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Foo CX, Fessler MB, Ronacher K. Oxysterols in Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:125-147. [PMID: 38036878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols have emerged as important bioactive lipids in the immune response to infectious diseases. This chapter discusses our current knowledge of oxysterols and their receptors in bacterial and viral infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Oxysterols are produced in response to infections and have multiple roles including chemotaxis of immune cells to the site of infection and regulation of inflammation. Some oxysterols have been shown to possess antiviral or antibacterial activity.Lastly, we delve into the emerging mechanisms of action of oxysterols. Oxysterols can enhance host cell resistance via reduction of membrane accessible cholesterol, modulate membrane immune signalling, and impact inflammasome activation and efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng X Foo
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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2
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Yousefi P, Gholami A, Mehrjo M, Razizadeh MH, Akhavan M, Karampoor S, Tabibzadeh A. The role of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in viral infections: Mechanisms and implications. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154783. [PMID: 37660656 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections pose significant threats to human health, causing various diseases with varying severity. The intricate interactions between viruses and host cells determine the outcome of infection, including viral replication, immune responses, and disease progression. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a potent antiviral molecule. In recent years, increasing evidence has highlighted the critical involvement of CH25H in modulating immune responses and influencing viral infections. Notably, the review discusses the implications of CH25H in viral pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies. It examines the interplay between CH25H and viral immune evasion mechanisms, highlighting the potential of viral antagonism of CH25H to enhance viral replication and pathogenesis. Furthermore, it explores the therapeutic potential of targeting CH25H or modulating its downstream signaling pathways as a strategy to control viral infections and enhance antiviral immune responses. This comprehensive review demonstrates the crucial role of CH25H in viral infections, shedding light on its mechanisms of action in viral entry, replication, and immune modulation. Understanding the complex interplay between CH25H and viral infections may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches and the development of antiviral strategies aimed at exploiting the antiviral properties of CH25H and enhancing host immune responses against viral pathogens. In the current review, we tried to provide an overview of the antiviral activity and importance of CH25H in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Yousefi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gholami
- School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Mandana Akhavan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Li J, Wang Y, Deng H, Li S, Qiu HJ. Cellular metabolism hijacked by viruses for immunoevasion: potential antiviral targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228811. [PMID: 37559723 PMCID: PMC10409484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism plays a central role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Immune cells utilize metabolic pathways to modulate the cellular differentiation or death. The intricate interplay between metabolism and immune response is critical for maintaining homeostasis and effective antiviral activities. In recent years, immunometabolism induced by viral infections has been extensively investigated, and accumulating evidence has indicated that cellular metabolism can be hijacked to facilitate viral replication. Generally, virus-induced changes in cellular metabolism lead to the reprogramming of metabolites and metabolic enzymes in different pathways (glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism). Metabolic reprogramming affects the function of immune cells, regulates the expression of immune molecules and determines cell fate. Therefore, it is important to explore the effector molecules with immunomodulatory properties, including metabolites, metabolic enzymes, and other immunometabolism-related molecules as the antivirals. This review summarizes the relevant advances in the field of metabolic reprogramming induced by viral infections, providing novel insights for the development of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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4
