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Zhang C, Li S, Sun H, Li X, Fu L, Zhang C, Sun S, Zhou D. Assessing the impact of low organic loading on effluent safety in wastewater treatment: Insights from an activated sludge reactor study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133083. [PMID: 38181593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an organic loading (OL) of 300 mg/(L d) was set as the relative normal condition (OL-300), while 150 mg/(L d) was chosen as the condition reflecting excessively low organic loading (OL-150) to thoroughly assess the associated risks in the effluent of the biological wastewater treatment process. Compared with OL-300, OL-150 did not lead to a significant decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, but it did improve dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) levels by ∼63 %. Interestingly, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) exhibited higher susceptibility to transformation into chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) in OL-150, resulting in an increase in the compound number of Cl-DBPs by ∼16 %. Additionally, OL-150 induced nutrient stress, which promoted engendered human bacterial pathogens (HBPs) survival by ∼32 % and led to ∼51 % increase in the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) abundance through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the potential risks associated with low organic loading strategies in wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shaoran Li
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Liang Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shijun Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
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2
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Keaonaborn D, Na-Phatthalung W, Keawchouy S, Jaichuedee J, Sinyoung S, Musikavong C. Emerging disinfection by-products formation of various molecular weight organic matter fractions in raw water contaminated with treated wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:831-843. [PMID: 37501342 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2238588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Combining dissolved organic matter (DOM) in raw water (RW) with DOM in treated wastewater (TWW) can react with chlorine and pose emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study evaluated DOM based on the molecular weight (MW) size fractionation, trihalomethane, iodinated-trihalomethane, haloacetonitrile, and trichloronitromethane formation potential (THMFP, I-THMFP, HANFP, and TCNMFP) of the RW from the U-Tapao Canal, Songkhla, Thailand and the RW mixed with TWW (RW + TWW) samples. The RW and RW + TWW were treated by coagulation with poly aluminum chloride. The DOM of RW and RW + TWW and their treated water was distributed most in the MW below 1 kDa. The MWs of 3-10 kDa and 1-3 kDa were the active DOM involved in the specific THMFP for the RW + TWW. The MW of < 1 kDa in the RW + TWW resulted in a slightly high specific I-THMFP and HANFP. The MW of 1 - 3 kDa in the coagulated samples had a high specific I-THMFP. The MW of > 10 kDa in the coagulated RW + TWW was a precursor for a particular HANFP. Monitoring systems for measuring the level of TWW mixed with RW and an effective process to enhance the efficiency of traditional water treatment must be set up to produce a consumer-safe water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dararat Keaonaborn
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Na-Phatthalung
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Suthiwan Keawchouy
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Jaichuedee
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Suthatip Sinyoung
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Charongpun Musikavong
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Islam A, Sun G, Saber AN, Shang W, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Yang M. Identification of visible colored dissolved organic matter in biological and tertiary municipal effluents using multiple approaches including PARAFAC analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 122:174-183. [PMID: 35717083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study provided insights into the persistent yellowish color in biological and tertiary effluents of municipal wastewater through a multi-characterization approach and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) analysis. The characterization was performed on three to five full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), including differential log-transformed absorbance (DLnA) spectroscopy, resin fractionation, size-exclusion chromatography for apparent molecular weight analysis (SEC-AMW), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Hydrophobic acids (HPOA) were abundant in visible colored dissolved organic matter (DOM). The SEC-AMW result showed that the molecular weight of the colored substances in the secondary effluents is mainly distributed in the range of 2-3 kDa. Through XPS analysis, C-O/C-N and pyrrolic/pyridonic (N-5) were found to be positively correlated with chroma. PARAFAC component models were built on biological (two components) and tertiary effluent (three components) and the correlation analysis revealed that PARAFAC component 2 in biological effluent (BE-C2) and component 1 in tertiary effluent (TE-C1), which were ascribed to Hydrophobic acids and Humic acid-like, were the responsible visible colored DOM components cause yellowish color. In addition, component similarity testing found that the identified visible colored DOM PARAFAC BE-C2, and PARAFAC TE-C1 were identical (0.96) in physicochemical properties, with 4% removal efficacy on average, compared with 11% for invisible colored DOM. This implied that tertiary effluents containing colorants (TE-C1) were resistant to degradation/removal using different disinfection and filtration processes in advanced treatments. This sheds light on many physicochemical aspects of PARAFAC-identified visible colored DOM components and provides spectral data to build an online monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ayman N Saber
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Wei Shang
- North China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Xingcan Zheng
- North China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Characterization and Analysis of Acetaldehyde Wastewater by Molecular Weight Distribution, Hydrophilicity, and Chemical Composition. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is a typical toxic substance of the petrochemical industry. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays an important role in wastewater treatment. Therefore, the molecular weight, hydrophilicity, and chemical composition of DOC in acetaldehyde wastewater were evaluated. First, the molecular weight (MW) distribution was investigated; the results showed that acetaldehyde wastewater was mainly composed of components with a MW less than 1 kDa, and possessed higher proportion of protein-like substances that were dominant contributors to membrane fouling. Then, the distribution of hydrophobicity was evaluated; hydrophobic bases were reported to be slowly biodegradable fractions due to the high humic content. Finally, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to determine chemical composition, and 30 pollutants were detected. Aldehydes, hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, furans, phenols, and organic acids were the dominant pollutants. Most of them were moderately toxic compounds. The comprehensive characterization of acetaldehyde wastewater will contribute to control strategies and sustainable development.
