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Yin H, Zhao M, Yang R, Sun J, Yu Z, Bai C, Xue Y. Effect of Regulation of Whole-Plant Corn Silage Inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis Regarding the Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Communities on Aerobic Stability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1471. [PMID: 38891280 PMCID: PMC11174963 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage is essential for producing high-quality silage. Our research assessed the effect of inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis and its modulation of the bacterial and fungal microbial community structure in an aerobic stage of whole-plant corn silage. Following treatment with a distilled sterile water control, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Bacillus licheniformis (2 × 105 cfu/g), whole-plant corn was ensiled for 60 days. Samples were taken on days 0, 3, and 7 of aerobic exposure, and the results showed that inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis improved the aerobic stability of silage when compared to the effect of the control (p < 0.05). Inoculation with Bacillus licheniformis attenuated the increase in pH value and the decrease in lactic acid in the aerobic stage (p < 0.05), reducing the filamentous fungal counts. On the other hand, inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis increased the diversity of the fungal communities (p < 0.05), complicating the correlation between bacteria or fungi, reducing the relative abundance of Acetobacter and Paenibacillus in bacterial communities, and inhibiting the tendency of Monascus to replace Issatchenkia in fungal communities, thus delaying the aerobic spoilage process. Due to the prevention of the development of aerobic spoilage microorganisms, the silage injected with Lactobacillus buchneri or Bacillus licheniformis exhibited improved aerobic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunsheng Bai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot 010031, China
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Wu D, Ma X, Meng Y, Cai R, Zhang X, Liu L, Deng L, Chen C, Wang F, Xu Q, He B, He M, Hu R, Zhen J, Han Y, He S, Xu L. Impact of nitrogen application and crop stage on epiphytic microbial communities on silage maize leaf surfaces. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16386. [PMID: 38025755 PMCID: PMC10656910 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilization on phyllosphere microorganisms in silage maize (Zea mays) to enhance the production of high-quality silage. The effects of different N application rates (160, 240, and 320 kg ha-1) and maturity stages (flowering and dough stages) on microbial diversity, abundance and physiochemical properties of the leaf surfaces were evaluated in a field experiment. The results showed that N application rates did not significantly impact the abundance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), aerobic bacteria (AB), yeasts, or molds on the leaf surfaces. However, these microbes were more abundant during the flowering stage compared to the dough stage. Furthermore, the N application rate had no significant impact on inorganic phosphorus, soluble sugar, free amino acids, total phenolic content, and soluble protein concentrations, or pH levels on the leaf surfaces. Notably, these chemical indices were lower during the dough stage. The abundance of Pantoea decreased with higher N application rates, while that of other microorganisms did not changes significantly. The abundance of AB, LAB, yeasts, and molds were positively correlated with soluble sugar, soluble protein, inorganic phosphorus, free amino acids, and total phenolic concentrations on leaf surfaces. Moreover, water loss was negatively correlated with the abundance of AB, LAB, yeasts, and molds, whereas water retention capacity and stomatal density were positively correlated with microbial abundance. We recommend applying an optimal N rate of 160 kg ha-1 to silage maize and harvesting at the flowering stage is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueling Ma
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyan Meng
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Rongjin Cai
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Lianping Deng
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Changjing Chen
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Qingbiao Xu
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin He
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingzhu He
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Rensheng Hu
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinjing Zhen
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Han
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Shaoshen He
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Liuxing Xu
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