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25-Hydroxycholesterol Mediates Cholesterol Metabolism to Restrict Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection via Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor β1. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0219822. [PMID: 36314946 PMCID: PMC9769798 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02198-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs, is one of the major pathogens for lethal watery diarrhea in piglets and poses a threat to public health because of its potential for interspecies transmission to humans. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a derivative of cholesterol, exhibits multiple potential modulating host responses to pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, as well as pathogen-induced inflammation, while its antiviral effect on PDCoV and how it mediates the biological process of host cells to counter against infections remain poorly understood. Here, we thoroughly explored the antiviral effect of 25HC on PDCoV infection and tried to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. 25HC showed no toxic effect in LLC-PK1 cells and exerted antiviral ability against PDCoV infection in vitro. The viral cycle and time-of-addition analyses showed that 25HC mainly restricted the early and middle periods of the PDCoV postentry stage to inhibit infection. 25HC regulated disordered cholesterol metabolism induced by PDCoV infection and stimulated interferon-related lipid droplet accumulation. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), screened by bioinformatic analyses, seemed to play an important role in PDCoV infection and was downregulated by 25HC. One interesting finding is that inhibition of TGF-β1 with the inhibitor asiaticoside exhibited a similar antiviral capacity to 25HC and demonstrated regulation of cholesterol metabolism. Taking all of the findings together, we verified the antiviral effect of 25HC on PDCoV through interference with cholesterol metabolism, which may be related to its suppression of TGFβ1. IMPORTANCE As an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) causes giant economic loss in the pig industry because of lethal diarrhea and possesses the potential for transmission from animals to humans. Several pieces of evidence have suggested the antiviral potential of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase and importance of cholesterol in viral infection. This study reports that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) significantly restricted PDCoV infection through modulation of cholesterol metabolism, and we identified that lipid droplets play important roles in interferon response against virus infection. Moreover, this study identified the importance of TGF-β1 in CoV infection by bioinformatic analysis and verified that the inhibition of TGF-β1 showed anti-PDCoV capacity. Moreover, we uncovered the relationship between TGF-β and cholesterol metabolism initially. Given that the importance of cholesterol in viral infection, 25HC has a great potential to treat PDCoV infection and TGF-β1 can be a crucial antiviral target.
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5
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Oxysterols in the Immune Response to Bacterial and Viral Infections. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020201. [PMID: 35053318 PMCID: PMC8773517 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized cholesterols, the so-called oxysterols, are widely known to regulate cholesterol homeostasis. However, more recently oxysterols have emerged as important lipid mediators in the response to both bacterial and viral infections. This review summarizes our current knowledge of selected oxysterols and their receptors in the control of intracellular bacterial growth as well as viral entry into the host cell and viral replication. Lastly, we briefly discuss the potential of oxysterols and their receptors as drug targets for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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6
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Monson EA, Trenerry AM, Laws JL, Mackenzie JM, Helbig KJ. Lipid droplets and lipid mediators in viral infection and immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa066. [PMID: 33512504 PMCID: PMC8371277 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) contribute to key pathways important for the physiology and pathophysiology of cells. In a homeostatic view, LDs regulate the storage of neutral lipids, protein sequestration, removal of toxic lipids and cellular communication; however, recent advancements in the field show these organelles as essential for various cellular stress response mechanisms, including inflammation and immunity, with LDs acting as hubs that integrate metabolic and inflammatory processes. The accumulation of LDs has become a hallmark of infection, and is often thought to be virally driven; however, recent evidence is pointing to a role for the upregulation of LDs in the production of a successful immune response to viral infection. The fatty acids housed in LDs are also gaining interest due to the role that these lipid species play during viral infection, and their link to the synthesis of bioactive lipid mediators that have been found to have a very complex role in viral infection. This review explores the role of LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators during viral infections and poses a paradigm shift in thinking in the field, whereby LDs may play pivotal roles in protecting the host against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony A Monson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Alice M Trenerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Jay L Laws
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Karla J Helbig
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