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5
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Sardana A, Weaver L, Aziz TN. Effects of dissolved organic matter characteristics on the photosensitized degradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:805-824. [PMID: 35481471 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00545f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment wetlands are aquatic systems where diverse dissolved organic matter (DOM) compositions physically interact. Complex photochemical behaviors ensue, leading to uncertainties in the prediction of indirect photodegradation rates for organic contaminants. Here, we evaluate the photosensitization ability of whole water DOM samples from a treatment wetland and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in North Carolina to photodegrade target pharmaceuticals. Optical characterization using ultraviolet-visible and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy shows that wetland DOM has higher aromaticity than WWTP DOM and that WWTP secondary treatment processes increase aromaticity, overall molecular weight, and humic character of wastewater DOM. Our application of a reversed-phase HPLC method to assess DOM polarity distinctly reveals that a subset of the wetland samples possesses an abundance of hydrophobic DOM moieties. Hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) mediate the majority (>50%) of the indirect photodegradation for amoxicillin (AMX), atenolol (ATL), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), while singlet oxygen (1O2) is presumed to be solely responsible for the photodegradation of cimetidine (CME). Our findings suggest that hydrophobic interactions and improved accessibility to photogenerated reactive intermediates lead to significant increases in photosensitization efficiencies and overall indirect photodegradation rates of AMX, ATL, and EE2 for the hydrophobic wetland samples. In contrast, CME photosensitization yields are unaffected by polarity and trend positively with optical indicators of sunlight-induced DOM photobleaching and humification, suggesting that wetland processing favors faster 1O2 photogeneration. These relationships highlight the uncertainties in photosensitization yields and effects of DOM optical properties and polarity on the photochemical fate of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Sardana
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh NC 27695, USA.
- Geosyntec Consultants Inc., 2501 Blue Ridge Road, Suite 430, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Leah Weaver
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh NC 27695, USA.
| | - Tarek N Aziz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh NC 27695, USA.
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Gidstedt S, Betsholtz A, Falås P, Cimbritz M, Davidsson Å, Micolucci F, Svahn O. A comparison of adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon following chemically enhanced primary treatment with microsieving, direct membrane filtration and tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152225. [PMID: 34921873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of organic micropollutants onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) was investigated in laboratory scale based on samples from four wastewater process streams (matrices); three from a pilot-scale plant with different degrees of physicochemical treatment of municipal wastewater and one from a full-scale activated sludge plant with post-precipitation. The pilot-scale treatment consisted of chemically enhanced primary treatment with microsieving followed by direct membrane filtration as microfiltration or ultrafiltration. The results showed highest adsorption of micropollutants in the tertiary (biologically and chemically) treated wastewater and lowest adsorption in the microsieve filtrate. Adsorption of micropollutants in the direct membrane microfiltration (200 nm) permeate was generally similar to that in the direct membrane ultrafiltration (3 nm) permeate. The higher adsorption of micropollutants in the tertiary treated wastewater could be related to a lower concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and lower affinity of DOC for PAC at low dosage (<15 mg PAC/L) in this matrix. At a PAC dose of 10 mg/L, sulfamethoxazole was removed by 33% in the tertiary treated wastewater and 7% in the direct membrane microfiltration permeate. In addition to the PAC experiments, a pilot scale sand filter and a proceeding GAC filter was operated on tertiary treated wastewater from the full-scale treatment plant. Similar removal trends in the PAC and GAC experiments were observed when studying a weighted average micropollutant removal in the GAC filter and a similar dose of activated carbon for both PAC and GAC. Positively charged micropollutants were removed to a higher extent than negatively charged ones by both PAC and GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gidstedt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Alexander Betsholtz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Davidsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Federico Micolucci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Svahn
- Department of Environmental Science and Bioscience, Kristianstad University, SE-291 39 Kristianstad, Sweden
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7
