1
|
Pazzaglia A, Gelosia M, Giannoni T, Fabbrizi G, Nicolini A, Castellani B. Wood waste valorization: Ethanol based organosolv as a promising recycling process. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 170:75-81. [PMID: 37552928 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Wood waste is a valuable material that could constitute an abundant and inexpensive source for the production of new materials the recovery of energy. In Europe, about 46% of wood waste is recycled to particleboard and fiberboard, while the other fraction is incinerated. However, a considerable quantity of wood waste shows potential for its transformation into value-added products due to its compositional quality. In this work, wood waste collected at a mechanical treatment plant underwent organosolv treatment to produce a cellulose pulp suitable for manufacturing containerboard. Three variables (temperature, acid concentration, and ethanol concentration) were investigated to find an optimal solution to produce wood pulp by means of Design of Experiment. Wood waste was microwave-heated at 160 °C for 15 min using an acidified ethanol-water solution (2% w/w H2SO4 and 0.8 w/w ethanol concentration), producing pulp with an average cellulose content of 76% where 93% of initial cellulose was retained. Thanks to a one-pot approach, ethanol was totally recovered, 62% of initial lignin was precipitated, and 20 g/l of hemicellulose-derived sugars solution was obtained. Finally, three wood waste samples collected in different periods of the year yielded comparable outcomes, suggesting a good reproducibility of the organosolv process. ANOVA test with a significance level of 0.01 showed a p-value of 0.029 and 0.235 for cellulose content and cellulose recovery, respectively. This study paves the way for an industrial symbiosis between recycling centers and paper mills located in the same territory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aron Pazzaglia
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Centre on Pollution and Environment "M.Felli", University of Perugia, Via G.Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mattia Gelosia
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Centre on Pollution and Environment "M.Felli", University of Perugia, Via G.Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giannoni
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Centre on Pollution and Environment "M.Felli", University of Perugia, Via G.Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Fabbrizi
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Centre on Pollution and Environment "M.Felli", University of Perugia, Via G.Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Nicolini
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Centre on Pollution and Environment "M.Felli", University of Perugia, Via G.Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy; Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G.Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Castellani
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Centre on Pollution and Environment "M.Felli", University of Perugia, Via G.Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy; Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G.Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
D’Orsi R, Di Fidio N, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM, Operamolla A. Isolation of Pure Lignin and Highly Digestible Cellulose from Defatted and Steam-Exploded Cynara cardunculus. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:1875-1887. [PMID: 36778524 PMCID: PMC9906737 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a three-step approach to isolate the main components of lignocellulosic cardoon, lignin and cellulose, was investigated. The raw defatted biomass, Cynara cardunculus, after steam explosion was subjected to a mild organosolv treatment to extract soluble lignin (L1). Then, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed to achieve decomposition of the saccharidic portion into monosaccharides and isolate residual lignin (L2). The fractionation conditions were optimized to obtain a lignin as less degraded as possible and to maximize the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, the effect of the use of aqueous ammonia as an extraction catalyst on both fractions was studied. Each fraction was characterized by advanced techniques, such as elemental analysis and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C-1H two-dimensional (2D)-NMR, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and UV-vis spectroscopies for lignin and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Klason compositional analysis, elemental analysis, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for cellulose-rich fractions. The impact of the cellulose-rich fraction composition and crystallinity was also correlated to the efficiency of the hydrolysis step, performed using the enzymatic complex Cellic CTec3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosarita D’Orsi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Fidio
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Operamolla
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
High Solid and Low Cellulase Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cardoon Stems Pretreated by Acidified Γ-Valerolactone/Water Solution. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a nonedible matrix that can be efficiently exploited as feedstock in an integrated biorefinery after a proper pretreatment. An organosolv pretreatment using an acidified γ-valerolactone (GVL)/water solution was proposed to improve the cellulose enrichment and enzymatic saccharification of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) stems. At the optimal pretreatment condition (140 °C, 0.6 GVL/water, and 2.24% H2SO4), xylan was efficiently removed from the cardoon, and up to 50% of its content was recovered in the aqueous fraction, while 86% of the cellulose was retained in the solid fraction. The resulting cardoon pulp showed a cellulose content of 91.5% and an enzymatic digestibility of 100%. An overall glucose production of 37.17 g/100 g raw material (90% theoretical maximum) was obtained using high solid loading (20% w/w) and a high enzyme dosage (60 FPU/g cellulose). At a low enzyme dosage, glucose concentrations of 169 g/L and 210 g/L were achieved using 10 FPU/g cellulose and 20 FPU/g cellulose, respectively. Therefore, an organosolv pretreatment can be an effective process for producing cellulose-enriched pulp with enhanced enzymatic digestibility from cardoon stems, providing a promising option for green lignocellulosic biorefineries that aim to produce high concentrations of glucose with low cellulase addition.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bioactive Compounds from Cardoon as Health Promoters in Metabolic Disorders. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030336. [PMID: 35159487 PMCID: PMC8915173 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a Mediterranean plant and member of the Asteraceae family that includes three botanical taxa, the wild perennial cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori), globe artichoke (C. cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Fiori), and domesticated cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.). Cardoon has been widely used in the Mediterranean diet and folk medicine since ancient times. Today, cardoon is recognized as a plant with great industrial potential and is considered as a functional food, with important nutritional value, being an interesting source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, minerals, inulin, fiber, and sesquiterpene lactones. These bioactive compounds have been vastly described in the literature, exhibiting a wide range of beneficial effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antihemorrhoidal, cardiotonic, and choleretic activity. In this review, an overview of the cardoon nutritional and phytochemical composition, as well as its biological potential, is provided, highlighting the main therapeutic effects of the different parts of the cardoon plant on metabolic disorders, specifically associated with hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antidiabetic activity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sidiras D, Politi D, Giakoumakis G, Salapa I. Simulation and optimization of organosolv based lignocellulosic biomass refinery: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126158. [PMID: 34673192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organosolv pretreatment can be considered as the core of the lignocellulosic biomass fractionation within the biorefinery concept. Organosolv facilitates the separation of the major fractions (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin), and their use as renewable feedstocks to produce bioenergy, biofuels, and added-value biomass derived chemicals. The efficient separation of these fractions affects the economic feasibility of the biorefinery complex. This review focuses on the simulation of the organosolv pretreatment and the optimization of (i) feedstock delignification, (ii) sugars production (mainly from hemicelluloses), (iii) enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose fraction and (iv) quality of lignin. Simulation is used for the technoeconomic optimization of the biorefinery complex. Simulation and optimization implement a holistic approach considering the efficient technological, economic, and environmental performance of the biorefinery operational units. Consequently, an optimized organosolv stage is the first step for a sustainable, economically viable biorefinery complex in the concept of industrial ecology and zero waste circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Sidiras
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece.
| | - Dorothea Politi
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Georgios Giakoumakis
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Ioanna Salapa
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
| |
Collapse
|