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Kocher J, Castellucci TB, Wen K, Li G, Yang X, Lei S, Jiang X, Yuan L. Simvastatin Reduces Protection and Intestinal T Cell Responses Induced by a Norovirus P Particle Vaccine in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070829. [PMID: 34357979 PMCID: PMC8308729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. P particles are a potential vaccine candidate against NoV. Simvastatin is a cholesterol-reducing drug that is known to increase NoV infectivity. In this study, we examined simvastatin’s effects on P particle-induced protective efficacy and T-cell immunogenicity using the gnotobiotic pig model of human NoV infection and diarrhea. Pigs were intranasally inoculated with three doses (100 µg/dose) of GII.4/VA387-derived P particles together with monophosphoryl lipid A and chitosan adjuvants. Simvastatin-fed pigs received 8 mg/day orally for 11 days prior to challenge. A subset of pigs was orally challenged with 10 ID50 of a NoV GII.4/2006b variant at post-inoculation day (PID) 28 and monitored for 7 days post-challenge. Intestinal and systemic T cell responses were determined pre- and postchallenge. Simvastatin abolished the P particle’s protection and significantly increased diarrhea severity after NoV infection. Simvastatin decreased proliferation of virus-specific and non-specific CD8 T cells in duodenum and virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in spleen and significantly reduced numbers of intestinal mononuclear cells in vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, simvastatin significantly decreased numbers of duodenal CD4+IFN-γ+, CD8+IFN-γ+ and regulatory T cells and total duodenal activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated pigs pre-challenge at PID 28. Following challenge, simvastatin prevented the IFN-γ+ T cell response in spleen of vaccinated pigs. These results indicate that simvastatin abolished P particle vaccine-induced partial protection through, at least in part, impairing T cell immunity. The findings have specific implications for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against NoV gastroenteritis, especially for the elderly population who takes statin-type drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kocher
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Tammy Bui Castellucci
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Ke Wen
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Guohua Li
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Fu PF, Cheng X, Su BQ, Duan LF, Wang CR, Niu XR, Wang J, Yang GY, Chu BB. CRISPR/Cas9-based generation of a recombinant double-reporter pseudorabies virus and its characterization in vitro and in vivo. Vet Res 2021; 52:95. [PMID: 34174954 PMCID: PMC8233574 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies, caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants, has broken out among commercial PRV vaccine-immunized swine herds and resulted in major economic losses to the pig industry in China since late 2011. However, the mechanism of virulence enhancement of variant PRV is currently unclear. Here, a recombinant PRV (rPRV HN1201-EGFP-Luc) with stable expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and firefly luciferase as a double reporter virus was constructed on the basis of the PRV variant HN1201 through CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology coupled with two sgRNAs. The biological characteristics of the recombinant virus and its lethality to mice were similar to those of the parental strain and displayed a stable viral titre and luciferase activity through 20 passages. Moreover, bioluminescence signals were detected in mice at 12 h after rPRV HN1201-EGFP-Luc infection. Using the double reporter PRV, we also found that 25-hydroxycholesterol had a significant inhibitory effect on PRV both in vivo and in vitro. These results suggested that the double reporter PRV based on PRV variant HN1201 should be an excellent tool for basic virology studies and evaluating antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Bing-Qian Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Li-Fang Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Cong-Rong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Rui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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Identification of Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Oxysterol Derivatives In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063163. [PMID: 33808940 PMCID: PMC8003796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective antiviral drugs targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is urgently needed to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We have previously studied the use of semi-synthetic derivatives of oxysterols, oxidized derivatives of cholesterol as drug candidates for the inhibition of cancer, fibrosis, and bone regeneration. In this study, we screened a panel of naturally occurring and semi-synthetic oxysterols for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity using a cell culture infection assay. We show that the natural oxysterols, 7-ketocholesterol, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, and 27-hydroxycholesterol, substantially inhibited SARS-CoV-2 propagation in cultured cells. Among semi-synthetic oxysterols, Oxy210 and Oxy232 displayed more robust anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities, reducing viral replication more than 90% at 10 μM and 99% at 15 μM, respectively. When orally administered in mice, peak plasma concentrations of Oxy210 fell into a therapeutically relevant range (19 μM), based on the dose-dependent curve for antiviral activity in our cell-based assay. Mechanistic studies suggest that Oxy210 reduced replication of SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting the formation of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs); intracellular membrane compartments associated with viral replication. Our study warrants further evaluation of Oxy210 and Oxy232 as a safe and reliable oral medication, which could help protect vulnerable populations with increased risk of developing COVID-19.
