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Dasí-Navarro N, Lozano M, Llop S, Vioque J, Peiró J, Esplugues A, Manyes L, Vila-Donat P. Associated factors with mycotoxin exposure in Spanish population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117618. [PMID: 37967699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to mycotoxins is a global concern since filamentous fungi can contaminate food and feed from crops to ready-to-eat meals. Human urine biomonitoring is a widely used technique to evaluate mycotoxins exposure, as an alternative to food correlation studies. The aim of this study is to describe human exposure to mycotoxins and to investigate the associated sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary variables. Participants were 540 women from the Valencia (Spain) cohort of the Spanish Childhood and Environment Project (INMA). A validated multi-mycotoxin method using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS was applied to determine the concentration of ten selected mycotoxins: Enniatin A, Enniatin B, Enniatin A1, Enniatin B1, Beauvericine, Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1, Aflatoxin G2 and Ochratoxin A. A simultaneous untargeted screening of mycotoxins and their metabolites has been performed. Mycotoxins associations were assessed by bivariate and multivariate regression models using participants' sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary data collected through questionnaires. Mycotoxins were detected in 81% of urine samples. The method quantified mycotoxins concentrations in up to 151 samples. Most quantified mycotoxins were: Enniatin B [% of detection (concentration range)] = 26% (1.0-39.7 ng/mg) and Enniatin B1 = 7% (0.5-14.4 ng/mg). Besides the ten-targeted mycotoxins, other mycotoxins and metabolites were studied, and higher incidence was observed for Deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (45%), Ochratoxin B (18%) and Ochratoxin α (17%). Higher mycotoxins concentrations were associated with rural areas as well as with participants belonged to lower social class, beer, light sodas and fruit juice consumers. On the contrary, higher processed meat intake was related to lower mycotoxins' levels. Studies are required to better evaluate the exposure to mycotoxins from food and their environmental relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Dasí-Navarro
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Manuel Lozano
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, 46020, València, Spain
| | - Sabrina Llop
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, 46020, València, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Vioque
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research, University Miguel Hernandez (ISABIAL-UMH), Alacant, Spain
| | - Juanjo Peiró
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Valencia, València, Spain
| | - Ana Esplugues
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, 46020, València, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, València, Spain
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Spain.
| | - Pilar Vila-Donat
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Spain
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2
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Miao C, Wang Z, Wang X, Huang W, Gao X, Cao Z. Deoxynivalenol Induces Blood-Testis Barrier Dysfunction through Disrupting p38 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Tight Junction Protein Expression and Distribution in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12829-12838. [PMID: 37590035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is widely present in cereals and processed grains. It can disrupt the blood-testicular barrier (BTB), leading to sterility in males; however, the mechanism is unknown. In this study, 30 Kunming mice and TM4 cells were exposed to 0 or 4.8 mg/kg (28 d) and 0-2.4 μM (24 h) of DON, respectively. Histopathological findings showed that DON increased BTB permeability in mice, leading to tight junction (TJ) structural damage. Immunofluorescence results indicated that DON disrupted the localization of zonula occludens (ZO)-1. The results of protein and mRNA expression showed that the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-11 was reduced, and that the p38/GSK-3β/snail and p38/ATF-2/MLCK signaling pathways were activated in mouse testes and TM4 cells. Pretreatment with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 maintained TJ integrity in TM4 cells after exposure to DON. Thus, DON induced BTB dysfunction in mice by disrupting p38 pathway-mediated TJ expression and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjiao Miao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zijia Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
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3
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Sun Y, Jiang J, Mu P, Lin R, Wen J, Deng Y. Toxicokinetics and metabolism of deoxynivalenol in animals and humans. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2639-2654. [PMID: 35900469 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most widespread mycotoxin in food and feedstuffs, posing a persistent health threat to humans and farm animals. The susceptibilities of DON vary significantly among animals, following the order of pigs, mice/rats and poultry from the most to least susceptible. However, no study comprehensively disentangles factors shaping species-specific sensitivity. In this review, the toxicokinetics and metabolism of DON are summarized in animals and humans. Generally, DON is fast-absorbed and widely distributed in multiple organs. DON is first enriched in the plasma, liver and kidney and subsequently accumulates in the intestine. There are also key variations among animals. Pigs and humans are highly sensitive to DON, and they have similar absorption rates (1 h < tmax < 4 h), high bioavailability (> 55%) and long clearance time (2 