1
|
Mandal S, Rajiva A, Kloog I, Menon JS, Lane KJ, Amini H, Walia GK, Dixit S, Nori-Sarma A, Dutta A, Sharma P, Jaganathan S, Madhipatla KK, Wellenius GA, de Bont J, Venkataraman C, Prabhakaran D, Prabhakaran P, Ljungman P, Schwartz J. Nationwide estimation of daily ambient PM 2.5 from 2008 to 2020 at 1 km 2 in India using an ensemble approach. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae088. [PMID: 38456174 PMCID: PMC10919890 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution assessment of historical levels is essential for assessing the health effects of ambient air pollution in the large Indian population. The diversity of geography, weather patterns, and progressive urbanization, combined with a sparse ground monitoring network makes it challenging to accurately capture the spatiotemporal patterns of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in India. We developed a model for daily average ambient PM2.5 between 2008 and 2020 based on monitoring data, meteorology, land use, satellite observations, and emissions inventories. Daily average predictions at each 1 km × 1 km grid from each learner were ensembled using a Gaussian process regression with anisotropic smoothing over spatial coordinates, and regression calibration was used to account for exposure error. Cross-validating by leaving monitors out, the ensemble model had an R2 of 0.86 at the daily level in the validation data and outperformed each component learner (by 5-18%). Annual average levels in different zones ranged between 39.7 μg/m3 (interquartile range: 29.8-46.8) in 2008 and 30.4 μg/m3 (interquartile range: 22.7-37.2) in 2020, with a cross-validated (CV)-R2 of 0.94 at the annual level. Overall mean absolute daily errors (MAE) across the 13 years were between 14.4 and 25.4 μg/m3. We obtained high spatial accuracy with spatial R2 greater than 90% and spatial MAE ranging between 7.3-16.5 μg/m3 with relatively better performance in urban areas at low and moderate elevation. We have developed an important validated resource for studying PM2.5 at a very fine spatiotemporal resolution, which allows us to study the health effects of PM2.5 across India and to identify areas with exceedingly high levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Mandal
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Ajit Rajiva
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental, Geoinformatics and Urban Planning Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jyothi S Menon
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Kevin J Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Heresh Amini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gagandeep K Walia
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Shweta Dixit
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Amruta Nori-Sarma
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anubrati Dutta
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Praggya Sharma
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Suganthi Jaganathan
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Kishore K Madhipatla
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gregory A Wellenius
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jeroen de Bont
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Poornima Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi 110016, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm 18257, Sweden
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Varaprasad V, Kanawade VP, Narayana AC. Association between sea-land breeze and particulate matter in five coastal urban locations in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169773. [PMID: 38181940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter less than 2.5 μm particle diameter (PM2.5) is the most significant environmental issue globally. PM2.5 is an integral component of air quality monitoring and management, human health, weather, climate, and epidemiological research. In this work, we investigate the seasonal variation in PM2.5 mass concentrations and the association between the sea-land breeze system and particulate matter in five coastal urban locations in India (Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, and Mumbai). The relative occurrence of high PM2.5 mass concentrations was the greatest during the winter season (December through February) while the relative occurrence of low PM2.5 mass concentrations was the greatest during the monsoon season (June through September). Amongst locations, Kolkata experiences the highest PM2.5 loading in winter while Thiruvananthapuram experiences the lowest PM2.5 loading in monsoon. Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) outflow onto the Bay of Bengal significantly impacts locations along the eastern coast of India with reduced impact from north (Kolkata) to south (Chennai). The sea-breeze component analysis revealed daily cycles of the sea-land breeze with varying magnitudes of the breeze between the different seasons. Overall, we found a negative association between the sea-land breeze magnitude and PM2.5 mass concentrations, implying that the weakened sea-land breeze may deteriorate air quality in coastal locations due to poor ventilation. The vertical profiles of aerosol extinction showed elevated aerosol layers within 1 km from the surface in almost all locations. The decreasing trend in the land-sea temperature contrast in coastal locations is expected to deteriorate air quality in coastal locations in the warming future. Nevertheless, critical analyses using ground-based remote sensing techniques are required for a better understanding the impact of sea-land breeze dynamics on air quality in coastal locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Varaprasad
- Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - V P Kanawade
- Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - A C Narayana
- Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choudhary RK, Joshi P, Ghosh S, Ganguly D, Balakrishnan K, Singh N, Mall RK, Kumar A, Dey S. Excess Mortality Risk Due to Heat Stress in Different Climatic Zones of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:342-351. [PMID: 38151765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
