1
|
Wisetmora A, Wattanawong O, Wijit A, Phukowluan J, Nachairan A, Jaksuay P, Sungpradit S, Ekobol N, Boonmars T, Boonsuya A, Pechdee P, Thanchonnang C, La N, Rattanapitoon NK, Arunsan P, Rattanapitoon SK. Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infection among the Population in Northern Thailand. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00892-1. [PMID: 39164545 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal (GI) helminthic infections pose substantial public health threat, particularly in northern Thailand, with a heightened concern in Nan province. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of GI helminthic infections in Nan province and identify associated risk factors in local population. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2022. Fecal specimens were collected and examined using Kato-Katz technique and Formalin Ethyl-Acetate Concentration Technique (FECT). Univariate analysis employed the Chi-square test to explore correlations, while logistic regression was defined risk factors associated with parasite infections. RESULTS Among 739 individuals surveyed, 14.34% were revealed GI helminthic infections. Notably, infection rates were higher in males (20.40%) compared to females (8.95%), with a notable prevalence among individuals aged ≥ 60 (17.78%) and high infection rate was demonstrated in Kiew Chan village (21.67%). The most commonly detected helminths were minute intestinal flukes (MIFs) (10.01%) and Capillaria spp. (3.11%). Males were significantly associated with GI helminthic infections, while individuals aged 40-49 and aged 50-59 commonly displayed of parasite infections. Additionally, Kiew Chan village exhibited a significant association with GI helminthic infections, followed by Sop Puen village. Furthermore, fecal specimens of 13 rodent specimens were frequency revealed Strongyloides spp. (92.30%) and mostly exposed Ancylostoma caninum (41.93%) among 93 canines. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the imperative for immediate public health interventions in Nan province and analogous areas in northern Thailand. Implementing strategies to enhance sanitation infrastructure and promote hygiene education can significantly contribute for reducing the prevalence of GI helminthic infections and improve overall community health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ampas Wisetmora
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Oranard Wattanawong
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Adulsak Wijit
- Office of Diseases Prevention and Control 1 Chiangmai, Ministry of Public Health, Chiangmai, 50000, Thailand
| | - Jutikarn Phukowluan
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Ampol Nachairan
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Prueksarawuth Jaksuay
- Office of Diseases Prevention and Control 1 Chiangmai, Ministry of Public Health, Chiangmai, 50000, Thailand
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nuttapon Ekobol
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Alisa Boonsuya
- Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Phornphitcha Pechdee
- Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
- Institution of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Chutharat Thanchonnang
- Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Nav La
- Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Nathkapach K Rattanapitoon
- Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
- FMC Medical Center, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Patpicha Arunsan
- Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
- Institution of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Schawanya K Rattanapitoon
- Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thanchomnang T, Chaibutr N, Maleewong W, Janwan P. Automatic detection of Opisthorchis viverrini egg in stool examination using convolutional-based neural networks. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16773. [PMID: 38313031 PMCID: PMC10836206 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human opisthorchiasis is a dangerous infectious chronic disease distributed in many Asian areas in the water-basins of large rivers, Siberia, and Europe. The gold standard for human opisthorchiasis laboratory diagnosis is the routine examination of Opisthorchis spp. eggs under a microscope. Manual detection is laborious, time-consuming, and dependent on the microscopist's abilities and expertise. Automatic screening of Opisthorchis spp. eggs with deep learning techniques is a useful diagnostic aid. Methods Herein, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) for classifying and automatically detecting O. viverrini eggs from digitized images. The image data acquisition was acquired from infected human feces and was processed using the gold standard formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique, and then captured under the microscope digital camera at 400x. Microscopic images containing artifacts and O.viverrini egg were augmented using image rotation, filtering, noising, and sharpening techniques. This augmentation increased the image dataset from 1 time to 36 times in preparation for the training and validation step. Furthermore, the overall dataset was subdivided into a training-validation and test set at an 80:20 ratio, trained with a five-fold cross-validation to test model stability. For model training, we customized a CNN for image classification. An object detection method was proposed using a patch search algorithm to detect eggs and their locations. A performance matrix was used to evaluate model efficiency after training and IoU analysis for object detection. Results The proposed model, initially trained on non-augmented data of artifacts (class 0) and O. viverrini eggs (class 1), showed limited performance with 50.0% accuracy, 25.0% precision, 50.0% recall, and a 33.0% F1-score. After implementing data augmentation, the model significantly improved, reaching 100% accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Stability assessments using 5-fold cross-validation indicated better stability with augmented data, evidenced by an ROC-AUC metric improvement from 0.5 to 1.00. Compared to other models such as ResNet50, InceptionV3, VGG16, DenseNet121, and Xception, the proposed model, with a smaller file size of 2.7 MB, showed comparable perfect performance. In object detection, the augmented data-trained model achieved an IoU score over 0.5 in 139 out of 148 images, with an average IoU of 0.6947. Conclusion This study demonstrated the successful application of CNN in classifying and automating the detection of O. viverrini eggs in human stool samples. Our CNN model's performance metrics and true positive detection rates were outstanding. This innovative application of deep learning can automate and improve diagnostic precision, speed, and efficiency, particularly in regions where O. viverrini infections are prevalent, thereby possibly improving infection sustainable control and treatment program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natthanai Chaibutr