h < t1/2 < 4 h). Also, both species lack detoxification microorganisms and mainly depend on liver glucuronidation and urine excretion. Mice and rats have similar toxicokinetics (tmax < 0.5 h, t1/2 < 1 h). However, a higher proportion of DON is excreted by feces as DOM-1 in rats than in mice, suggesting an important role of gut microbiota in rats. Poultry is least sensitive to DON due to their fast absorption rate (tmax < 1 h), low oral bioavailability (5-30%), broadly available detoxification gut microorganisms and short clearance time (t1/2 < 1 h). Aquatic animals have significantly slower plasma clearance of DON than land animals. Overall, studies on toxicokinetics provide valuable information for risk assessment, prevention and control of DON contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqiang Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Toutounchi NS, Braber S, Land BV, Thijssen S, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Hogenkamp A. Deoxynivalenol exposure during pregnancy has adverse effects on placental structure and immunity in mice model. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:109-118. [PMID: 35840118 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a highly prevalent food contaminant, is known to induce reproductive and immunotoxicity in humans upon exposure. The present study focused on the consequences of exposure to DON during pregnancy for placental barrier and immune function, as well as fetal survival. Female mice received diets contaminated with DON (6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg of diet), starting immediately after mating until the end of the experiment. On day 17 of pregnancy the animals were killed, and maternal and fetal samples were collected for further analysis. Feeding on DON-contaminated diets decreased fetal survival, and DON was detected at significant levels in the fetus. Placentae from DON-exposed mice revealed a reduction in expression of junctional proteins, ZO-1, E-cadherin and claudins, upregulation of AHR mRNA expressions, and increase in IFN-ꝩ, IL-6 and IL-4 production. In conclusion, results of this study demonstrate harmful effects of DON on the course of pregnancy and fetal survival, which might be due to immunological changes in maternal immune organs and placenta. Altogether, these data underline the importance of the quality of maternal diet during pregnancy as they clearly demonstrate the potential harmful effects of a commonly present food-contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negisa Seyed Toutounchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Thijssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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5
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Chen T, Tan T, Zhu W, Gong L, Yan Y, Li Q, Xiao D, Li Y, Yang X, Hao L, Wang H, Yang N, Wei S. Exposure assessment of urinary deoxynivalenol in pregnant women in Wuhan, China. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113289. [PMID: 35820638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ubiquitous trichothecene mycotoxin in food. DON and its modified forms can cross the placental barrier and influence the foetus' health. Limited information is available on exposure of dietary DON intake of pregnant women in China recently. We estimated the exposure of dietary DON intake of pregnant women in a large sample size (n = 2534) from China. The total DON (tDON) and free DON (fDON) biomarkers in urine were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean concentration of tDON was 34.8 ng/mg creatinine, and the fDON was 15.9 ng/mg creatinine. The estimated exposure of dietary DON intake was 0.96-1.91 μg/kg bw/day, and the difference in exposure of DON between the first and second trimesters was statistically insignificant. Approximately 26%-60% of individuals exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI). The age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and the sampling seasons may be the risk factor for the occurrence of exceeding PMTDI. This survey is the first exposure biomarker for DON in a large sample size from pregnant women in China. We found that the dietary DON exposure in pregnant women was relatively high and particular concern should be paid to the DON exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tianqi Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Gong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yizhong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Daxiang Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liping Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huaiji Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Nianhong Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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6
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Garofalo M, Payros D, Oswald E, Nougayrède JP, Oswald IP. The foodborne contaminant deoxynivalenol exacerbates DNA damage caused by a broad spectrum of genotoxic agents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153280. [PMID: 35066032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different contaminants including mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a potent ribosome inhibitor, is a highly prevalent mycotoxin in the food chain worldwide. Although DON is not genotoxic, we previously showed that it exacerbates the genotoxicity of colibactin, a DNA-crosslinking toxin produced by bacteria in the gut. In the present study, we investigated whether this phenotype can be extended to other genotoxic compounds with different modes of action. Our data showed that, at a dose that can be found in food, DON exacerbated the DNA damage caused by etoposide, cisplatin and phleomycin. In contrast, de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), a modified form of DON that does not induce ribotoxic stress, did not exacerbate DNA damage. The effect of DON was mimicked with other ribosome inhibitors such as anisomycin and cycloheximide, suggesting that ribotoxicity plays a key role in exacerbating DNA damage. In conclusion, a new effect of DON was identified, this toxin aggravates the DNA damage induced by a broad spectrum of genotoxic agents with different modes of action. These results are of utmost importance as our food can be co-contaminated with DON and DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Garofalo