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Sochacki A, Kowalska K, Felis E, Bajkacz S, Kalka J, Brzeszkiewicz A, Vaňková Z, Jakóbik-Kolon A. Removal and transformation of sulfamethoxazole in acclimated biofilters with various operation modes - Implications for full-scale application. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130638. [PMID: 33932905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge gaps regarding the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in biofilters include the effect of aeration, constant feeding with readily biodegradable organic carbon and the presence of reactive media such as manganese oxides (MnOx). Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the removal of SMX in lab-scale biofilters with various operation variables: aeration, presence of MnOx as an amendment of filtering medium and the presence of readily biodegradable organic carbon (acetate). The sand used in the experiment as a filtering medium was previously exposed to the presence of SMX and acetate, which provided acclimation of the biomass. The removal of SMX was complete (>99%) with the exception of the unaerated columns fed with the influent containing acetate, due to apparent slower rate of SMX degradation. The obtained results suggest that bacteria were able to degrade SMX as a primary substrate and the degradation of this compound was subsequent to the depletion of acetate. The LC-MS/MS analysis of the effluents indicated several biotransformation reactions for SMX: (di)hydroxylation, acetylation, nitrosation, deamonification, S-N bond cleavage and isoxazole-ring cleavage. The relative abundance of transformation products was decreased in the presence of MnOx or acetate. Based on the Microtox assay, only the effluents from the unaerated columns filled with MnOx were classified as non-toxic. The results offer important implications for the design of biofilters for the elimination of SMX, namely that biofilters offer the greatest performance when fed with secondary wastewater and operated as non-aerated systems with a filtering medium containing MnOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sochacki
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Ecology, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic; Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kowalska
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Felis
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- Silesian University of Technology, Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, ul. M. Strzody 7, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalka
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Arletta Brzeszkiewicz
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zuzana Vaňková
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Geosciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Agata Jakóbik-Kolon
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, ul. M. Strzody 7, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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8
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Mohapatra S, Sharma N, Mohapatra G, Padhye LP, Mukherji S. Seasonal variation in fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter in wastewater and identification of proteins through HRLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125453. [PMID: 33930968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, wastewater samples acquired from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), located in western India were characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy, and resin-based fractionation was conducted to fractionate DOM into hydrophobic and hydrophilic base, acid, and neutral fractions. Among several fractions, the hydrophilic acid (HIA) and hydrophilic neutral (HIN) fractions were present in higher abundance (more than 50% of DOC) compared to the hydrophilic base (HIB) fraction in both influent and effluent wastewater stream obtained from WWTPs. Tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like substances were also abundant in the influent and effluent stream of WWTPs. Further, LC-MS/MS analysis could identify 235 and 288 DOM proteins in the influent and effluent stream of WWTP-1, respectively. These proteins revealed varying percentage of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. The tryptophan residues primarily contributed to protein-like fluorescence in wastewater. The proteins were further classified based on their role in biological processes, location in the cell, and molecular function. Among several proteins, Alzheimer's and Huntington disease biomarkers were identified at WWTP-1. Their presence in the surface water can serve as an early warning system for wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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Rodríguez-Vidal FJ, García-Valverde M, Ortega-Azabache B, González-Martínez Á, Bellido-Fernández A. Using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence to evaluate the performance of water treatment plants for dissolved organic matter removal. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119298. [PMID: 33341750 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at assessing the performance of water treatment plants (both wastewater and drinking water treatment plants) for dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) as the monitoring technique. The influent from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Burgos (Spain) is characterized from the presence of protein-like peaks (T1 and T2) and humic-like peaks (A and C), T2 and A showing the highest fluorescence intensity. The percentages of total removal in the effluent were in the following order: peak T1 (65%) > peak A (45%) > peak C (34%) > peak T2 (26%). The humic-like peaks were the most removed at the primary sedimentation stage, whereas peak T1 was by far the most removed in the biological reactor. Protein-like peaks T1 and T2 experienced a slight increase in the final effluent in comparison to their fluorescence at the previous stage (the exit of the biological reactor), an increase that can be explained by the release of SMP (soluble microbial products) from the biomass in the secondary clarifier. A poor correlation was obtained between peak T2 fluorescence and COD, BOD (r2 = 0.34-0.38). The natural water from the Úzquiza reservoir in Burgos (Spain) is characterized by the only presence of humic substances: a majority peak A (fulvic-like) and a weak peak C (humic-like). The whole fluorescent DOM was removed by coagulation-flocculation but a low fluorescence peak T2 appeared at the final stage, coming from protein-like SMPs released by the biomass attached to the filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rodríguez-Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Polytechnic School, University of Burgos. Av Cantabria s/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain.
