosity of 0.5 Pa·s could be synthesized from broccoli stems at a concentration of 7.5 M NaOH and a cellulose-to-chloroacetic acid ratio of 1 : 1.2. At CMC concentration of 4 g/100 mL with 0.8 g/100 mL of glycerol, the films had the highest tensile strength (31.91 MPa), whereas with 1.2 g/100 mL glycerol, more flexible films with elongation at break of 27.56% were produced. CMC films with the highest WVP (7.87 × 103 gm2·mmHg-1/day) were made with 6 g/100 mL of CMC and 1.8 g/100 mL of glycerol. This research proposes a new source of cellulose to produce biodegradable packaging materials to initiate a practical basis for food waste reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sayanjali
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yuzhou Lu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Zeng H, Yuan X, Yang X, Liu L, Lin Y, Xie L, Chai X, Xu K, Du G, Zhang L. Synthesis and application of hypochlorite ratiometric fluorescence probe based on cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129660. [PMID: 38253145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer with good biocompatibility and easy modification characteristics. In this paper, a novel cellulose fluorescence probe CNS for detecting ClO- was prepared by modifying microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The fluorescence detection results indicate that CNS exhibits a highly specific "ratiometric" and "colorimetric" fluorescence response to ClO-. In the presence of ClO-, the fluorescence color changes from green to cyan. In addition, the color of the solution changes from yellow to colorless, which can be observed with the "naked eye". Considering the good selectivity and anti-interference ability of CNS, the probe can be used for the detection of ClO- in real water samples. Importantly, CNS composite films and test papers were prepared and showed practicability in the detection of ClO-, highlighting its broad application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Zeng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Xushuo Yuan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanfei Lin
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Linkun Xie
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Xijuan Chai
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaimeng Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lianpeng Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China.
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Ramakrishnan R, Kim JT, Roy S, Jayakumar A. Recent advances in carboxymethyl cellulose-based active and intelligent packaging materials: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129194. [PMID: 38184045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Researchers have concentrated on innovative approaches to increase the shelf life of perishable food products and monitor their quality during storage and transportation as consumer demand for safe, environmentally friendly, and effective packaging develops. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of recent developments in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) chemical synthesis and its applications in active and intelligent packaging materials. It explores various methods for modifying cellulose to produce CMC and highlights the unique properties that make it suitable for addressing packaging industry challenges. The integration of CMC into active packaging systems, which helps reduce food waste and enhance food preservation, is discussed in depth. Furthermore, the integration of CMC in smart sensors and indicators for real-time monitoring and quality assurance in intelligent packaging is examined. The chemical synthesis of CMC and strategies to optimise its properties were studied, and the review concluded by examining the challenges and prospects of CMC-based packaging in the industry. This review is intended to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers interested in the evolving landscape of CMC and its role in shaping the future of packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarup Roy
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Chemical and Enzymatic Fiber Modification to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of CMC Composite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194127. [PMID: 36236075 PMCID: PMC9573683 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a cellulose derivative that can be obtained from wood, bamboo, rattan, straw, and other cellulosic materials. CMC can be used to produce biofilms for many purposes, but the properties of these resulting films make them unsuitable for some applications. The effects of three kinds of plant fiber addition on CMC film properties was investigated using CMC derived from eucalyptus bark cellulose. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films were 26.2 MPa and 7.35%, respectively. Tensile strength of CMC composite films substantially increased, reaching an optimum at 0.50 g of fiber. The enhancement due to industrial hemp hurd fiber on CMC composite films was more obvious. Pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glacial acetic acid (CH3COOH) produced films with a TS of 35.9 MPa and an EB of 1.61%. TS values with pectinase pretreated fiber films was 41.3 MPa and EB was 1.76%. TS of films pretreated with pectinase and hemicellulase was 45.2 MPa and EB was 4.18%. Chemical and enzymatic treatment both improved fiber crystallinity, but film tensile strength was improved to a greater extent by enzymatic treatment. Surface roughness and pyrolysis residue of the film increased after fiber addition, but Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), opacity, and water vapor transmission coefficients were largely unchanged. Adding fiber improved tensile strength of CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films and broadened the application range of CMC composite films without adversely affecting film performance.
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Sun Z, Li X, Tang Z, Li X, Morrell JJ, Beaugrand J, Yao Y, Zheng Q. Antibacterial Films Made of Bacterial Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163306. [PMID: 36015562 PMCID: PMC9415087 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is naturally degradable, highly biocompatible, hydrophilic, and essentially non-toxic, making it potentially useful as a base for creating more sophisticated bio-based materials. BC is similar to plant-derived cellulose in terms of chemical composition and structure but has a number of important differences in microstructure that could provide some unique opportunities for use as a scaffold for other functions. In this study, bacterial cellulose was alkylated and then esterified to produce a carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose (CMBC) that was then used to produce six different composite films with potential antibacterial properties. The films were assessed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, pyrolysis characteristics using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microstructure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties. The addition of nano-silver (nano-Ag) markedly improved the antimicrobial activity of the films while also enhancing the physical and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the three-dimensional reticulated structure of the bacterial cellulose provides an excellent substrate for scaffolding other bioactive materials. Thus, the nano-BC was added into the CMBC/nano-Ag composites furthermore, and then the antibacterial and mechanical properties were improved 44% for E. coli, 59% for S. aureus, and 20% for tensile strength, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbing Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhengjie Tang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jeffrey J. Morrell
- National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life, University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.J.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), INRA, Rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: (J.J.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Yao Yao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Qingzhuang Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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The Improved Properties of Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose Films with Thickening and Plasticizing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163286. [PMID: 36015542 PMCID: PMC9412357 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to improve the thermal stability and mechanical properties of carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose (CMBC) composite films. Experiments were conducted by preparing bacterial cellulose (BC) into CMBC, then parametrically mixing sodium alginate/starch/xanthan gum/gelatin and glycerin/sorbitol/PEG 400/PEG 6000 with CMBC to form the film. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, mechanical tests, and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the composite films had better mechanical properties and thermal stability with the addition of 1.5% CMBC (% v/v), 1% sodium alginate, and 0.4% glycerin. Tensile strength was 38.13 MPa, the elongation at break was 13.4%, the kinematic viscosity of the film solution was 257.3 mm2/s, the opacity was 4.76 A/mm, the water vapor permeability was 11.85%, and the pyrolysis residue was 45%. The potential causes for the differences in the performance of the composite films were discussed and compared, leading to the conclusion that CMBC/Sodium alginate (SA)/glycerin (GL) had the best thermal stability and mechanical properties.
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