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France; IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Payros
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Oswald
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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7
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Liu A, Guo M, He L, Martínez MA, Martínez M, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Anadón A, Ares I. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase protects against deoxynivalenol-induced growth inhibition by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112969. [PMID: 35351591 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an inevitable contaminant in cereals for infants. Indeed, children's growth retardation caused by widespread DON pollution has become a global problem that cannot be ignored. Accumulating evidence has shown that DON stunts growth in children through pro-inflammatory cytokines. An exogenous increase of methylnicotinamide, a metabolite produced by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), has anti-inflammatory effects, but it is not clear whether NNMT has the same effect, and the role of NNMT in DON-induced inflammation and growth impairment remains indistinct. The present research reports that NNMT is an inflammatory self-protective factor in DON-exposed L02 cells. DON promoted the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, DON increased NNMT to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-11 and IL-6, and thus increased IGF-1 and cell viability, alleviating the cell growth inhibition induced by DON. Interestingly, NNMT negatively regulated the expression of IL-1β through Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1). Collectively, these findings provide new mechanistic insights into the toxicity of DON-induced growth retardation and inflammatory responses in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hanxi Key Lab. for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lixuan He
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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8
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Eriksen GS, Knutsen HK, Sandvik M, Brantsæter AL. Urinary deoxynivalenol as a biomarker of exposure in different age, life stage and dietary practice population groups. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106804. [PMID: 34352564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified forms are present in most samples of grain and grain-based products. Due to the widespread presence of DON in these highly consumed food commodities, nearly all individuals are exposed to DON. Previous estimates of the dietary DON intake in Norway indicated that children's dietary intake is close to or exceed the TDI of 1 µg/kg bw/day for the sum of DON and three modified forms. One aim of the current study was to determine whether the concentrations of DON in morning urine differ between population groups like men, women, children, vegetarians, and pregnant women. An additional aim was to compare a set of models for estimating the dietary intake of DON based on urinary DON concentrations and also compare these models with DON-intakes estimated using food consumption data. DON and metabolites were detected in the morning urine from 256 out of 257 individuals and with concentrations in similar range as reported from other countries. Children have higher urinary DON-concentration than adults and elderly. The urinary DON-concentration in pregnant women and vegetarians did not differ from other adults. The estimated intake of DON was higher for children than for other age groups on a body weight basis. The correlations between different models for estimating DON-intake based on urinary concentration as well as based on individual food consumption were good (0.79-0.99), but with some outliers. We conclude that Norwegians are exposed to DON in the same range as reported from other countries and that children have a higher exposure than adults. Furthermore, we conclude that intake estimates based on urinary DON concentration is a useful tool for evaluation of the exposure at population level, but due to outliers, the estimates for individuals are uncertain. There are also uncertainties in intake estimates both from food consumption and from urinary DON concentration, and we could not conclude on which approach provides the most accurate exposure estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helle K Knutsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Brantsæter
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Guo P, Lu Q, Hu S, Martínez MA, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Anadón A, Ares I. The NO-dependent caspase signaling pathway is a target of deoxynivalenol in growth inhibition in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112629. [PMID: 34673182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DON is commonly found in foods and feeds; it presents health risks, especially an increase of growth inhibition in humans, particularly infants and young children. However, there are relatively few research studies devoted to the mechanism of DON-mediated growth retardation. Interestingly, our results showed that DON does not cause any significant production of ROS but results in a persistent and significant release of NO with iNOS increasing activity, mitochondrial ultrastructural changes and decreasing ΔΨm. Moreover, the significant decreases in GH production and secretion induced by DON were dose-dependent, accompanied