| | - María García-Valverde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ortega-Azabache
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ángela González-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana Bellido-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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10
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Rodríguez-Vidal FJ, García-Valverde M, Ortega-Azabache B, González-Martínez Á, Bellido-Fernández A. Characterization of urban and industrial wastewaters using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence: Searching for specific fingerprints. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 263:110396. [PMID: 32174533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy has been applied to characterize several urban and industrial wastewaters (effluents from different types of industries: brewery, winery, dairy, biscuit, tinned fish industry, slaughterhouse, pulp mill, textile dyeing and landfill leachates), searching for specific fluorescence fingerprints. Tryptophan protein-like peaks (T1 and T2) are the predominant fluorescence in urban and food industry wastewaters (brewery, winery, dairy/milk, biscuit and fish farm industries) but no special fingerprint has been found to discriminate among them. Protein-like fluorescence also dominates the spectra of meat/fish industries (effluents from a tinned fish industry and a slaughterhouse), but in this case tyrosine protein-like peaks (B1 and B2) also appear in the spectra in addition to tryptophan-like peaks. This fact might constitute a specific feature to differentiate these wastewaters from others, since the appearance of peaks B is quite uncommon in wastewaters. The textile dyeing effluent shows a characteristic triple humic-like fluorescence (peaks A, C1 and C2) that may represent a specific fingerprint for this kind of effluent. Leachates from medium-aged and old landfills might also show a specific fingerprint in their EEM spectra: the sole presence of the humic-like peak C with very high fluorescence intensity. This feature also allows differentiating them from young landfill leachates, which show predominance of protein-like peaks. The fluorescence index (FI) does not seem to be very appropriate to characterize wastewaters and its usefulness might be limited to the study of humic substances in natural waters, although further studies are needed on this topic. However, the humification index (HIX) and the biological index (BIX) do seem to be useful for studying wastewaters, since they have provided consistent results in the present work. This study shows the potential of EEM fluorescence to identify the origin of some industrial effluents, although more research is needed to check these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rodríguez-Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Polytechnic School, University of Burgos, Av Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain.
| | - María García-Valverde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ortega-Azabache
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Ángela González-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana Bellido-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pz Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
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11
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Komatsu K, Onodera T, Kohzu A, Syutsubo K, Imai A. Characterization of dissolved organic matter in wastewater during aerobic, anaerobic, and anoxic treatment processes by molecular size and fluorescence analyses. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115459. [PMID: 31935641 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM: the dissolved fraction of natural organic matter) during a series of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processes were investigated by using a combination of molecular size analysis and excitation emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis. The characteristics of DOM were compared following aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic treatments. Three peaks at about 100,000 Da (high-molecular-size DOM, Peak 1) and about 900-1,100 Da (intermediate-molecular-size DOM, Peak 2; low-molecular-size DOM, Peak 3 as the shoulder of Peak 2) were observed in the distribution of total organic carbon molecular sizes in the influent of the WWTPs. In this study, five fluorescent components (C1 to C5) were identified in the EEM spectra. Molecular size analysis and molecular size fractionation revealed that the C3 (humic-like) and C5 (specific to sewage) fluorophores had intermediate or low molecular sizes. Comparison of the changes of the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in each reaction tank and investigation of the removal selectivity of each treatment (aerobic, anaerobic, and anoxic) suggested that the heterogenous compounds present in DOM of the influent were homogenized into intermediate-molecular-size DOM with high hydrophobicity and aromaticity, or into C4 fluorophores (DOM-X), during anaerobic or anoxic treatment. DOM-X was able to be transformed or removed by aerobic treatment. The results suggested that introduction of aerobic treatment at the appropriate stage of wastewater treatment or inclusion of physical or chemical treatment should be an effective way to optimize DOM removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Komatsu
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Takashi Onodera
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Ayato Kohzu
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Syutsubo
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akio Imai
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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12
