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Phongroop K, Rattanasrisomporn J, Piewbang C, Tangtrongsup S, Rungsipipat A, Techangamsuwan S. Molecular epidemiology and strain diversity of circulating feline Calicivirus in Thai cats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1377327. [PMID: 38887538 PMCID: PMC11180889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1377327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a significant viral pathogen causing upper respiratory tract and oral diseases in cats. The emergence of the virulent systemic FCV variant (VS-FCV) has raised global concern in the past decade. This study aims to explore the epidemiology, genetic characterization, and diversity of FCV strains circulating among Thai cats. Various sample types, including nasal, oral, and oropharyngeal swabs and fresh tissues, were collected from 184 cats across different regions of Thailand from 2016 to 2021. Using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), FCV infection was investigated, with additional screening for feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) by qPCR. The detection rates for FCV, FHV-1, and co-infection were 46.7, 65.8, and 31.5%, respectively. Significantly, the odds ratio (OR) revealed a strong association between the detection of a single FCV and the presence of gingivostomatitis lesions (OR: 7.15, 95% CI: 1.89-26.99, p = 0.004). In addition, FCV detection is notably less likely in vaccinated cats (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07-0.75, p = 0.015). Amino acid sequence analysis based on the VP1 major capsid protein gene of the 14 FCV-Thai (FCV-TH) strains revealed genetic diversity compared to the other 43 global strains (0 to 86.6%). Intriguingly, a vaccine-like FCV variant was detected in one cat. In summary, this study provides insights into the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of FCV diversity within the Thai cat population for the first time. The identification of unique physicochemical characteristics in the capsid hypervariable region of some FCV-TH strains challenges previous hypotheses. Therefore, further exploration of vaccine-like FCV variants is crucial for a comprehensive understanding and to improve viral prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Phongroop
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Li L, Liu Z, Shi J, Yang M, Yan Y, Fu Y, Shen Z, Peng G. The CDE region of feline Calicivirus VP1 protein is a potential candidate subunit vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:80. [PMID: 38443948 PMCID: PMC10916247 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline calicivirus (FCV) infection causes severe upper respiratory disease in cats, but there are no effective vaccines available for preventing FCV infection. Subunit vaccines have the advantages of safety, low cost and excellent immunogenicity, but no FCV subunit vaccine is currently available. The CDE protein is the dominant neutralizing epitope region of the main antigenic structural protein of FCV, VP1. Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of the CDE region as a truncated FCV VP1 protein in preventing FCV infection to provide a strategy for developing potential FCV subunit vaccines. RESULTS Through the prediction of FCV VP1 epitopes, we found that the E region is the dominant neutralizing epitope region. By analysing the spatial structure of VP1 protein, 13 amino acid sites in the CD and E regions were found to form hydrogen bonding interactions. The results show the presence of these interaction forces supports the E region, helping improve the stability and expression level of the soluble E protein. Therefore, we selected the CDE protein as the immunogen for the immunization of felines. After immunization with the CDE protein, we found significant stimulation of IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody production in serum and swab samples, and the cytokine TNF-α levels and the numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes were increased. Moreover, a viral challenge trial indicated that the protection generated by the CDE subunit vaccine significantly reduced the incidence of disease in animals. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we studied the efficacy of the CDE protein, which is the dominant neutralizing epitope region of the FCV VP1 protein, in preventing FCV infection. We revealed that the CDE protein can significantly activate humoral, mucosal and cellular immunity, and the resulting protective effect can significantly reduce the incidence of animal disease. The CDE region of the FCV capsid is easy to produce and has high stability and excellent immunogenicity, which makes it a candidate for low-cost vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiale Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Ishiyama R, Yoshida K, Oikawa K, Takai-Todaka R, Kato A, Kanamori K, Nakanishi A, Haga K, Katayama K. Production of infectious reporter murine norovirus by VP2 trans-complementation. J Virol 2024; 98:e0126123. [PMID: 38226813 PMCID: PMC10878090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01261-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) causes gastroenteritis, a disease with no effective therapy or vaccine, and does not grow well in culture. Murine