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Yin H, Zhao M, Pan G, Zhang H, Yang R, Sun J, Yu Z, Bai C, Xue Y. Effects of Bacillus subtilis or Lentilactobacillus buchneri on aerobic stability, and the microbial community in aerobic exposure of whole plant corn silage. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1177031. [PMID: 37138619 PMCID: PMC10149863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis or Lentilactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and bacterial and fungal communities of whole plant corn silage during aerobic exposure. Whole plant corn was harvested at the wax maturity stage, which chopped to a length of approximately 1 cm, and treated with the following: distilled sterile water control, 2.0 × 105 CFU/g of Lentilactobacillus buchneri (LB) or 2.0 × 105 CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis (BS) for 42 days silage. Then, the samples were exposed to air (23-28°C) after opening and sampled at 0, 18 and 60 h, to investigate fermentation quality, bacterial and fungal communities, and aerobic stability. Inoculation with LB or BS increased the pH value, acetic acid, and ammonia nitrogen content of silage (P < 0.05), but it was still far below the threshold of inferior silage, the yield of ethanol was reduced (P < 0.05), and satisfactory fermentation quality was achieved. With the extension of the aerobic exposure time, inoculation with LB or BS prolonged the aerobic stabilization time of silage, attenuated the trend of pH increase during aerobic exposure, and increased the residues of lactic acid and acetic acid. The bacterial and fungal alpha diversity indices gradually declined, and the relative abundance of Basidiomycota and Kazachstania gradually increased. The relative abundance of Weissella and unclassified_f_Enterobacteria was higher and the relative abundance of Kazachstania was lower after inoculation with BS compared to the CK group. According to the correlation analysis, Bacillus and Kazachstania are bacteria and fungi that are more closely related to aerobic spoilage and inoculation with LB or BS could inhibit spoilage. The FUNGuild predictive analysis indicated that the higher relative abundance of fungal parasite-undefined saprotroph in the LB or BS groups at AS2, may account for its good aerobic stability. In conclusion, silage inoculated with LB or BS had better fermentation quality and improved aerobic stability by effectively inhibiting the microorganisms that induce aerobic spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Pan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Bai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunsheng Bai,
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Yanlin Xue,
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Na N, Qili M, Wu N, Sun L, Xu H, Zhao Y, Wei X, Xue Y, Tao Y. Bacterial Community and Fermentation Quality of Ensiling Alfalfa With Commercial Lactic Acid Bacterial Additives. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:836899. [PMID: 35531295 PMCID: PMC9073077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.836899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of six common commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) additives [A1, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. buchneri, and Enterococcus faecalis; A2, L. plantarum and L. casei; A3, L. plantarum and L. buchneri; A4, L. plantarum, L. buchneri, L. casei, and Pediococcus acidilactici; A5, L. plantarum (producing feruloyl esterase); and A6, L. buchneri, P. acidilactici, β-glucanase, and xylanase] on the bacterial community and fermentation quality of alfalfa silage. Alfalfa was harvested at the squaring stage, wilted in the field for 24 h, and ensiled without any additives (Control) or with A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, or A6. Microbial counts, bacterial community, fermentation parameters, and nutritional composition were determined after ensiling for 90 days. The total abundance of LAB genera on alfalfa pre-ensiling was 0.38% in bacterial community. The abundances of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus in the Control silage were 42.18, 40.18, and 8.09% of abundance, respectively. The abundances of Lactobacillus in A1-, A2-, A3-, A4-, and A5-treatments were 89.32, 92.93, 92.87, 81.12, and 80.44%, respectively. The abundances of Pediococcus and Lactobacillus in A6-treatment were 70.14 and 24.86%, respectively. Compared with Control silage, LAB-treated silage had lower pH and less ammonia nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrates concentrations (p < 0.05). Further, the A5- and A6-treatments contained lower neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose than other treatments (p < 0.05). Overall, LAB genera were presented as minor taxa in alfalfa pre-ensiling and as dominant taxa in alfalfa silage. Adding LAB additives improved the fermentation quality and altered the bacterial community of alfalfa silage. The main bacterial genera in Control silage were Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus. Lactobacillus dominated the bacterial communities of A1-, A2-, A3-, A4-, and A5-treatments, while Pediococcus and Lactobacillus were dominant bacterial genera in A6-treatment. Inoculating A5 and A6 degraded the fiber in alfalfa silage. It is necessary to ensile alfalfa with LAB inoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Na
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Moge Qili
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Nier Wu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Haiwen Xu
- College of Foreign Languages, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- Inner Mongolia Youran Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Ya Tao
- Inner Mongolia Youran Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