India is at a high risk of heat stress-induced health impacts and economic losses owing to its tropical climate, high population density, and inadequate adaptive planning. The health impacts of heat stress across climate zones in India have not been adequately explored. Here, we examine and report the vulnerability to heat stress in India using 42 years (1979-2020) of meteorological data from ERA-5 and developed climate-zone-specific percentile-based human comfort class thresholds. We found that the heat stress is usually 1-4 °C higher on heatwave (HW) days than on nonheatwave (NHW) days. However, the stress on NHW days remains considerable and cannot be neglected. We then showed the association of a newly formulated India heat index (IHI) with daily all-cause mortality in three cities - Delhi (semiarid), Varanasi (humid subtropical), and Chennai (tropical wet and dry), using a semiparametric quasi-Poisson regression model, adjusted for nonlinear confounding effects of time and PM2.5. The all-cause mortality risk was enhanced by 8.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 6.0-10.3), 5.9% (4.6-7.2), and 8.0% (1.7-14.2) during "sweltering" days in Varanasi, Delhi, and Chennai, respectively, relative to "comfortable" days. Across four age groups, the impact was more severe in Varanasi (ranging from a 3.2 to 7.5% increase in mortality risk for a unit rise in IHI) than in Delhi (2.6-4.2% higher risk) and Chennai (0.9-5.7% higher risk). We observed a 3-6 days lag effect of heat stress on mortality in these cities. Our results reveal heterogeneity in heat stress impact across diverse climate zones in India and call for developing an early warning system keeping in mind these regional variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Choudhary
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
- Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110036, India
| | - Pallavi Joshi
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Santu Ghosh
- St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru 560034, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- SRU-ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 103045 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rajesh Kumar Mall
- DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
- Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Katoch V, Kumar A, Imam F, Sarkar D, Knibbs LD, Liu Y, Ganguly D, Dey S. Addressing Biases in Ambient PM 2.5 Exposure and Associated Health Burden Estimates by Filling Satellite AOD Retrieval Gaps over India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19190-19201. [PMID: 37956255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient PM2.5 exposure statistics in countries with limited ground monitors are derived from satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) products that have spatial gaps. Here, we quantified the biases in PM2.5 exposure and associated health burden in India due to the sampling gaps in AOD retrieved by a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. We filled the sampling gaps and derived PM2.5 in recent years (2017-2022) over India, which showed fivefold cross-validation R2 of 0.92 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 11.8 μg m-3 on an annual scale against ground-based measurements. If the missing AOD values are not accounted for, the exposure would be overestimated by 19.1%, translating to an overestimation in the mortality burden by 93,986 (95% confidence interval: 78,638-110,597) during these years. With the gap-filled data, we found that the rising ambient PM2.5 trend in India has started showing a sign of stabilization in recent years. However, a reduction in population-weighted exposure balanced out the effect of the increasing population and maintained the mortality burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 for 2022 (991,058:798,220-1,183,896) comparable to the 2017 level (1,014,766:812,186-1,217,346). Therefore, a decline in exposure alone is not sufficient to significantly reduce the health burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Katoch
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Fahad Imam
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Debajit Sarkar
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Public Health Research Analytics and Methods for Evidence, Public Health Unit, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
- Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air, IIT, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chaudhary E, George F, Saji A, Dey S, Ghosh S, Thomas T, Kurpad AV, Sharma S, Singh N, Agarwal S, Mehta U. Cumulative effect of PM 2.5 components is larger than the effect of PM 2.5 mass on child health in India. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6955. [PMID: 37907499 PMCID: PMC10618175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While studies on ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure effect on child health are available, the differential effects, if any, of exposure to PM2.5 species are unexplored in lower and middle-income countries. Using multiple logistic regression, we showed that for every 10 μg m-3 increase in PM2.5 exposure, anaemia, acute respiratory infection, and low birth weight prevalence increase by 10% (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 9-11), 11% (8-13), and 5% (4-6), respectively, among children in India. NO3-, elemental carbon, and NH4+ were more associated with the three health outcomes than other PM2.5 species. We found that the total PM2.5 mass as a surrogate marker for air pollution exposure could substantially underestimate the true composite impact of different components of PM2.5. Our findings provide key indigenous evidence to prioritize control strategies for reducing exposure to more toxic species for greater child health benefits in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Chaudhary
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Franciosalgeo George
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Population Health, St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Aswathi Saji
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Population Health, St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
- Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India.