norovirus (MNV) easily replicates in cell cultures and small animals and has often been used as a model to elucidate the structural and functional characteristics of HuNoV. An MNV plasmid-based reverse genetics system was developed to produce the modified recombinant virus. In this study, we attempted to construct the recombinant virus by integrating a foreign gene into MNV ORF3, which encodes the minor structural protein VP2. Deletion of VP2 expression abolished infectious particles from MNV cDNA clones, and supplying exogenous VP2 to the cells rescued the infectivity of cDNA clones without VP2 expression. In addition, the coding sequence of C-terminal ORF3 was essential for cDNA clones compensated with VP2 to produce infectious particles. Furthermore, the recombinant virus with exogenous reporter genes in place of the dispensable region of ORF3 was propagated when VP2 was constitutively supplied. Our findings indicate that foreign genes can be transduced into the norovirus ORF3 region when VP2 is supplied and that successive propagation of modified recombinant norovirus could lead to the development of norovirus-based vaccines or therapeutics.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we revealed that some of the coding regions of ORF3 could be replaced by a foreign gene and infectious virus could be produced when VP2 was supplied. Propagation of this virus depended on VP2 being supplied in trans, indicating that this virus could infect only once. Our findings help to elucidate the functions of VP2 in the virus lifecycle and to develop other caliciviral vectors for recombinant attenuated live enteric virus vaccines or therapeutics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoka Ishiyama
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation Safety, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Oikawa
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kato
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation Safety, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kanamori
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation Safety, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Nakanishi
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation Safety, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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Cao L, Liu J, Li Y, Xie D, Yan Q, Li Q, Cao Y, Du W, Li J, Ye Z, Zhou D, Kang C, Cao S. Biological Characteristics of Feline Calicivirus Epidemic Strains in China and Screening of Broad-Spectrum Protective Vaccine Strains. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1858. [PMID: 38140261 PMCID: PMC10747013 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is one of the most important pathogens causing upper respiratory tract diseases in cats, posing a serious health threat to these animals. At present, FCV is mainly prevented through vaccination, but the protective efficacy of vaccines in China is limited. In this study, based on the differences in capsid proteins of isolates from different regions in China, as reported in our previous studies, seven representative FCV epidemic strains were selected and tested for their viral titers, virulence, immunogenicity, and extensive cross-protection. Subsequently, vaccine strains were selected to prepare inactivated vaccines. The whole-genome sequencing and analysis results showed that these seven representative FCV strains and 144 reference strains fell into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E). The strains isolated in China mainly fall into groups C and D, exhibiting regional characteristics. These Chinese isolates had a distant evolutionary relationship and low homology with the current FCV-255 vaccine strain. The screened FCV-HB7 and FCV-HB10 strains displayed desirable in vitro culture characteristics, with the highest virus proliferation titers (109.5 TCID50/mL) at 36 h post inoculation at a dose of 0.01 MOI. All five cats infected intranasally with FCV-HB7 or FCV-HB10 strains showed obvious clinical symptoms of FCV. The symptoms of cats infected with the FCV-HB7 strain were more severe than those infected with the FCV-HB10 strain. Both the single-strain inactivated immunization and combined bivalent inactivated vaccine immunization of FCV-HB7 and FCV-HB10 induced high neutralizing antibody titers in five cats immunized. Moreover, bivalent inactivated vaccine immunization protected cats from FCV-HB7 and FCV-HB10 strains. The cross-neutralizing antibody titer against seven representative FCV epidemic strains achieved by combined bivalent inactivated vaccine immunization was higher than that achieved by single-strain immunization, which was much higher than that achieved by commercial vaccine FCV-255 strain immunization. The above results suggest that the FCV-HB7 and FCV-HB10 strains screened in this study have great potential to become vaccine strains with broad-spectrum protective efficacy. However, their immune protective efficacy needs to be further verified by multiple methods before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Cao
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai 201103, China;
| | - Yongfan Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Denglong Xie
- Zhejiang Hisun Animal Healthcare Products Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311400, China;