by an increase of caspase 3, 8 and 9, IL-11, IL-lβ and GHRH. NO scavenging agent (haemoglobin) and free radical scavenging agent (N-acetylcysteine) partially reversed mitochondrial damage, and Z-VAD-FMK increased the levels of GH and decreased the levels of caspase 3, 8 and 9, while haemoglobin decreased the levels of caspase 3, 8 and 9, indicating that NO is the primary target of DON-mediated inhibition. Present research study firstly demonstrated that NO is a key mediator of DON-induced growth inhibition and plays critical roles in the interference of GH transcription and synthesis. The current research is conducive to future research on the molecular mechanisms of DON-induced growth inhibition in humans, especially children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qirong Lu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Siyi Hu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Payros D, Alassane-Kpembi I, Laffitte J, Lencina C, Neves M, Bracarense AP, Pinton P, Ménard S, Oswald IP. Dietary Exposure to the Food Contaminant Deoxynivalenol Triggers Colonic Breakdown by Activating the Mitochondrial and the Death Receptor Pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100191. [PMID: 34626057 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The food contamination by mycotoxins is of increasing public health concerns. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin contaminating cereals, has been associated with the exacerbation of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), thereby raising the question of its role in the development of IBD. Moreover, the effect of DON on the colon is poorly described. METHODS AND RESULTS Wistar rats exposed (1-4 weeks) to low doses of DON (2 or 9 mg kg-1 feed) show microscopic alterations of colonic tissue (dilated lymphatic vessels, luminal debris, and cubic and flattened enterocytes). Ingestion of DON also alters colonic functions by increasing paracellular permeability while reducing the expression of the tight junction proteins and increased apoptosis in colonic tissue. Pro-apoptotic factors Bax/Bak, cytochrome C, and caspase 9 are upregulated, whereas expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 tends to decrease for the mitochondrial pathway. An increased expression of FasR and caspase-8 is observed for the extrinsic pathway. An increase in the pro-inflammatory markers TNFα, IL-17, and myeloperoxidase is also observed. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the dietary exposure to low levels of DON in food targets the colon inducing a health-threatening breakdown of the colonic barrier, highlighting oral exposure to DON as a potential risk factor in triggering IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Payros
- Research center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Toulouse, F-31027, France.,Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, IRSD, Toulouse, France
| | - Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200, Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joelle Laffitte
- Research center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Toulouse, F-31027, France
| | - Corine Lencina
- Research center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Toulouse, F-31027, France
| | - Manon Neves
- Research center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Toulouse, F-31027, France
| | - Ana Paula Bracarense
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Londrina, Parana, CP 6001, Brazil
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Research center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Toulouse, F-31027, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- Research center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Toulouse, F-31027, France.,Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, IRSD, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Research center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Toulouse, F-31027, France
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11
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Ndaw S, Remy A, Jargot D, Antoine G, Denis F, Robert A. Mycotoxins Exposure of French Grain Elevator Workers: Biomonitoring and Airborne Measurements. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060382. [PMID: 34071776 PMCID: PMC8229223 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now recognized that additional exposure to mycotoxins may occur through inhalation of contaminated dust at a workplace. The aim of this study was to characterize the multi-mycotoxin exposure of French grain elevator workers using biomonitoring and airborne measurements. Eighteen workers participated in the study. Personal airborne dust samples were analyzed for their mycotoxin concentrations. Workers provided multiple urine samples including pre-shift, post-shift and first morning urine samples or 24 h urine samples. Mycotoxin urinary biomarkers (aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin α, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, fumonisin B1, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin) were measured using a liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry method. Grain elevator workers were highly exposed to organic airborne dust (median 4.92 mg.m−3). DON, ZEN and FB1 were frequent contaminants in 54, 76 and 72% of air samples, respectively. The mycotoxin biomarkers quantified were DON (98%), ZEN (99%), α-ZEL (52%), β-ZEL (33%), OTA (76%), T-2 (4%) and HT-2 (4%). DON elimination profiles showed highest concentrations in samples collected after the end of the work shift and the urinary DON concentrations were significantly higher in post-shift than in pre-shift-samples (9.9 and 22.1 µg/L, respectively). ZEN and its metabolites concentrations did not vary according to the sampling time. However, the levels of α-/β-ZEL were consistent with an additional occupational exposure. These data provide valuable information on grain worker exposure to mycotoxins. They also highlight the usefulness of multi-mycotoxin methods in assessing external and internal exposures, which shed light on the extent and pathways of exposure occurring in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ndaw