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Yoo J, Hur J, Jung J. Identification of oxidative stress and estrogenic activity induced by polarity fractions of effluent organic matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 375:264-272. [PMID: 31078986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated oxidative stress and estrogenic activity induced by hydrophobic (HP), transphilic (TP), and hydrophilic (HL) fractions of effluent organic matter (EfOM) from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis indicated that EfOM showed higher FRI distribution in regions II (aromatic protein-like) and IV (soluble microbial products, SMPs) than Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM), which was primarily in regions III (fulvic acid-like) and V (humic acid-like). The HP and HL fractions of industrial EfOMs significantly increased catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and lipid peroxidation compared with those of the control (p < 0.05). Estrogenic activity was the highest in industrial EfOM followed by municipal EfOM, and both were significantly higher than that of SRNOM and the control (p < 0.05). FRI distribution in region II was significantly related to CAT, GST, and estrogenic activity (r = 0.7142, 0.7786, and 0.8107, respectively) for the HL fraction of EfOM. For the HP fraction of EfOM, regions II and IV were significantly related to estrogenic activity (r = 0.7221 and 0.6707, respectively). These findings suggest that aromatic protein-like substances and SMPs in EfOM were responsible for the observed oxidative stress and estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Yoo
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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13
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de Castro P, Sollich P. Critical phase behavior in multi-component fluid mixtures: Complete scaling analysis. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:204902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5058719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de Castro
- Disordered Systems Group, Department of Mathematics, King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sollich
- Disordered Systems Group, Department of Mathematics, King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Verkh Y, Rozman M, Petrovic M. A non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry data analysis of dissolved organic matter in wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:397-404. [PMID: 29499520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater is typically described by a limited number of concentration measurements of select DOM fractions or micro-contaminants, which determine the removal efficiency in a wastewater treatment. Current methods do not necessarily reflect the true performance of the treatment with regard to environmental and public health risk. Herein we describe the development and application of a non-targeted liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) data analysis for the evaluation of wastewater treatment processes. Our data analysis approach was applied to a real wastewater system with secondary biological treatment and tertiary treatment consisting of sand filtration, UV-treatment, and chlorination. We identified significant changes in DOM during wastewater treatment. The secondary treatment removed 1617 of 2409 (67%) detected molecular features (grouped isotopologues belonging to the same molecule) from the influent while 255 of 1047 (24%) new molecular features appeared in the secondary effluent. A reduction in the number of large molecules (>450 Da) and an increase in unsaturated molecular features of the effluent organic matter was observed. Van Krevelen plots revealed the distribution of unsaturation and heteroatoms and Kendrick mass defect plots uncovered CH2 homologous series implying a removal of heavy constituents in that fraction. The demonstrated approach is a step towards a more comprehensive monitoring of DOM in wastewater and contributes to the understanding of current treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Verkh
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marko Rozman
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Goffin A, Guérin S, Rocher V, Varrault G. Towards a better control of the wastewater treatment process: excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter as a predictive tool of soluble BOD 5 in influents of six Parisian wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8765-8776. [PMID: 29327192 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The online monitoring of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in raw sewage water is expected to better control wastewater treatment processes. Fluorescence spectroscopy offers one possibility for both the online and real-time monitoring of DOM, especially as regards the DOM biodegradability assessment. In this study, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy combined with a parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) has been investigated as a predictive tool of the soluble biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD5) for raw sewage water. Six PARAFAC components were highlighted in 69 raw sewage water samples: C2, C5, and C6 related to humic-like compounds, along with C1, C3, and C4 related to protein-like compounds. Since the PARAFAC methodology is not available for online monitoring, a peak-picking approach based on maximum excitation-emission (Ex-Em) localization of the PARAFAC components identified in this study has been used. A good predictive model of soluble BOD5 using fluorescence spectroscopy parameters was obtained (r2 = 0.846, adjusted r2 = 0.839, p < 0.0001). This model is quite straightforward, easy to automate, and applicable to the operational field of wastewater treatment for online monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Goffin
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.