| | - Quanhui Yan
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yiran Cao
- Department of Life Science, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Wenxin Du
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiakang Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zijun Ye
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dengyuan Zhou
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Shengbo Cao
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Lu C, Liu X, Song R, Tao W, Yu Y, Yang H, Shan H, Zhang C. Genetic and pathogenicity analysis for the two FCV strains isolated from Eastern China. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2127-2136. [PMID: 37454000 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the diversity and regularity of two new feline calicivirus (FCV) isolates, QD-7 and QD-164, were investigated. The genomes of these new strains were compared with 39 strains from the NCBI database including isolates from China, United States, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom and Japan. The nucleotide sequence identities ranged from 75-88%, indicating a high degree of variability. These variations were not related to distributions of the virus by time of isolation and geographical location. Cats that were experimentally infected with the new isolate QD-164 showed typical clinical symptoms of sneezing, fever and conjunctivitis and all recovered within 30 days. In contrast, QD-7 infections were asymptomatic and the virus was cleared within 16 days. These results indicate that QD-7 and QD-164 were naturally attenuated strains. NNS mutations characteristic of highly virulent strains at positions 441-443 were absent in QD-7 while QD-164 possessed an N at position 442. This indicated that mutations in regions 441-443 may be linked to disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ranran Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weijie Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongle Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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Phongroop K, Rattanasrisomporn J, Tangtrongsup S, Rungsipipat A, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S. High-resolution melting analysis for simultaneous detection and discrimination between wild-type and vaccine strains of feline calicivirus. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-12. [PMID: 37851857 PMCID: PMC11003490 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2272188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, a post-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) application in a single closed tube, is the straightforward method for simultaneous detection, genotyping, and mutation scanning, enabling more significant dynamic detection and sequencing-free turnaround time. This study aimed to establish a combined reverse-transcription quantitative PCR and HRM (RT-qPCR-HRM) assay for diagnosing and genotyping feline calicivirus (FCV). This developed method was validated with constructed FCV plasmids, clinical swab samples from living cats, fresh-frozen lung tissues from necropsied cats, and four available FCV vaccines. We performed RT-qPCR to amplify a 99-base pair sequence, targeting a segment between open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2. Subsequently, the HRM assay was promptly applied using Rotor-Gene Q® Software. The results significantly revealed simultaneous detection and genetic discrimination between commercially available FCV vaccine strains, wild-type Thai FCV strains, and VS-FCV strains within a single PCR reaction. There was no cross-reactivity with other feline common viruses, including feline herpesvirus-1, feline coronavirus, feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and feline morbillivirus. The detection limit of the assay was 6.18 × 101 copies/µl. This study, therefore, is the first demonstration of the uses and benefits of the RT-qPCR-HRM assay for FCV detection and strain differentiation in naturally infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Phongroop
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Yang Y, Liu Z, Chen M, Feng K, Qi R, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Kang H, Jiang Q, Yang M, Qu L, Liu J. Classification of genotypes based on the VP1 gene of feline calicivirus and study of cross-protection between different genotypes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1226877. [PMID: 37614595 PMCID: PMC10442547 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1226877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) causes upper respiratory tract diseases and even death in cats, thereby acting as a great threat to feline animals. Currently, FCV prevention is mainly achieved through vaccination, but the effectiveness of vaccination is limited. In this study, 105 FCV strain VP1 sequences with clear backgrounds were downloaded from the NCBI and subjected to a maximum likelihood method for systematic evolutionary analysis. Based on the genetic analysis results, FCV-positive sera were prepared using SPF mice and Chinese field cats as target animals, followed by a cross-neutralization assay conducted on the different genotype strains and in vivo challenge tests were carried out to further verify with