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Luczo JM, Spackman E. Epitopes in the HA and NA of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses that are important for antigenic drift. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae014. [PMID: 38734891 PMCID: PMC11149724 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses evolve antigenically to evade host immunity. Two influenza A virus surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the major targets of host immunity and undergo antigenic drift in response to host pre-existing humoral and cellular immune responses. Specific sites have been identified as important epitopes in prominent subtypes such as H5 and H7, which are of animal and public health significance due to their panzootic and pandemic potential. The haemagglutinin is the immunodominant immunogen, it has been extensively studied, and the antigenic reactivity is closely monitored to ensure candidate vaccine viruses are protective. More recently, the neuraminidase has received increasing attention for its role as a protective immunogen. The neuraminidase is expressed at a lower abundance than the haemagglutinin on the virus surface but does elicit a robust antibody response. This review aims to compile the current information on haemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes and immune escape mutants of H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Understanding the evolution of immune escape mutants and the location of epitopes is critical for identification of vaccine strains and development of broadly reactive vaccines that can be utilized in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina M Luczo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, East Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, United States
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An SH, Son SE, Song JH, Hong SM, Lee CY, Lee NH, Jeong YJ, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Kang HM, Choi KS, Kwon HJ. Selection of an Optimal Recombinant Egyptian H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccine Strain for Poultry with High Antigenicity and Safety. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020162. [PMID: 35214621 PMCID: PMC8876024 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For the development of an optimized Egyptian H9N2 vaccine candidate virus for poultry, various recombinant Egyptian H9N2 viruses generated by a PR8-based reverse genetics system were compared in terms of their productivity and biosafety since Egyptian H9N2 avian influenza viruses already possess mammalian pathogenicity-related mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and PB2 genes. The Egyptian HA and NA genes were more compatible with PR8 than with H9N2 AIV (01310) internal genes, and the 01310-derived recombinant H9N2 strains acquired the L226Q reverse mutation in HA after passages in eggs. Additionally, the introduction of a strong promoter at the 3′-ends of PB2 and PB1 genes induced an additional mutation of P221S. When recombinant Egyptian H9N2 viruses with intact or reverse mutated HA (L226Q and P221S) and NA (prototypic 2SBS) were compared, the virus with HA and NA mutations had high productivity in ECES but was lower in antigenicity when used as an inactivated vaccine due to its high binding affinity into non-specific inhibitors in eggs. Finally, we substituted the PB2 gene of PR8 with 01310 to remove the replication ability in mammalian hosts and successfully generated the best recombinant vaccine candidate in terms of immunogenicity, antigenicity, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Son
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
| | - Jin-Ha Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Nak-Hyung Lee
- KBNP, Inc., 235-9, Chusa-ro, Sinam-myeon, Yesan-gun 32417, Korea; (N.-H.L.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Young-Ju Jeong
- KBNP, Inc., 235-9, Chusa-ro, Sinam-myeon, Yesan-gun 32417, Korea; (N.-H.L.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39960, Korea; (J.-G.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-M.K.)
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39960, Korea; (J.-G.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-M.K.)
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39960, Korea; (J.-G.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-M.K.)
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-S.C.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1266 (K.-S.C. & H.-J.K.); Fax: +82-2-885-6614 (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
- Laboratory of Poultry Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), GBST, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-S.C.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1266 (K.-S.C. & H.-J.K.); Fax: +82-2-885-6614 (H.-J.K.)
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Kiseleva I, Rekstin A, Al Farroukh M, Bazhenova E, Katelnikova A, Puchkova L, Rudenko L. Non-Mouse-Adapted H1N1pdm09 Virus as a Model for Influenza Research. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060590. [PMID: 32485821 PMCID: PMC7354452 DOI: 10.3390/v12060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of lung-adapted influenza viruses is limited. Most of them are not antigenically related to current circulating viruses. Viruses similar to recent strains are required for screening modern antiviral compounds and studying new vaccine candidates against novel influenza viruses. The process by which an influenza virus adapts to a new host is rather difficult. The aim of this study was to select a non-adapted current virus whose major biological properties correspond to those of classical lab-adapted viruses. Mice were inoculated intranasally with non-lung-adapted influenza viruses of subtype H1N1pdm09. They were monitored closely for body weight loss, mortality outcomes and gross pathology for 14 days following inoculation, as well as viral replication in lung tissue. Lung-adapted PR8 virus was used as a control. The tested viruses multiplied equally well in the lower respiratory tract of mice without prior adaptation but dramatically differed in lethality; the differences in their toxicity and pathogenicity in mice were established. A/South Africa/3626/2013 (H1N1)pdm09 virus was found to be an appropriate candidate to replace PR8 as a model virus for influenza research. No prior adaptation to the animal model is needed to reach the pathogenicity level of the classical mouse-adapted PR8 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey Rekstin
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Mohammad Al Farroukh
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Bazhenova
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Anastasia Katelnikova
- Department of Toxicology and Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd., 188663 St Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ludmila Puchkova
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
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