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Probst D, Batchu K, Younce JR, Sode K. Levodopa: From Biological Significance to Continuous Monitoring. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3828-3839. [PMID: 39047295 PMCID: PMC11348912 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A continuous levodopa sensor can improve the quality of life for patients suffering with Parkinson's disease by enhancing levodopa titration and treatment effectiveness; however, its development is currently hindered by the absence of a specific levodopa molecular recognition element and limited insights into how real-time monitoring might affect clinical outcomes. This gap in research contributes to clinician uncertainty regarding the practical value of continuous levodopa monitoring data. This paper examines the current state of levodopa sensing and the inherent limitations in today's methods. Further, these challenges are described, including aspects such as interference from the metabolic pathway and adjunct medications, temporal resolution, and clinical questions, with a specific focus on a comprehensive selection of molecules, such as adjunct medications and structural isomers, as an interferent panel designed to assess and validate future levodopa sensors. We review insights and lessons from previously reported levodopa sensors and present a comparative analysis of potential molecular recognition elements, discussing their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Probst
- Joint
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State
University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kartheek Batchu
- Joint
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State
University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John Robert Younce
- Department
of Neurology, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State
University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Zhou J, Ding S, Sandhu SS, Chang AY, Taechamahaphan A, Gudekar S, Wang J. Submersible voltammetric sensing probe for rapid and extended remote monitoring of opioids in community water systems. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:463. [PMID: 38995455 PMCID: PMC11245449 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The intensifying global opioid crisis, majorly attributed to fentanyl (FT) and its analogs, has necessitated the development of rapid and ultrasensitive remote/on-site FT sensing modalities. However, current approaches for tracking FT exposure through wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) are unadaptable, time-consuming, and require trained professionals. Toward developing an extended in situ wastewater opioid monitoring system, we have developed a screen-printed electrochemical FT sensor and integrated it with a customized submersible remote sensing probe. The sensor composition and design have been optimized to address the challenges for extended in situ FT monitoring. Specifically, ZIF-8 metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived mesoporous carbon (MPC) nanoparticles (NPs) are incorporated in the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) transducer to improve FT accumulation and its electrocatalytic oxidation. A rapid (10 s) and sensitive square wave voltammetric (SWV) FT detection down to 9.9 µgL-1 is thus achieved in aqueous buffer solution. A protective mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) has been optimized as the anti-fouling sensor coating to mitigate electrode passivation by FT oxidation products and enable long-term, intermittent FT monitoring. The unique MMM, comprising an insulating polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix and carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT-COOH) as semiconductive fillers, yielded highly stable FT sensor operation (> 95% normalized response) up to 10 h in domestic wastewater, and up to 4 h in untreated river water. This sensing platform enables wireless data acquisition on a smartphone via Bluetooth. Such effective remote operation of submersible opioid sensing probes could enable stricter surveillance of community water systems toward timely alerts, countermeasures, and legal enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachi Zhou
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shichao Ding
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Samar S Sandhu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - An-Yi Chang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anubhap Taechamahaphan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shipra Gudekar
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Peng HF, Chang CK, Gupta R, Huang JJ. Monitoring levodopa oxidation and reduction reactions using surface plasmon resonance on a nanohole array electrode. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:145. [PMID: 38015329 PMCID: PMC10684436 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The traditional method of monitoring the oxidation and reduction of biomedical materials usually relies on electrochemical (EC) measurement techniques. Here, we demonstrate a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method to monitor the oxidation process. Using levodopa L-dopa as the target analyte, a nanohole sensing plate is embedded in the EC electrode to enhance the oxidation signal and generate SPR. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement was first conducted to understand the baseline of EC response of L-Dopa. Then, the redox reactions were simultaneously monitored through SPR measurements during the CV voltage scan. The results showed that the limit of detection using traditional CV reached 1.47 μM while using EC-SPR, the limit of detection improved to 1.23 μM. Most importantly, we found a strong correlation between CV current profiles and the SPR reflection spectra. Our results facilitate detecting electrochemical reactions using an optical probing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fang Peng
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Herbei EE, Alexandru P, Busila M. Cyclic Voltammetry of Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Coated with Ag-ZnO Nanoparticles in Chitosan Matrix. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3266. [PMID: 37110102 PMCID: PMC10143143 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the authors describe the fabrication of nanocomposite chitosan-based systems of zinc oxide (ZnO), silver (Ag) and Ag-ZnO. Recently, the development of coated screen-printed electrodes using metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) for the specific detection and monitoring of different cancer tumors has been obtaining important results. Ag, ZnO NPs and Ag-ZnO prepared by the hydrolysis of zinc acetate blended with a chitosan (CS) matrix were used for the surface modification of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) in order to analyze the electrochemical behavior of the typical redox system of a 10 mM potassium ferrocyanide-0.1 M buffer solution (BS). The solutions of CS, ZnO/CS, Ag/CS and Ag-ZnO/CS were prepared in order to modify the carbon electrode surface, and were measured at different scan rates from 0.02 V/s to 0.7 V/s by cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed on a house-built potentiostat (HBP). The cyclic voltammetry of the measured electrodes showed the influence of varying the scan rate. The variation of the scan rate has an influence on the intensity of the anodic and cathodic peak. Both values of currents (anodic and cathodic currents) have higher values for 0.1 V/s (Ia = 22 μA and Ic = -25 μA) compared to the values for 0.06 V/s (Ia = 10 μA and Ic = -14 μA). The CS, ZnO/CS, Ag/CS and Ag-ZnO/CS solutions were characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with EDX elemental analysis. The modified coated surfaces of screen-printed electrodes were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM). The present coated carbon electrodes showed a different waveform compared to the voltage applied to the working electrode, depending on the scan rate and chemical composition of the modified electrodes.