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (A.R.); (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aurélie Remy
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (A.R.); (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Danièle Jargot
- Pollutant Metrology Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France;
| | - Guillaume Antoine
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (A.R.); (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Flavien Denis
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (A.R.); (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Alain Robert
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (A.R.); (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
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12
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Luo S, Terciolo C, Neves M, Puel S, Naylies C, Lippi Y, Pinton P, Oswald IP. Comparative sensitivity of proliferative and differentiated intestinal epithelial cells to the food contaminant, deoxynivalenol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116818. [PMID: 33752036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a functional and physical barrier formed by a cell monolayer that constantly differentiates from a stem cell in the crypt. This is the first target for food contaminants, especially mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins. This study compared the effects of DON (0-100 μM) on proliferative and differentiated intestinal epithelial cells. Three cell viability assays (LDH release, ATP content and neutral red uptake) indicated that proliferative Caco-2 cells are more sensitive to DON than differentiated ones. The establishment of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), as a read out of the differentiation process, was delayed in proliferative cells after exposure to 1 μM DON. Transcriptome analysis of proliferative and differentiated exposure to 0-3 μM DON for 24 h revealed 4862 differentially expressed genes (DEG) and indicated an effect of both the differentiation status and the DON treatment. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated involvement of metabolism, ECM receptors and tight junctions in the differentiation process, while ribosome biogenesis, mRNA surveillance, and the MAPK pathway were involved in the response to DON. The number of differentially expressed genes and the amplitude of the effect were higher in proliferative cells exposed to DON than that in differentiated cells. In conclusion, our study shows that proliferative cells are more susceptible than differentiated ones to DON and that the mycotoxin delays the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Luo
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Chloe Terciolo
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Manon Neves
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Puel
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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13
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Biomarkers of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified form DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G) in humans. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Niknejad F, Escrivá L, Adel Rad KB, Khoshnia M, Barba FJ, Berrada H. Biomonitoring of Multiple Mycotoxins in Urine by GC-MS/MS: A Pilot Study on Patients with Esophageal Cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040243. [PMID: 33805401 PMCID: PMC8065391 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A pilot study to investigate the occurrence of 10 mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON; 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-ADON; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON; fusarenon-X, FUS-X; diacetoxyscirpenol, DAS; nivalenol, NIV; neosolaniol, NEO; zearalenone, ZON; zearalanone, ZAN; T-2 toxin, T-2; and HT-2 toxin, HT-2) in esophageal cancer patients was performed with the urinary biomarkers approach in Golestan, Iran. Urine multimycotoxin analysis was performed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) analysis, and values were normalized with urinary creatinine (μg/g). Four mycotoxins, namely NEO (40%), HT-2 (17.6%), DON (10%), and HT-2 (5.8%), were detected in the analyzed urine samples. DON was only detected in the control group (5.09 μg/g creatinine), while T-2 (44.70 μg/g creatinine) was only present in the esophageal cancer group. NEO and HT-2 were quantified in both control and case groups, showing average of positive samples of 9.09 and 10.45 μg/g creatinine for NEO and 16.81 and 29.09 μg/g creatinine for HT-2, respectively. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in three samples as binary (NEO/HT-2 and T-2/HT-2) and ternary (DON/NEO/HT-2) combinations, reaching total concentrations of 44.58, 79.13, and 30.04 µg/g creatinine, respectively. Further investigations are needed to explore a causal association between mycotoxin contamination and esophageal cancer. For this pilot study in Golestan, the low sample size was a very limiting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Niknejad
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4918936316, Iran;
| | - Laura Escrivá
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain;
| | - Khoda Berdi Adel Rad
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4918936316, Iran;
| | - Masoud Khoshnia
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14535 Tehran, Iran;
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.J.B.); (H.B.); Tel.: +34-963-544-972 (F.J.B.); +34-963-544-117 (H.B.)
| | - Houda Berrada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.J.B.); (H.B.); Tel.: +34-963-544-972 (F.J.B.); +34-963-544-117 (H.B.)