| | - Sabrina Guérin
- SIAAP, Direction Innovation Environnement, Colombes, France
| | - Vincent Rocher
- SIAAP, Direction Innovation Environnement, Colombes, France
| | - Gilles Varrault
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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16
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Maizel AC, Remucal CK. The effect of advanced secondary municipal wastewater treatment on the molecular composition of dissolved organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 122:42-52. [PMID: 28591660 PMCID: PMC5889132 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in water reuse and in recovery of nutrients from wastewater. Because many advanced treatment processes are designed to remove organic matter, a better understanding of the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater is needed. To that end, we assessed DOM in the Nine Springs Wastewater Treatment Plant in Madison, Wisconsin by UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Samples were collected from the influent and effluent of two different secondary treatment processes and their respective secondary clarifiers, the UV disinfection unit, and an Ostara treatment system, which produces struvite via chemical precipitation. The optical properties reveal that DOM throughout the plant is relatively aliphatic and is low in molecular weight compared to DOM in freshwater systems. Furthermore, the DOM is rich in heteroatoms (e.g., N, S, P, and Cl) and its molecular formulas are present in the lipid-, protein-, carbohydrate-, and lignin-like regions of van Krevelen diagrams. Secondary treatment produces DOM that is more aromatic and more complex, as shown by the loss of highly saturated formulas and the increase in the number of CHO, CHON, and CHOP formulas. The two secondary treatment processes produce DOM with distinct molecular compositions, while the secondary clarifiers and UV disinfection unit result in minimal changes in DOM composition. The Ostara process decreases the molecular weight of DOM, but does not otherwise alter its composition. The optical properties agree with trends in the molecular composition of DOM within the main treatment train of the Nine Springs plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Maizel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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17
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de Castro P, Sollich P. Phase separation dynamics of polydisperse colloids: a mean-field lattice-gas theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22509-22527. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04062h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong theoretical evidence shows that dense colloidal mixtures phase-separate in two stages and the denser phase contains long-lived composition heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de Castro
- Disordered Systems Group
- Department of Mathematics
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Peter Sollich
- Disordered Systems Group
- Department of Mathematics
- King's College London
- London
- UK
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18
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Yoo J, Shim T, Hur J, Jung J. Role of polarity fractions of effluent organic matter in binding and toxicity of silver and copper. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:344-351. [PMID: 27318731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of the physicochemical properties of effluent organic matter (EfOM) from industrial and sewage wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the binding and toxicity of Ag and Cu. EfOM was isolated into hydrophobic, transphilic, and hydrophilic fractions depending on its polarity, and was characterized by elemental, specific ultraviolet absorbance, and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analyses. Our results suggest that the EfOM consists of microbially derived non-humic substances that have lower aromaticity than the Suwannee River natural organic matter (SR-NOM). The Freundlich model was better at explaining the binding of Ag and Cu onto both SR-NOM and EfOM than the Langmuir model. In particular, the hydrophilic fractions of sewage EfOM showed higher binding capacities and affinities for Ag and Cu than the corresponding hydrophobic fractions, resulting in better reduction of the acute toxicity of Ag and Cu towards Daphnia magna. However, in the case of both SR-NOM and industrial EfOM, the hydrophobic fractions were more efficient at reducing metal toxicity. These findings suggest that the EfOM has different physicochemical properties compared with NOM and that the binding and toxicity of heavy metals are largely dependent on the polarity fractions of EfOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Yoo
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyong Shim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Bodhipaksha LC, Sharpless CM, Chin YP, Sander M, Langston WK, MacKay AA. Triplet photochemistry of effluent and natural organic matter in whole water and isolates from effluent-receiving rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3453-63. [PMID: 25671497 DOI: 10.1021/es505081w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Effluent organic matter (EfOM), contained in treated municipal wastewater, differs in composition from naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM). The presence of EfOM may thus alter the photochemical production of reactive intermediates in rivers that receive measurable contributions of treated municipal wastewater. Quantum yield coefficients for excited triplet-state OM (3OM*) and apparent quantum yields for singlet oxygen (1O2) were measured for both whole water samples and OM isolated by solid phase extraction from whole water samples collected upstream and downstream of municipal wastewater treatment plant discharges in three rivers receiving differing effluent contributions: Hockanum R., CT (22% (v/v) effluent flow), E. Fork Little Miami R., OH (11%), and Pomperaug R., CT (6%). While only small differences in production of these reactive intermediates were observed between upstream and downstream whole water samples collected from the same river, yields of 3OM* and 1O2 varied by 30-50% between the rivers. Apparent quantum yields of 1O2 followed similar trends to those of 3OM*, consistent with 3OM* as a precursor to 1O2 formation. Higher 3OM* reactivity was observed for whole water samples than for OM isolates of the same water, suggesting differential recoveries of photoreactive moieties by solid phase extraction. 3OM* and 1O2 yields increased with increasing E2/E3 ratio (A254 nm divided by A365 nm) and decreased with increasing electron donating capacities of the samples, thus exhibiting trends also observed for reference humic and fulvic acid isolates. Mixing experiments with EfOM and DOM isolates showed evidence of quenching of triplet DOM by EfOM when measured yields were compared to theoretical yields. Together, the results suggest that effluent contributions of up to 25% (v/v) to river systems have a negligible influence on photochemical production of 3OM* and 1O2 apparently because of quenching of triplet DOM by EfOM. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of whole water studies for quantifying in situ photoreactivity, particularly for 3OM*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleen C Bodhipaksha