the strain with best cross-protection effect. The results revealed that FCV was mainly divided into two genotypes: GI and GII. The GI genotype strains are prevalent worldwide, but all GII genotype strains were isolated from Asia, indicating a clear geographical feature. This may form resistance to FCV prevention in Asia. The in vitro neutralization assay conducted using murine serum demonstrated that the cross-protection effect varied among strains. A strain with broad-spectrum neutralization properties, DL39, was screened. This strain could produce neutralizing titers (10 × 23.08-10 × 20.25) against all strains used in this study. The antibody titers against the GI strains were 10 × 23.08-10 × 20.5 and those against the GII strains were 10 × 20.75-10 × 20.25. Preliminary evidence suggested that the antibody titer of the DL39 strain against GI was higher than that against GII. Subsequent cross-neutralization assays with cat serum prepared with the DL39 strain and each strain simultaneously yielded results similar to those described above. In vivo challenge tests revealed that the DL39 strain-immunized cats outperformed the positive controls in all measures. The results of several trials demonstrated that strain DL39 can potentially be used as a vaccine strain. The study attempted to combine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of FCV with the discovery of potential vaccines, which is crucial for developing highly effective FCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengru Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ruibin Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yating Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingfa Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liandong Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiasen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Lanave G, Buonavoglia A, Pellegrini F, Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Diakoudi G, Catella C, Omar AH, Vasinioti VI, Cardone R, Santo G, Martella V, Camero M. An Outbreak of Limping Syndrome Associated with Feline Calicivirus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1778. [PMID: 37889723 PMCID: PMC10251824 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common viral pathogen found in domestic cats. FCV is highly contagious and demonstrates a high genetic variability. Upper respiratory tract disease, oral ulcerations, salivation, and gingivitis-stomatitis have been regarded as typical clinical signs of FCV infection. Ulcerative dermatitis, abortion, severe pneumonia, enteritis, chronic stomatitis, and virulent systemic disease have been reported more sporadically. Limping syndrome has been also described either in naturally or experimentally FCV-infected cats. In this study, we monitored a small outbreak of FCV infection in two household cats, in which limping disease was monitored with a 12-day lag time. The complete genome sequence was determined for the viruses isolated from the oropharyngeal and rectal swabs of the two animals, mapping up to 39 synonymous nucleotide mutations. The four isolates were sensitive to low pH conditions and trypsin treatment, a pattern usually associated with viruses isolated from the upper respiratory tract. Overall, the asynchronous pattern of infections and the results of genome sequencing suggest that a virus of respiratory origin was transmitted between the animals and that the FCV strain was able to retain the limping disease pathotype during the transmission chain, as previously observed in experimental studies with FCV strains associated with lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (B.D.M.); (F.D.P.)
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (B.D.M.); (F.D.P.)
| | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Ahmed H. Omar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Violetta I. Vasinioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberta Cardone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
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9
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Feline Calicivirus P39 Inhibits Innate Immune Responses by Autophagic Degradation of Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene I. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065254. [PMID: 36982330 PMCID: PMC10048920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a feline pathogen that can cause severe upper respiratory tract disease in cats, thus posing a major threat to their health. The exact pathogenic mechanism of FCV is still unclear, although it has been identified as having the ability to induce immune depression. In this study, we discovered that FCV infection triggers autophagy and that its non-structural proteins, P30, P32, and P39, are responsible for initiating this process. Additionally, we observed that altering autophagy levels via chemical modulation resulted in different influences on FCV replication. Moreover, our findings indicate that autophagy can modify the innate immunity induced by FCV infection, with increased autophagy further suppressing FCV-induced RIG-I signal transduction. This research provides insights into the mechanism of FCV replication and has the potential to aid in the development of autophagy-targeted drugs to inhibit or prevent FCV infection.