- School of Public Policy, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Santu Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics, St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Tinku Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Nimish Singh
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- TERI, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivang Agarwal
- TERI, New Delhi, India
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Unnati Mehta
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bagaria P, Mahapatra PS, Bherwani H, Pandey R. Environmental management: a country-level evaluation of atmospheric particulate matter removal by the forests of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1306. [PMID: 37828295 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a critical air pollutant, responsible for an array of ailments leading to premature mortality worldwide. Nature-based solutions for mitigation of PM and especially role of forests in mitigating PM from an ecosystem perspective are less explored. Forests provide a natural pollution abatement strategy by providing a surface area for the deposition of PM. Depending on their structure and composition, forests have varying capacities for PM adsorption, which is again less explored. Hence, in the present study, we evaluate the removal capacity of PM by the forest-type groups of India. Deposition flux and total PM removal across sixteen forest types were estimated based on the 2019 dataset of PM using Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) data. Externality values and PM removal costs by industrial equipment were used for associating an economic value to the air pollution abatement service by forests. The total PM2.5 removal by forests in 2019 was estimated to be 1361.28 tons and PM10 was estimated to be 303,658.27 tons. Deposition of PM was found to be high in littoral and swamp forests, tropical semi-evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, and sub-tropical pine forests. Tropical dry deciduous forests had the highest net weight % removal of PM with 39% removal for PM2.5 and 39% removal for PM10. The air pollution abatement service by forests for PM removal was 188 M US dollars (USD) with externality-based removal service by forests of 2009 M USD. The net PM removed by all forests of India was estimated to be approximately worth ₹ 470-648 Crore (59-81 million dollars) for PM2.5 and worth ₹56,746-1,22,617 Crore (7093-15,327 million dollars) for PM10 based on valuation using value transfer method. The study concludes that forests can be a significant contributor to PM reduction at a global level. Especially for India's National Clean Air Programme and further research and policy considerations, the findings would be extremely useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rajiv Pandey
- Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Haswani D, Sunder Raman R, Yadav K, Dhandapani A, Iqbal J, Naresh Kumar R, Laxmi Prasad SV, Yogesh A, B M SM, Lokesh KS. Pollution characteristics and ecological risks of trace elements in PM 2.5 over three COALESCE network sites - Bhopal, Mesra, and Mysuru, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138203. [PMID: 36842561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Time-synchronized, 24 h integrated PM2.5 trace element (TE) measurements made as a part of the COALESCE project (Venkataraman et al., 2020) at Bhopal, Mesra, and Mysore during all of 2019 were analyzed in this study. The concentrations of 15 key elements ranged between 0.05 ng m-3 and 50 μg m-3 across the study sites. Pronounced seasonal variation of elements from multiple source classes showed that the crustal origin elements (Al, Si, Fe, Ti, and Ca) peaked during the pre-monsoon season, while the anthropogenic activities driven element (P, S, K, V, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb) concentrations increased during the winter and post-monsoon seasons. Spearman correlation coupled with hierarchical clustering separated the matrix of elements into three common clusters at all sites, corresponding to crustal sources, combustion and biomass burning emissions, and industrial/non-exhaust vehicular emissions, respectively. Furthermore, episodes of metal pollution throughout the year were examined using characteristic radar charts of TEs to identify the association between TE sources and poor air quality. For example, maximum metal pollution in Bhopal occurred during the post-monsoon season, attributable to biomass burning, dust storms, industrial and non-exhaust vehicular emissions. Finally, an ecological risk assessment revealed that the risk index was higher than the threshold value of 600 for all heavy metals at all sites. Pb, Cu, and Zn were the top contributors to 'extremely high risk' amongst all heavy metals. Overall, the results show that although TE concentrations at all three locations were much lower than in other urban locations in India, the risk from heavy metals to the ecosystem (and likely to human health) cannot be ignored. The findings warrant a full source apportionment of fine PM to better identify TE-rich source contributions and future studies to examine the atmospheric processing and eco-system uptake of TEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Haswani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kajal Yadav