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Nigović B. New approach on sensitive analysis of pimavanserin, levodopa and entacapone based on synergistic effect of graphene nanoplatelets and graphitized carbon nanotubes in functionalized polymer matrix. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wu H, Wang MD, Zhu JQ, Li ZL, Wang WY, Gu LH, Shen F, Yang T. Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer in the Era of Precise Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1760. [PMID: 36145508 PMCID: PMC9500788 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the seventh-most-common cancer worldwide and the fourth-leading cause of cancer mortality. In the current era of precision medicine, the diagnosis and management of liver cancer are full of challenges and prospects. Mesoporous nanoparticles are often designed as specific carriers of drugs and imaging agents because of their special morphology and physical and chemical properties. In recent years, the design of the elemental composition and morphology of mesoporous nanoparticles have greatly improved their drug-loading efficiency, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Especially in the field of primary liver cancer, mesoporous nanoparticles have been modified as highly tumor-specific imaging contrast agents and targeting therapeutic medicine. Various generations of complexes and structures have been determined for the complicated clinical management requirements. In this review, we summarize these advanced mesoporous designs in the different diagnostic and therapeutic fields of liver cancer and discuss the relevant advantages and disadvantages of transforming applications. By comparing the material properties, drug-delivery characteristics and application methods of different kinds of mesoporous materials in liver cancer, we try to help determine the most suitable drug carriers and information media for future clinical trials. We hope to improve the fabrication of biomedical mesoporous nanoparticles and provide direct evidence for specific cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ming-Da Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhen-Li Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wan-Yin Wang
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Li-Hui Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Bounegru AV, Apetrei C. Sensitive Detection of Hydroxytyrosol in Extra Virgin Olive Oils with a Novel Biosensor Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169132. [PMID: 36012400 PMCID: PMC9409382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is an important marker for the authenticity and quality assessment of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO). The aim of the study was the qualitative and quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol in commercial extra virgin olive oils of different origins and varieties using a newly developed biosensor based on a screen-printed electrode modified with single-layer carbon nanotubes and tyrosinase (SPE-SWCNT-Ty). The enzyme was immobilized on a carbon-based screen-printed electrode previously modified with single-layer carbon nanotubes (SPE-SWCNT-Ty) by the drop-and-dry method, followed by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The modified electrode surface was characterized by different methods, including electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) and spectrometric (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy) methods. Cyclic voltammetry was used for the quantitative determination of HT, obtaining a detection limit of 3.49 × 10−8 M and a quantification limit of 1.0 × 10−7 M, with a wide linearity range (0.49–15.602 µM). The electrochemical performance of the SPE-SWCNT-Ty biosensor was compared with that of the modified SPE-SWCNT sensor, and the results showed increased selectivity and sensitivity of the biosensor due to the electrocatalytic activity of tyrosinase. The results obtained from the quantitative determination of HT showed that commercial EVOOs contain significant amounts of HT, proving the high quality of the finished products. The determination of the antiradical activity of HT was carried out spectrophotometrically using the free reagent galvinoxyl. The results showed that there is a very good correlation between the antiradical capacity of EVOOs, the voltammetric response and implicitly the increased concentration of HT. SPE-SWCNT-Ty has multiple advantages such as sensitivity, selectivity, feasibility and low cost and could be used in routine analysis for quality control of food products such as vegetable oils.
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