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Bai C, Pan G, Leng R, Ni W, Yang J, Sun J, Yu Z, Liu Z, Xue Y. Effect of Ensiling Density and Storage Temperature on Fermentation Quality, Bacterial Community, and Nitrate Concentration of Sorghum-Sudangrass Silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828320. [PMID: 35250945 PMCID: PMC8895230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the fermentation quality, bacterial community, and nitrate content of sorghum-sudangrass silage with two ensiling densities [550 kg fresh weight (FW)/m3 (low density, LD) and 650 kg FW/m3 (high density, HD)] stored at two temperatures [10°C (low temperature, LT) and 25°C (normal temperature, NT)] for 60 days. The fermentation parameters, microbial counts, bacterial community, nutritional composition, and nitrate and nitrite levels were assessed. The pH and ammonia nitrogen (N) in all silages were below 4.0 and 80 g/kg total N, respectively. Compared with LT treatments, NT treatments had lower pH and lactic acid (LA) bacteria and yeasts counts and contained higher LA and LA/acetic acid (LA/AA) (p < 0.05). The LT-LD contained more ammonia-N than LT-HD (p < 0.05) and had higher nitrate and lower nitrate degradation than other treatments (p < 0.05). Lactobacillus was the most dominant genus with all treatments (57.2-66.9%). The LA, LA/AA, and abundances of Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter in the silage negatively correlated with nitrate concentration and positively correlated with nitrate degradation (p < 0.05). Moreover, pH and ammonia-N were positively correlated with nitrate concentration and negatively correlated with nitrate degradation (p < 0.05). Overall, all silage had satisfactory fermentation quality, and the silage with HD and NT had better fermentation quality and higher nitrate degradation. The bacterial communities in all silages were dominated by Lactobacillus. The nitrate degradation during the fermentation process might be related to the fermentation quality and the activity of Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter in silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Bai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Pan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruoxuan Leng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenhua Ni
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Inner Mongolia Sihai Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Baochang, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
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Amat S, Holman DB, Schmidt K, McCarthy KL, Dorsam ST, Ward AK, Borowicz PP, Reynolds LP, Caton JS, Sedivec KK, Dahlen CR. Characterization of the Microbiota Associated With 12-Week-Old Bovine Fetuses Exposed to Divergent in utero Nutrition. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:771832. [PMID: 35126326 PMCID: PMC8811194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.771832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study reported the existence of a diverse microbiota in 5-to-7-month-old calf fetuses, suggesting that colonization of the bovine gut with so-called “pioneer” microbiota may begin during mid-gestation. In the present study, we investigated 1) the presence of microbiota in bovine fetuses at early gestation (12 weeks), and 2) whether the fetal microbiota is influenced by the maternal rate of gain or dietary supplementation with vitamins and minerals (VTM) during early gestation. Amniotic and allantoic fluids, and intestinal and placental (cotyledon) tissue samples obtained from fetuses (n = 33) on day 83 of gestation were processed for the assessment of fetal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The sequencing results revealed that a diverse and complex microbial community was present in each of these fetal compartments evaluated. Allantoic and amniotic fluids, and fetal intestinal and placenta microbiota each had distinctly different (0.047 ≥ R2 ≥ 0.019, P ≤ 0.031) microbial community structures. Allantoic fluid had a greater (P < 0.05) microbial richness (number of OTUs) (Mean 122) compared to amniotic fluid (84), intestine (63), and placenta (66). Microbial diversity (Shannon index) was similar for the intestinal and placental samples, and both were less diverse compared with fetal fluid microbiota (P < 0.05). Thirty-nine different archaeal and bacterial phyla were detected across all fetal samples, with Proteobacteria (55%), Firmicutes (16.2%), Acidobacteriota (13.6%), and Bacteroidota (5%) predominating. Among the 20 most relatively abundant bacterial genera, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Brucella, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Exiguobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas differed by fetal sample type (P < 0.05). A total of 55 taxa were shared among the four different microbial communities. qPCR of bacteria in the intestine and placenta samples as well as scanning electron microscopy imaging of fetal fluids provided additional evidence for the presence of a microbiota in these samples. Minor effects of maternal rate of gain and VTM supplementation, and their interactions on microbial richness and composition were detected. Overall, the results of this study indicate that colonization with pioneer microbiota may occur during early gestation in bovine fetuses, and that the maternal nutritional regime during gestation may influence the early fetal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
- *Correspondence: Samat Amat,
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Kaycie Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kacie L. McCarthy
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Sheri T. Dorsam
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Pawel P. Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Lawrence P. Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Joel S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kevin K. Sedivec
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, ND, United States
| | - Carl R. Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Advances in Microbial Fermentation Processes. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9081371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the food sector, fermentation processes have been the object of great interest in regard to enhancing the yield, the quality, and the safety of the final product [...]
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