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abisheg Dhandapani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - R Naresh Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - S V Laxmi Prasad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - Adi Yogesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Madras, 600036, India
| | - Sadashiva Murthy B M
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - K S Lokesh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Analysis and Variation of the Maiac Aerosol Optical Depth in Underexplored Urbanized Area of National Capital Region, India. JOURNAL OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/jlecol-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aerosol monitoring is the emerging application field of satellite remote sensing. As a satellite-based indicator of aerosol concentration, aerosol optical depth (AOD) can aid in assessing the crucial effects of aerosols on the global environment. Among various satellite-based aerosol product, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 (C6), Multiangle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) aerosol product (1 km resolution) has still untapped potential in Indian regions. Considering the importance of regional validation of such high-resolution aerosol product, the present study attempts to fill this gap by validating MAIAC aerosol estimates (AODMAIAC) in highly polluted districts (Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar, Gurugram) of National Capital Region (NCR) with heavy aerosol loading using limited AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) observations obtained from AERONET sites at Amity University (AU) and Gual Pahari (GP). Such evaluation of satellite-retrieved aerosol product with ground data confirms its practicality based on retrieval errors (Expected Error (EE) values (EE = 0.05 + 15 %*AOD) (EE: 78.85 % at AU, 73.58 % at GP), root mean square error (RMSE) values (RMSE: 0.15 at AU, 0.24 at GP), and correlation coefficient (R) values (R: 0.86 at AU, 0.73 at GP). The seasonal variation in AOD over the study area from 2010-2019 reveals increasing trend of AOD in the monsoon and post-monsoon season due to natural and anthropogenic factors. In addition to contributing to a holistic assessment of MAIAC aerosol estimates as a recent, high-resolution aerosol product, present results provide a basis for further research into NCR aerosols.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lakshmi NB, Resmi EA, Padmalal D. Assessment of PM 2.5 using satellite lidar observations: Effect of bio-mass burning emissions over India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155215. [PMID: 35421507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study estimates the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) over the Indian sub-continent using near-surface retrieval of aerosol extinction coefficient (2007-2021) of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) onboard Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite. Climatology of wintertime PM2.5 during the last 15 years shows the highest concentration over the middle Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and northwest India with a 3 to 4 fold increase in magnitude compared to the peninsular India. Surface-level PM2.5 mass concentration during winter (December to February) shows statistically significant positive trends over the Indian subcontinent. It increases at a rate of ~3% over the IGP and arid regions of northwest India, and ~4% over peninsular India during the last fifteen years (2006-2020). Interannual variability of average near-surface PM2.5 concentration over the Indian sub-continent during the fog occurring season (December to February) shows a statistically significant correlation with the post-harvest agro-residue burning over the western IGP (Punjab and Haryana) during November. The wintertime near-surface PM2.5 concentration shows a higher correlation with anthropogenic agro-residue burning activity compared to meteorological parameters. The influence of agro-residue burning during November over northern India extends up to peninsular India and might contribute to continental pollution outflow and associated aerosol plumes persisting over the Northern Indian Ocean during the winter season. Sustainable energy recovery solutions to the agro-residue burning need to be implemented to effectively reduce the far-reaching implications of the post-monsoon burning activity over the western IGP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N B Lakshmi
- National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - E A Resmi
- National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - D Padmalal