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Ke W, Wu X, Fang P, Zhou Y, Fang L, Xiao S. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses porcine deltacoronavirus infection by inhibiting viral entry. Virus Res 2021; 295:198306. [PMID: 33476696 PMCID: PMC7833861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25 H) is a key enzyme regulating cholesterol metabolism and also acts as a broad antiviral host restriction factor. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that can cause vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration and even death in newborn piglets. In this study, we found that PDCoV infection significantly upregulated the expression of CH25H in IPI-FX cells, a cell line of porcine ileum epithelium. Overexpression of CH25H inhibited PDCoV replication, whereas CH25H silencing using RNA interference promoted PDCoV infection. Treatment with 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), the catalysate of cholesterol via CH25H, inhibited PDCoV proliferation by impairing viral invasion of IPI-FX cells. Furthermore, a mutant CH25H (CH25H-M) lacking hydroxylase activity also inhibited PDCoV infection to a lesser extent. Taken together, our data suggest that CH25H acts as a host restriction factor to inhibit the proliferation of PDCoV but this inhibitory effect is not completely dependent on its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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12
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Zang R, Case JB, Yutuc E, Ma X, Shen S, Gomez Castro MF, Liu Z, Zeng Q, Zhao H, Son J, Rothlauf PW, Kreutzberger AJB, Hou G, Zhang H, Bose S, Wang X, Vahey MD, Mani K, Griffiths WJ, Kirchhausen T, Fremont DH, Guo H, Diwan A, Wang Y, Diamond MS, Whelan SPJ, Ding S. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication by blocking membrane fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32105-32113. [PMID: 33239446 PMCID: PMC7749331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012197117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene that shows broad antiviral activities against a wide range of enveloped viruses. Here, using an IFN-stimulated gene screen against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-SARS-CoV and VSV-SARS-CoV-2 chimeric viruses, we identified CH25H and its enzymatic product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Internalized 25HC accumulates in the late endosomes and potentially restricts SARS-CoV-2 spike protein catalyzed membrane fusion via blockade of cholesterol export. Our results highlight one of the possible antiviral mechanisms of 25HC and provide the molecular basis for its therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, SA2 8PP Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Xiucui Ma
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63111
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106
| | - Sheng Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Maria Florencia Gomez Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alex J B Kreutzberger
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gaopeng Hou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - Michael D Vahey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kartik Mani
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63111
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106
| | | | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63111
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, SA2 8PP Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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13
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Aggregation of 25-hydroxycholesterol in a complex biomembrane. Differences with cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183413. [PMID: 32721397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC), one of the most important oxysterol molecules, can be used by cells to fight bacterial and viral infections but the mechanism that defines its biological effects are unknown. Using molecular dynamics, we have aimed to describe the orientation and location of 25HC in the membrane as well as the interactions it might have with lipids. We have studied two complex model membrane systems, one similar to the late endosome membrane and the other one to the plasma membrane. Our results reinforce that 25HC is inserted in the membrane in a relative stable location similar to but not identical to cholesterol. 25HC fluctuates in the membrane to a much greater degree than cholesterol, but the effect of 25HC on the phospholipid order parameters is not significantly different. One of the most notable facts about 25HC is that, unlike cholesterol, this molecule tends to aggregate, forming dimers, trimers and higher-order aggregates. These aggregates are formed spontaneously through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the two 25HC atoms, the formation of hydrogen bonds being independent of the studied system. Remarkably, no contacts or hydrogen bonds are observed between 25HC and cholesterol molecules, as well as between cholesterol molecules themselves at any time. It would be conceivable that 25HC, by forming high order aggregates without significantly altering the membrane properties, would modify the way proteins interact with the membrane and henceforth form a true innate antiviral molecule.
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14
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Hsv-1 Endocytic Entry into a Human Oligodendrocytic Cell Line is Mediated by Clathrin and Dynamin but Not Caveolin. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070734. [PMID: 32645983 PMCID: PMC7411905 DOI: 10.3390/v12070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a pathway used by viruses to enter cells that can be classified based on the proteins involved, such as dynamin, clathrin or caveolin. Although the entry of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) by endocytosis has been documented in different cell types, its dependence on clathrin has not been described whereas its dependence on dynamin has been shown according to the cell line used. The present work shows how clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is one way that HSV-1 infects the human oligodendroglial (HOG) cell line. Partial dynamin inhibition using dynasore revealed a relationship between decrease of infection and dynamin inhibition, measured by viral titration and immunoblot. Co-localization between dynamin and HSV-1 was verified by immunofluorescence at the moment of viral entry into the cell. Inhibition by chlorpromazine revealed that viral progeny also decreased when clathrin was partially inhibited in our cell line. RT-qPCR of immediately early viral genes, specific entry assays and electron microscopy all confirmed clathrin's participation in HSV-1 entry into HOG cells. In contrast, caveolin entry assays showed no effect on the entry of this virus. Therefore, our results suggest the participation of dynamin and clathrin during endocytosis of HSV-1 in HOG cells.