- Medical Innovation and Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Medical Innovation and Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ritchoo S, Havanapan PO, Sussadee M, Maneeruttanarungroj C, Rucksaken R. Proteomics identification of overexpressed serum proteins in dogs with Babesiacanis infection. Vet World 2023; 16:2042-2048. [PMID: 38023278 PMCID: PMC10668562 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2042-2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Canine babesiosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia canis, is characterized by clinical manifestations, including hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, multiple organ failure, and may result in death. This disease is detected using conventional blood smears, which are time-consuming and have low sensitivity. This study aimed to investigate a more rapid and sensitive method for detecting B. canis infection in dogs by examining the expressed serum protein profiles using proteomics. Materials and Methods We collected six sera samples from three healthy and three B. canis-infected dogs diagnosed using blood smear and polymerase chain reaction. We analyzed the proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The candidate spots from the gel were subjected to protein identification using a nano-liquid chromatography system coupled to an ion-trap mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization nano-sprayer. Results We found that 10 protein spots were overexpressed in the serum samples from infected dogs compared with healthy dogs, which corresponded to three proteins: serotransferrin, serotransferrin isoforms X1, and hemopexin. Furthermore, analysis of the protein-protein interaction network confirmed that they strongly interacted with each other. Conclusion This study suggests that high levels of serotransferrin and hemopexin are related to B. canis infection, making these proteins potential candidates for the development of diagnostic molecules or vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudpatchara Ritchoo
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phattara-orn Havanapan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metita Sussadee
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Rucksak Rucksaken
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chan AHE, Kusolsuk T, Watthanakulpanich D, Pakdee W, Doanh PN, Yasin AM, Dekumyoy P, Thaenkham U. Prevalence of Strongyloides in Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis with implications for public health and sustainable control strategies. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:83. [PMID: 37705080 PMCID: PMC10498648 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloidiasis, caused by the nematodes Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni, is estimated to affect over 600 million individuals worldwide. The disease is endemic in Southeast Asia, where a warm-humid climate and socio-economic conditions maintain the parasite's life cycle and transmission. However, the current diagnostic methods may not be sufficiently sensitive, suggesting that the true prevalence of strongyloidiasis could be seriously underestimated in this. This study aims to determine the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Southeast Asia through a systematic review and meta-analysis and to discuss the implications of the estimated prevalence on diagnostic approaches and control strategies. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies reporting Strongyloides prevalence data in the 11 Southeast Asian countries up to December 2022. A random effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis at both regional and country levels. RESULTS Out of 3722 articles identified, 224 met our inclusion criteria. For S. stercoralis specifically, we found 187 articles, of which 52.4% were from Thailand. All Southeast Asian countries, except Brunei, had at least one study on Strongyloides prevalence. The estimated pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis regionally was 12.7% (95% CI 10.70-14.80%), ranging from 0.4 to 24.9% at the country level. Cambodia had the highest pooled prevalence (24.9%, 95% CI 15.65-35.38%), followed by Lao PDR (16.5%, 95% CI 9.50-24.95%). Moreover, we obtained a pooled prevalence of 10% (95% CI 7.06-13.52%) in a group comprising immigrants, workers, and veterans from Southeast Asian countries. S. stercoralis infects various host types, including nonhuman primates, domestic dogs and cats, rodents, and transport carriers such as cockroaches and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Southeast Asia was revealed, highlighting the importance of the region's ongoing research, surveillance, and control efforts. Factors contributing to the strongyloidiasis transmission include the role of animal hosts, the impact of global connectivity, and the significance of the co-endemicity of other Strongyloides species. Based on these findings, a multi-pronged One-Health approach is essential for sustainable intervention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Hui En Chan
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teera Kusolsuk
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dorn Watthanakulpanich
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wallop Pakdee
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pham Ngoc Doanh
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Azlin Mohd Yasin
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ekobol N, Boonjaraspinyo S, Artchayasawat A, Boonmars T. Monks: A Population at Risk for Liver Fluke and Skin-Penetrating Helminths. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030135. [PMID: 36977136 PMCID: PMC10059027 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monks cannot cook received raw meat dishes and should walk barefoot while working. This population lacks both a survey of parasitic infection and a proper prevention and control policy. Five hundred and fourteen monks from the Ubolratana, Ban Haet, and Ban Phai Districts of Kh on Kaen Province were enrolled in this study. A stool container and questionnaire were collected from each study participant. Stool samples were processed by formalin ethyl acetate concentration and agar plate culture techniques. We then analyzed the results and risk factors to demonstrate associations. The prevalence of overall parasites, liver flukes, and skin-penetrating helminths were 28.8%, 11.1%, and 19.3%, respectively. Raw fish dish offerings were associated with opisthorchiasis (ORcrude 3.32; 95% CI 1.53–7.20). The risk factors for skin-penetrating helminths were older age (ORcrude 5.02; 95% CI 2.2–11.17), being a long-term ordinate (ORcrude 3.28; 95% CI 1.15–9.34), smoking (ORcrude 2.03; 95% CI 1.23–3.36), and chronic kidney disease with other underlying disease (ORcrude 20.7; 95% CI 2.54–190.1). The protective factors for skin-penetrating helminths were secular education above primary education (ORcrude 0.41; 95% CI 0.25–0.65) and having received health education about parasitic infection (ORcrude 0.47; 95% CI 0.28–0.80). Wearing shoes at times other than alms work does not show a protective effect against skin-penetrating helminths (ORcrude 0.86; 95% CI 0.51–1.46). These findings support the recommendation for a strict Rule of Discipline regarding raw meat ingestion and allowing shoes to be worn for protection against skin-penetrating helminths in high-risk situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapon Ekobol
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Community Medicine, Family Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-43-363-434
| |
Collapse
|