- National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pruthi D, Liu Y. Low-cost nature-inspired deep learning system for PM2.5 forecast over Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107373. [PMID: 35763992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air quality has a tremendous impact on India's health and prosperity. Air quality models are crucial tools for surveying and projecting air pollution episodes, which can be used to issue health advisories to take action ahead of time. Short-term increases in air pollution trigger many adverse health events; a fast, efficient, cost-effective, and reliable air quality prediction model would aid in minimizing the effect on health and prosperity. Deterministic models, on the other hand, are less robust in predicting the pollutant series since it is non-stationary and non-linear. Atmospheric chemistry models are computationally expensive and often rely on outdated emissions information. We propose a deep learning model in this study that integrates neural networks, fuzzy inference systems, and wavelet transforms to predict the most prominent air pollutant affecting Delhi, India i.e., PM2.5 (particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm). We have included the main aspects of air quality models in this research i.e., less computational time (7 min approximately using I5-1035G1, 1.19 GHz processor), less resource-intensive (dependent only on the pollutant lagged values), and high spatial resolution (1 km) for forecasting air quality three days ahead. The model predictions show a significant correlation coefficient lying in [0.96,0.98], [0.86,0.93], and [0.82,0.91] with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) monitored data at various sites in Delhi for one, two, and three days of forecast respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Pruthi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lal RM, Tibrewal K, Venkataraman C, Tong K, Fang A, Ma Q, Wang S, Kaiser J, Ramaswami A, Russell AG. Impact of Circular, Waste-Heat Reuse Pathways on PM 2.5-Air Quality, CO 2 Emissions, and Human Health in India: Comparison with Material Exchange Potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9773-9783. [PMID: 35706337 PMCID: PMC9261188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
India is home to 1.3 billion people who are exposed to some of the highest levels of ambient air pollution in the world. In addition, India is one of the fastest-growing carbon-emitting countries. Here, we assess how two strategies to reuse waste-heat from coal-fired power plants and other large sources would impact PM2.5-air quality, human health, and CO2 emissions in 2015 and a future year, 2050, using varying levels of policy adoption (current regulations, proposed single-sector policies, and ambitious single-sector strategies). We find that power plant and industrial waste-heat reuse as input to district heating systems (DHSs), a novel, multisector strategy to reduce local biomass burning for heating emissions, can offset 71.3-85.2% of residential heating demand in communities near a power plant (9.3-12.4% of the nationwide heating demand) with the highest benefits observed during winter months in areas with collocated industrial activity and higher residential heating demands (e.g., New Delhi). Utilizing waste-heat to generate electricity via organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) can generate an additional 22 (11% of total coal-fired generating capacity), 41 (8%), 32 (13%), and 6 (5%) GW of electricity capacity in the 2015, 2050-current regulations, 2050-single-sector, and 2050-ambitious-single-sector scenarios, respectively. Emission estimates utilizing these strategies were input to the GEOS-Chem model, and population-weighted, simulated PM2.5 showed small improvements in the DHS (0.2-0.4%) and ORC (0.3-3.4%) scenarios, where the minimal DHS PM2.5-benefit is attributed to the small contribution of biomass burning for heating to nationwide PM2.5 emissions (much of the biomass burning activity is for cooking). The PM2.5 reductions lead to ∼130-36,000 mortalities per year avoided among the scenarios, with the largest health benefits observed in the ORC scenarios. Nationwide CO2 emissions reduced <0.04% by DHSs but showed larger reductions using ORCs (1.9-7.4%). Coal fly-ash as material exchange in cement and brick production was assessed, and capacity exists to completely reutilize unused fly-ash toward cement and brick production in each of the scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj M. Lal
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kushal Tibrewal
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kangkang Tong
- China-UK
Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201308, China
| | - Andrew Fang
- Center
for Environment, Energy, and Infrastructure, US Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. 20004, United States
| | - Qiao Ma
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion,
Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of
Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control,
School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Anu Ramaswami
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Princeton Institute for International