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Charles M Sharpless
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, United States
| | - Yu-Ping Chin
- §School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Michael Sander
- ∥Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William K Langston
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, United States
| | - Allison A MacKay
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- ⊥Environmental Engineering Program and Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3037, United States
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20
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Luan H, Vadas TM. Size characterization of dissolved metals and organic matter in source waters to streams in developed landscapes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 197:76-83. [PMID: 25506904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Individual and mixed water samples from wastewater treatment plant effluents, stormwater runoff, streams from developed areas were characterized with respect to organic matter concentration and spectral properties and metal concentration and size distribution. In addition, asymmetric flow-field flow fractionation coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure concentration, size distribution and association of metals in the colloidal size range. Results reveal that Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb in the colloidal size range were mainly associated with the less than 5 nm, or less than 10 kDa size range. Cu was most strongly associated with organic matter, while Zn and Pb were mixed between Fe and organic matter. Effluent showed higher binding capacity for metals, while stormwater, even with higher organic matter concentrations showed more exchangeable metals. Upon mixing of source waters, colloidal metal concentrations and size distributions were conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luan
- University of Connecticut, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Timothy M Vadas
- University of Connecticut, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; University of Connecticut, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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21
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Xu R, Ou H, Yu X, He R, Lin C, Wei C. Spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter in coking wastewater during bio-treatment: full-scale plant study. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:1411-1420. [PMID: 26465313 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper taking a full-scale coking wastewater (CWW) treatment plant as a case study aimed to characterize removal behaviors of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by UV spectra and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and investigate the correlations between spectroscopic indices and water quality parameters. Efficient removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total nitrogen (TN) after the bio-treatment were 91.3%, 87.3% and 69.1%, respectively. UV270 was proven to be a stable UV absorption peak of CWW that could reflect the mixture of phenols, heterocyclics, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Molecular weight and aromaticity were increased, and also the content of polar functional groups was greatly reduced after bio-treatment. Three fluorescent components were identified by PARAFAC: C1 (tyrosine-like), C2 (tryptophan-like) and C3 (humic-like). The removal rate of protein-like was higher than that of humic-like and C1 was identified as biodegradable substance. Correlation analysis showed UV270 had an excellent correlation with COD (r=0.921, n=60, P<0.01) and DOC (r=0.959, n=60, P<0.01) and significant correlation (r=0.875, n=60, P<0.01) was also found between C2 and TN. Therefore, spectroscopic characterization could provide novel insights into removal behaviors of DOM and potential to monitor water quality real-time during CWW bio-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: ; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huase Ou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: ; Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xubiao Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: ; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Runsheng He
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: ; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chong Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: ; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China E-mail: ; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
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22
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Tang X, Wu QY, Zhao X, Huang H, Shi XJ, Hu HY. A fingerprint analysis method for characterization of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:14211-14218. [PMID: 25056751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater and reclaimed water is related to water quality, safety, and treatability. In this study, DOM was characterized through a fingerprint analysis method for DOM characterization using resin fractionation followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Resin fractionation was used in the first step to divide the DOM in water samples into six resin fractions, namely, hydrophobic acids (HOA), hydrophobic bases (HOB), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic bases (HIB), and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN). SEC analysis was then performed to separate each resin fraction into several (n) subfractions with different molecular weights (MW). Thus, the total DOM in the water sample was fractionated into 6n subfractions. After quantification of each subfraction by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a fingerprint graph was constructed to express the distribution of DOM in the subfractions. The fingerprint analysis method was applied to a secondary effluent sample during ozonation. Ozonation (dose of 10 mg L(-1)) removed the DOC only by 8 % and reduced UV254 of the sample by 36 %. Fingerprint graphs also revealed that the resin fractions changed quite limitedly but transformation of subfractions occurred notably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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Lee Y, Hur J, Shin KH. Characterization and source identification of organic matter in view of land uses and heavy rainfall in the Lake Shihwa, Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 84:322-329. [PMID: 24841714 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics and sources of organic matter in water of the Lake Shihwa, which receives inputs from rural, urban, and industrial areas, were evaluated by examining the biodegradable organic carbon concentration, fluorescence spectra, and carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, especially during rainy season and dry season. The organic