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15
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Bello-Perez M, Pereiro P, Coll J, Novoa B, Perez L, Falco A. Zebrafish C-reactive protein isoforms inhibit SVCV replication by blocking autophagy through interactions with cell membrane cholesterol. Sci Rep 2020; 10:566. [PMID: 31953490 PMCID: PMC6969114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the mechanisms involved in the recently reported antiviral activity of zebrafish C-reactive protein-like protein (CRP1-7) against the spring viraemia of carp rhabdovirus (SVCV) in fish are explored. The results neither indicate blocking of the attachment or the binding step of the viral replication cycle nor suggest the direct inhibition of G protein fusion activity or the stimulation of the host’s interferon system. However, an antiviral state in the host is induced. Further results showed that the antiviral protection conferred by CRP1-7 was mainly due to the inhibition of autophagic processes. Thus, given the high affinity of CRPs for cholesterol and the recently described influence of the cholesterol balance in lipid rafts on autophagy, both methyl-β-cyclodextrin (a cholesterol-complexing agent) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (a cholesterol molecule with antiviral properties) were used to further describe CRP activity. All the tested compounds exerted antiviral activity by affecting autophagy in a similar manner. Further assays indicate that CRP reduces autophagy activity by initially disturbing the cholesterol ratios in the host cellular membranes, which in turn negatively affects the intracellular regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases lysosomal pH as a consequence. Ultimately, here we propose that such pH changes exert an inhibitory direct effect on SVCV replication by disrupting the pH-dependent membrane-fusogenic ability of the viral glycoprotein G, which allows the release of the virus from endosomes into cytoplasm during its entry phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bello-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Dpto. Biotecnología, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain.
| | - Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain.
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16
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Takano T, Wakayama Y, Doki T. Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for Cell Entry: Differences in Serotype-Dependent Viral Entry Pathway. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040300. [PMID: 31888266 PMCID: PMC6963708 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a pathogen causing a lethal infectious disease in cats, feline infectious peritonitis. It has two serotypes (type I FCoV and type II FCoV). According to our previous study, type I FCoV infection is inhibited by compounds inducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation, whereas type II FCoV infection is not inhibited. Intracellular cholesterol accumulation was reported to disrupt late endosome function. Based on these findings, types I and II FCoV are considered to enter the cytosol through late and early endosomes, respectively. We investigated whether the antiviral activities of a late endosome trafficking inhibitor and cholesterol-accumulating agents are different between the FCoV serotypes. The late endosome trafficking inhibitor did not inhibit type II FCoV infection, but it inhibited type I FCoV infection. Type I FCoV infection was inhibited by cholesterol-accumulating triazoles, but not by non-cholesterol-accumulating triazoles. These phenomena were observed in both feline cell lines and feline primary macrophages. This study provides additional information on the differences in intracellular reproductive cycle between type I and type II FCoV.
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17
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Wang S, Yao Y, Wang X, Zheng G, Ouyang W, Chen W. 25-HC promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through up-regulation of TLR4 dependent FABP4. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2140-2155. [PMID: 31720079 PMCID: PMC6834473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a significant risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 25-HC (25-hydroxycholesterol) synthesized from cholesterol plays an important role in lipid metabolism. However, the functions and mechanism of 25-HC in HCC remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that 25-HC promoted HCC cells migration and intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastasis while did not affect the cells proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, the promotive effect of 25-HC was through up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) dependent fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Inhibition of FABP4 hindered 25-HC-induced cells migration and metastasis. Moreover, up-regulation of FABP4 was observed in HCC tissues from database analysis. In summary, our study reveals the effects and mechanism of 25-HC/TLR4/FABP4 axis in promoting HCC metastasis, which provides novel avenue for therapeutic intervention against HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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