and Regional Studies, and the Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Joshi P, Dey S, Ghosh S, Jain S, Sharma SK. Association between Acute Exposure to PM 2.5 Chemical Species and Mortality in Megacity Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7275-7287. [PMID: 35467339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The association between daily all-cause mortality and short-term fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is well established in the literature. However, association between acute exposure to PM2.5 chemical species and mortality is not well known, especially in developing countries like India. Here we examined associations between mortality and acute exposure to PM2.5 mass concentration and their 15 chemical components using data from 2013 to 2016 in megacity Delhi using a semiparametric quasi-Poisson regression model, adjusting for mean temperature, relative humidity, and long-term time trend as the major potential confounders. Mortality estimates were further checked for effect modification by sex, age group, and season. The subspecies of NO3-, NH4NO3, Cr, NH4+, EC, and OC showed a higher mortality impact than the total PM2.5 mass. Males were at higher risk from NO3-, SO42-, and their NH4+ compounds along with carcinogen Cr, whereas female group was at higher risk from EC and OC. Among all age groups, the elderly above 65 years were the most vulnerable group prone to mortality effects from maximum species. The major mortality risk from all hazardous species arose from their winter exposures. Our study provides the first evidence of association between acute exposure to PM2.5 chemical species and mortality anywhere in India and recommends similar studies in other regions so that sectoral mitigation emitting the most toxic species can be prioritized to maximize the health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Joshi
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016 India
| | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016 India
- Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
- School of Public Policy, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Santu Ghosh
- St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru 560034, India
| | - Srishti Jain
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016 India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dey S. Impact of Air Pollution on Child Health in India and the Way Forward. Indian Pediatr 2022. [PMID: 35695140 PMCID: PMC9253235 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-022-2532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent research in epidemiological modelling reveals that air pollution affects child health in various ways resulting in low birthweight, stillbirth, preterm birth, developmental delay, growth failure, poor respiratory and cardiovascular health, and a higher risk of anemia. India has embarked on the national clean air program, but a much stronger coordinated multi-sectoral approach is required to minimize the child health burden caused by air pollution. Air pollution should be treated as a public health crisis that can only be managed with policy backed by science, gradual transition to clean energy use, emission reduction supported by clean air technologies, long-term commitment from the Government, and cooperation of the citizens.
Collapse
|
14
|
deSouza PN, Dey S, Mwenda KM, Kim R, Subramanian SV, Kinney PL. Robust relationship between ambient air pollution and infant mortality in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152755. [PMID: 34999065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the top global health concerns. We estimate the associations between in-utero and perinatal exposure to PM2.5 and infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality in India. We evaluate the sensitivity of this association to two widely-used exposure assessments. METHOD We linked nationally representative anthropometric data from India's 2015-2016 Demographic and Health Survey (n = 259,627 children under five across 640 districts of India) with satellite-based PM2.5 concentrations during the month of birth of each child. We then estimated the associations between PM2.5 from each dataset and child mortality, after controlling for child, mother and household factors including trends in time and seasonality. We examined if factors: urban/rural, sex, wealth quintile and state modified the associations derived from the two datasets using Wald tests. RESULTS We found evidence that PM2.5 impacts infant mortality primarily through neonatal mortality. The estimated association between neonatal mortality and PM2.5 in trimester 3 was OR: 1.016 (95% CI: 1.003, 1.030) for every 10 μg/m3 increase in exposure. This association was robust to the exposure assessment used. Child sex was a significant effect modifier, with PM2.5 impacting mortality in infant girls more than boys. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed a robust association between ambient exposure to PM2.5 in the latter period of pregnancy and early life with infant and neonatal mortality in India. Urgent air pollution management plans are needed to improve infant mortality in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka N deSouza
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
| | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air (CERCA), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India; Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Kevin M Mwenda
- Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rockli Kim
- Division of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Bow Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S V Subramanian
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Bow Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|