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10
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Epidemiological Investigation of Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Encourages a Geographically Specific FCV Vaccine. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010046. [PMID: 36669047 PMCID: PMC9864582 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 1158 cats with feline upper respiratory tract infection were incorporated from twenty animal hospitals in Wuhan, China, from April 2019 to April 2022 to investigate the epidemiology of feline calicivirus (FCV), herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), Mycoplasma felis (M. felis) and Chlamydia felis (C. felis) for the development of a geographically-specific FCV vaccine with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection. The 871 samples (75.2%) of kittens were younger than 12 months, of which 693 were males, and 456 were females. Among the samples, 443 were British shorthair cats, accounting for 38.3%, and 252 were Chinese rural cats, accounting for 21.8%. PCR/RT-PCR detection of the above four viruses (FCV, FHV-1, M. felis, and C. felis) in the upper respiratory tract of cats showed that the total positive samples were 744 (64.3%), including 465 positive samples of feline calicivirus, accounting for 40.2% of the total 1158 samples. There were 311 positive samples of M. felis, accounting for 26.9% of the total samples, ranked second in clinical practice. The 180 positive samples of feline herpesvirus accounted for 15.5%, and 85 positive samples of Chlamydia felis accounted for 7.3%. Among them, the number of positive samples of single pathogenic infections was 493, accounting for 66.3% of the total 744 positive samples. Double, triple, and quadruple infections accounted for 28.2%, 5.0%, and 0.5%, respectively, with the highest proportion of single infections. The molecular biological characteristics of the 17 isolated FCVd strains in Wuhan were further analyzed. It was found that the F9 vaccine strain and the antigenic epitopes in the 5'HVR of the E region were collated with the F9 vaccine strain. Moreover, phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the strains related to the F9 and 255 vaccines were distantly related, leading to the failure of the vaccine. In addition, the strains associated with the F9 and 255 vaccines were distant, which might lead to vaccine failure in anticipation of the development of a more phylogenetically close FCV vaccine in China and may require the development of a vaccine for a locally related FCV strain.
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11
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Palombieri A, Sarchese V, Giordano MV, Fruci P, Crisi PE, Aste G, Bongiovanni L, Rinaldi V, Sposato A, Camero M, Lanave G, Martella V, Marsilio F, Di Martino B, Di Profio F. Detection and Characterization of Feline Calicivirus Associated with Paw and Mouth Disease. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010065. [PMID: 36611675 PMCID: PMC9818015 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) infection in cats can led to several diverse clinical presentations, ranging from mild upper respiratory signs to virulent systemic disease. Herein, we report a paw and mouth disease case in a 7-year-old household cat due to an FCV infection. An asymptomatic cat living in the same household was also infected with FCV. Clinical and pathological investigations were combined with the molecular and phenotypical characterization of the FCV strains. The RNA of the FCV was detected using qualitative and quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays, and FCV antigen was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. After the whole genome analysis, the strains detected in the two cats appeared to be genetically diverse from FCVs previously detected in association with paw and mouth disease and with virulent systemic disease. Interestingly, the isolates obtained in this study were resistant to low pH conditions and slightly susceptible to bile salts, but they were susceptible to a trypsin treatment, revealing a phenotype pattern that is different from that which has been observed for respiratory FCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palombieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sarchese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Paola Fruci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Emidio Crisi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Aste
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Sposato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0861-266845
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12
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Cao L, Li Q, Shi K, Wei L, Ouyang H, Ye Z, Du W, Ye J, Hui X, Li J, Cao S, Zhou D. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of feline calicivirus strains from various region of China. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFeline calicivirus (FCV) is an important feline pathogen mainly causing upper respiratory tract disease, conjunctivitis, and stomatitis, and it is classified into genotype I and genotype II. To investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of FCV, this study collected 337 cat swab samples from animal hospitals in different regions of China from 2019 to 2021. The positive detection rate of FCV was 29.9% (101/337) by RT-PCR. Statistical analysis showed that FCV prevalence was significantly associated with living environment (p = 0.0004), age (p = 0.031) and clinical symptoms (p = 0.00), but not with sex (p = 0.092) and breed (p = 0.171). The 26 strains of FCV were isolated using F81 cells. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 10 isolates belonged to genotype I, and 16 isolates belonged to genotype II. These 26 isolates were highly genetically diverse, of which HB7 isolate had three same virulence-related amino acid loci with VSD strains. Potential loci distinguishing different genotypes were identified from 26 isolates, suggesting the genetic relationship between different genotypes. In addition, selection pressure analysis based on capsid protein of 26 isolates revealed that the protein is under diversifying selection. This study reveals the genetic diversity of FCV and provides a reference for the screening of vaccine candidate strains and the development of vaccines with better cross-protection effects.