matter transported from rural areas was of refractory nature, while that of industrial origin decomposed rapidly. As compared to the dry season, the organic matter in the rainy season was characterized by a reduced labile fraction. During the dry season, the autochthonous organic matter dominated in the lake, however, the contributions of allochthonous organic sources by industrial and rural areas significantly increased at rainy season. This investigation revealed that the transport of organic matter of anthropogenic origin to the Lake Shihwa was mainly influenced by heavy rainfall. Moreover, each anthropogenic source could differently influence the occurrence of organic matter in water of the Lake Shihwa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjung Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Quaranta ML, Mendes MD, MacKay AA. Similarities in effluent organic matter characteristics from Connecticut wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:284-294. [PMID: 22104296 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from five Connecticut (USA) municipal wastewater treatment plants was isolated with DAX8 (hydrophobic fraction) and XAD4 (transphilic fraction) resins. Isolate recoveries ranged from 18 to 42% of the total organic carbon for DAX8 resin and from 6 to 12% for XAD4 resin. Isolated EfOM was characterized by traditional organic geochemistry techniques. Weight-averaged molecular weights of extracted EfOM by size exclusion chromatography were 450-670 Da with higher weights observed for the hydrophobic fractions than the transphilic fractions. Fluorescence characterization showed both humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence, as well as tryptophan- and tyrosine-like fluorescence, the latter not commonly observed for terrestrial organic matter. Fluorescence indices were between 1.5 and 1.9 with lower values observed for hydrophobic EfOM fractions than for transphilic fractions. Specific ultraviolet absorbance was measured between 0.8 and 3.0 L mg(-1)m(-1) with higher values for the hydrophobic EfOM fractions. Together these results indicated that isolated EfOM is similar in characteristics to microbially derived organic matter from natural aquatic systems. Little variation in EfOM characteristics was observed between the five wastewater treatment plants, suggesting that the characteristics of EfOM are similar, regardless of treatment plant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Quaranta
- University of Connecticut, Environmental Engineering Program, 261 Glenbrook Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Lai TM, Shin JK, Hur J. Estimating the biodegradability of treated sewage samples using synchronous fluorescence spectra. SENSORS 2011; 11:7382-94. [PMID: 22164023 PMCID: PMC3231730 DOI: 10.3390/s110807382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS) and the first derivative spectra of the influent versus the effluent wastewater samples were compared and the use of fluorescence indices is suggested as a means to estimate the biodegradability of the effluent wastewater. Three distinct peaks were identified from the SFS of the effluent wastewater samples. Protein-like fluorescence (PLF) was reduced, whereas fulvic and/or humic-like fluorescence (HLF) were enhanced, suggesting that the two fluorescence characteristics may represent biodegradable and refractory components, respectively. Five fluorescence indices were selected for the biodegradability estimation based on the spectral features changing from the influent to the effluent. Among the selected indices, the relative distribution of PLF to the total fluorescence area of SFS (Index II) exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with total organic carbon (TOC)-based biodegradability, which was even higher than those obtained with the traditional oxygen demand-based parameters. A multiple regression analysis using Index II and the area ratio of PLF to HLF (Index III) demonstrated the enhancement of the correlations from 0.558 to 0.711 for TOC-based biodegradability. The multiple regression equation finally obtained was 0.148 × Index II − 4.964 × Index III − 0.001 and 0.046 × Index II − 1.128 × Index III + 0.026. The fluorescence indices proposed here are expected to be utilized for successful development of real-time monitoring using a simple fluorescence sensing device for the biodegradability of treated sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien M. Lai
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jae-Ki Shin
- Korea Institute of Water and Environment, Korea Water Resources Corporation, Daejeon 306-711, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-2-3408-3826; Fax: +82-2-3408-4320
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Hur J, Lee BM, Lee TH, Park DH. Estimation of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand for combined sewer systems using synchronous fluorescence spectra. SENSORS 2010; 10:2460-71. [PMID: 22319257 PMCID: PMC3274188 DOI: 10.3390/s100402460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of water quality for sewer system is required for efficient sewer network design because it provides information on the precise loading of pollutant to wastewater treatment facilities and the impact of loading on receiving water. In this study, synchronous fluorescence spectra and its first derivatives were investigated using a number of wastewater samples collected in sewer systems in urban and non-urban areas, and the optimum fluorescence feature was explored for the estimation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of sewer samples. The temporal variations in BOD and COD showed a regular pattern for urban areas whereas they were relatively irregular for non-urban areas. Irrespective of the sewer pipes and the types of the areas, two distinct peaks were identified from the synchronous fluorescence spectra, which correspond to protein-like fluorescence (PLF) and humic-like fluorescence (HLF), respectively. HLF in sewer samples appears to be associated with fluorescent whitening agents. Five fluorescence characteristics were selected from the synchronous spectra and the first-derivatives. Among the selected fluorescence indices, a peak in the PLF region (i.e., Index I) showed the highest correlation coefficient with both BOD and COD. A multiple regression approach based on suspended solid (SS) and Index I used to compensate for the contribution of SS to BOD and COD revealed an improvement in the estimation capability, showing good correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.94 for BOD and COD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hur
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Korea; E-Mails: (B.-M.L.); (T.-H.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-2-3408-3826; Fax: +82-2-499-2354
| | - Bo-Mi Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Korea; E-Mails: (B.-M.L.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Tae-Hwan Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Korea; E-Mails: (B.-M.L.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Dae-Hee Park
- Locus Solution Co., Ltd., DMC High-Tech Center, Seoul, 121-270, Korea; E-Mail:
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