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15
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Ndaw S, Jargot D, Antoine G, Denis F, Melin S, Robert A. Investigating Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Occupational Settings: A Biomonitoring and Airborne Measurement Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:54. [PMID: 33450876 PMCID: PMC7828332 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating workplace exposure to mycotoxins is of the utmost importance in supporting the implementation of preventive measures for workers. The aim of this study was to provide tools for measuring mycotoxins in urine and airborne samples. A multi-class mycotoxin method was developed in urine for the determination of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin α, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, fumonisin B1, HT2-toxin and T2-toxin. Analysis was based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Sample pre-treatments included enzymatic digestion and an online or offline sample clean-up step. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidance procedures. In order to estimate external exposure, air samples collected with a CIP 10 (Capteur Individuel de Particules 10) personal dust sampler were analyzed for the quantification of up to ten mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1 and HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin. The method was validated according to standards for workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents EN 482. Both methods, biomonitoring and airborne mycotoxin measurement, showed good analytical performances. They were successfully applied in a small pilot study to assess mycotoxin contamination in workers during cleaning of a grain elevator. We demonstrated that this approach was suitable for investigating occupational exposure to mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ndaw
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Daniele Jargot
- Pollutant Metrology Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Guillaume Antoine
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Flavien Denis
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Sandrine Melin
- Pollutant Metrology Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Alain Robert
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
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16
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Lu Q, Qin JA, Fu YW, Luo JY, Lu JH, Logrieco AF, Yang MH. Modified mycotoxins in foodstuffs, animal feed, and herbal medicine: A systematic review on global occurrence, transformation mechanism and analysis methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Ali N, Manirujjaman M, Rana S, Degen GH. Determination of aflatoxin M 1 and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in infants and children urines from Bangladesh. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3775-3786. [PMID: 32880717 PMCID: PMC7603468 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are found worldwide in crops and dietary staples. The prevalence and levels of these contaminants can vary greatly, and data in Bangladeshi food commodities are scarce. To characterize human exposure, we have conducted biomonitoring, analyzing AFM1 (a metabolite of AFB1) and DON levels in urines of adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Yet, AFM1 and DON occurrence has not been studied in the very young population of this country. Thus, the same methods, HPLC-FD for AFM1 and LC-MS/MS for DON analysis, were now applied to determine these biomarkers in urines of infants (n = 49) and young children (n = 105) in Rajshahi and Dhaka district. Overall, AFM1 and DON detection frequency was 43.5% and 33.4%, with 34.7% and 11.5% in infant and 47.6% and 39.4% in children urines, respectively. The mean AFM1 levels in all infants (9.1 ± 14.3, max 55.6 pg/mL) and children (8.8 ± 12.9, max 75.3 pg/mL) were not significantly different. The AFM1 mean level was slightly higher in Dhaka (9.4 ± 12.4) compared to Rajshahi (8.5 ± 13.9 pg/mL) district. The average DON level was about 2-fold higher in infant (3.8 ± 2.9, max 6.8 ng/mL) than children urines (1.6 ± 1.8, max 8.6 ng/mL), and higher in Rajshahi (2.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL) than Dhaka (1.4 ± 1.6 ng/mL) district. The biomarker-based estimated average daily DON intake (29.6 ± 108.3 ng/kg bw in infants and 36.4 ± 81.8 ng/kg bw in children) or the maximum exposure (560 ng/kg bw) do not exceed the current maximum provisional tolerable daily intake value of 1 µg/kg bw for DON, although DON exposure in infants and children is higher than that of Bangladeshi adults. The AFM1 urine levels in young children are somewhat lower than those found previously in adult cohorts in Bangladesh, but the frequent detection of this biomarker for AFB1 exposure raises further concerns, also for this vulnerable part of the population. Therefore, continuous surveillance for aflatoxins in Bangladeshi food commodities is clearly required, first to identify major sources of intake and then to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - M. Manirujjaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, 1344 Bangladesh
| | - Sohel Rana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Juan-García A, Bind MA, Engert F. Larval zebrafish as an in vitro model for evaluating toxicological effects of mycotoxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110909. [PMID: 32800244 PMCID: PMC7431674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in food has created concern. Mycotoxin prevalence in our environment has changed in the last few years maybe due to climatic and other environmental changes. Evidence has emerged from in vitro and in vivo models: some mycotoxins have been found to be potentially carcinogenic, embryogenically harmful, teratogenic, and to generate nephrotoxicity. The risk assessment of exposures to mycotoxins at early life stages became mandatory. In this regard, the effects of toxic compounds on zebrafish have been widely studied, and more recently, mycotoxins have been tested with respect to their effects on developmental and teratogenic effects in this model system, which offers several advantages as it is an inexpensive and an accessible vertebrate model to study developmental toxicity. External post-fertilization and quick maturation make it sensitive to environmental effects and facilitate the detection of endpoints such as morphological deformities, time of hatching, and behavioral responses. Therefore, there is a potential for larval zebrafish to provide new insights into the toxicological effects of mycotoxins. We provide an overview of recent mycotoxin toxicological research in zebrafish embryos and larvae, highlighting its usefulness to toxicology and discuss the strengths and limitations of this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Marie-Abèle Bind
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florian Engert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Fate of Free and Modified Forms of Mycotoxins during Food Processing. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070448. [PMID: 32664378 PMCID: PMC7404972 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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