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13
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Mao J, Ye S, Li Q, Bai Y, Wu J, Xu L, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhou P, Li S. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Feline Calicivirus Isolated in Guangdong Province, China from 2018 to 2022. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112421. [PMID: 36366519 PMCID: PMC9696216 DOI: 10.3390/v14112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common feline infectious pathogen that mainly causes upper respiratory tract disease. To investigate the prevalence of FCV in Guangdong Province in China, a total of 152 nasal and throat swabs from cats suspected of FCV infection were collected in veterinary clinics or shelters from 2018 to 2022. The positive detection rate of FCV was 28.9% (44/152) by RT-PCR. In addition, twenty FCV isolates were successfully isolated and purified. Eleven out of twenty isolates were selected for further phylogenetic analyses based on the capsid protein VP1; our results revealed that seven isolates were in genogroup I, and four were in genogroup II. Notably, according to the whole genome phylogenetic tree, FCV-SCAU-11 was in the same branch as Korean isolates, and recombination analysis revealed that the FCV-SCAU-11 isolate showed potential recombinant events between the FCV-SH isolate and FCV-GXNN03-20 isolate. Furthermore, the virus replication kinetics indicated that FCV-SCAU-10, with clinically severe symptoms in patient cats, performed a more efficient replication in vitro. In conclusion, this study revealed the genetic diversity of FCVs in Guangdong Province, providing a reference for novel vaccine candidate strains and the development of effective strategies for preventing FCV infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaotang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yumeizi Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jieyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-13826481597 (P.Z.); +86-13503030878 (S.L.)
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-13826481597 (P.Z.); +86-13503030878 (S.L.)
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14
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Guo J, Ding Y, Sun F, Zhou H, He P, Chen J, Guo J, Zeng H, Long J, Wei Z, Ouyang K, Huang W, Chen Y. Co-circulation and evolution of genogroups I and II of respiratory and enteric feline calicivirus isolates in cats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2924-2937. [PMID: 34982847 PMCID: PMC9787975 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), but the enteric FCVs raise concerns regarding their role of an enteric pathogen. In this study, between 2019 and 2020, 101 clinical samples from domestic cats with symptoms of URTD, with or without enteritis, were collected for FCV-specific detection. The FCV-positive rate reached to 42.4% (28/66) in cats with respiratory symptoms. The rates were 11.1% (3/27) and 12.5% (1/8) when faeces and serum samples were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Ten FCV strains were successfully isolated from respiratory and enteric sources in domestic cats from Guangxi. Phylogenetic analysis based on the genome sequences of 11 isolates (including GX01-13 isolated in 2013) indicated that the newly characterized FCV strains had two recombinant events in comparison with other FCVs and were of respiratory and enteric origins. These strains displayed high genetic diversity, and they were divided into two genogroups (I and II). Of these, the GXNN02-19 isolate was grouped with previously published Chinese isolates that were identified as genogroup II, which contained three specific amino acid residues (377K, 539V and 557S) in the VP1 protein. In addition, the three enteric viruses appeared genetically heterogeneous to each other. All isolates were found to be more sensitive when exposed to low pH conditions, but they were resistant to treatment with trypsin and bile salts. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the respiratory and enteric FCVs. Our results showed that the genetically distinct FCV strains with genogroups I and II from respiratory and enteric origins were co-circulating in this geographical area. Also, it was revealed that the potential recombinant events between the enteric and respiratory FCVs suggested an important role of enteric FCV during the evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfan Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Yangbao Ding
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Fanyuan Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | | | - Ping He
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Jiancai Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Jianing Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Jianming Long
- Shenjiu Biological Products Co. Ltd.NanningP. R. China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningP. R. China
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15
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Truyen U, Tasker S, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Addie DD, Lutz H, Thiry E, Radford AD, Möstl K. Calicivirus Infection in Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:937. [PMID: 35632680 PMCID: PMC9145992 DOI: 10.3390/v14050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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16
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Feline Calicivirus Virulent Systemic Disease: Clinical Epidemiology, Analysis of Viral Isolates and In Vitro Efficacy of Novel Antivirals in Australian Outbreaks. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102040. [PMID: 34696470 PMCID: PMC8537534 DOI: 10.3390/v13102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) causes upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) and sporadic outbreaks of virulent systemic disease (FCV-VSD). The basis for the increased pathogenicity of FCV-VSD viruses is incompletely understood, and antivirals for FCV-VSD have yet to be developed. We investigated the clinicoepidemiology and viral features of three FCV-VSD outbreaks in Australia and evaluated the in vitro efficacy of nitazoxanide (NTZ), 2′-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) and NITD-008 against FCV-VSD viruses. Overall mortality among 23 cases of FCV-VSD was 39%. Metagenomic sequencing identified five genetically distinct FCV lineages within the three outbreaks, all seemingly evolving in situ in Australia. Notably, no mutations that clearly distinguished FCV-URTD from FCV-VSD phenotypes were identified. One FCV-URTD strain likely originated from a recombination event. Analysis of seven amino-acid residues from the hypervariable E region of the capsid in the cultured viruses did not support the contention that properties of these residues can reliably differentiate between the two pathotypes. On plaque reduction assays, dose–response inhibition of FCV-VSD was obtained with all antivirals at low micromolar concentrations; NTZ EC50, 0.4–0.6 µM, TI = 21; 2CMC EC50, 2.7–5.3 µM, TI > 18; NITD-008, 0.5 to 0.9 µM, TI > 111. Investigation of these antivirals for the treatment of FCV-VSD is warranted.
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17
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Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of strains of feline calicivirus in Beijing, China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2521-2527. [PMID: 34240278 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a contagious cat pathogen that causes oral ulceration and/or upper respiratory disease. In this study, we collected 61 samples from a pet hospital in Beijing and used PCR or RT-PCR to detect FCV and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1). Approximately 44.3% (27/61) of the samples were FCV positive, and 23.0% (14/61) were coinfected with FCV and FHV-1. FCV was isolated from 15 samples. One isolate was from a cat with virulent systemic disease (VSD) signs, and 14 isolates were from cats with stomatitis or upper respiratory diseases. The range of genome sequence identity among these isolates was 76.1-100.0%. Four of the isolates were considered to be of the same strain, with sequence identity ranging from 99.5 to 99.7%, and two isolates, BJ-280 and BJ-288, had completely identical sequences. The genomic sequence identity ranged from 76.0 to 88.5% between the 15 isolates and several reference strains, including the F4 and F9 vaccine strains. These results demonstrate that many FCV strains are co-circulating in Beijing. Due to the diversity of FCV in Beijing, it is necessary to monitor the current prevalence of the virus. This study provides more information for the development of effective measures to control FCV.
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Icariin, Formononetin and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Inhibit Feline Calicivirus Replication In Vitro. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2443-2450. [PMID: 34173062 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cats infected with feline calicivirus (FCV) often display oral ulcers and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, which can lead to death in severe cases. Antiviral therapy is one of the most effective ways to control FCV infection. Natural compounds in Chinese herbal medicines and medicinal plants provide abundant resources for research on antiviral drugs. In this study, we found that icariin (ICA), formononetin (FMN) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CPAE) show low cytotoxicity towards F81 cells, that the three natural compounds have apparent antiviral effects on FCV in vitro, and that they can inhibit different FCV strains. Then, we found that ICA and FMN mainly function in the early stage of FCV infection, while CAPE can function in both the early and late stages of FCV infection. Finally, we found that ICA has an antagonistic effect on FMN and CAPE in FCV infection, and FMN has a synergistic effect with CAPE against FCV infection. Our results showed that ICA, FMN and CAPE may be potential drug candidates for FCV-induced diseases.
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Beatty JA, Hartmann K. Advances in Feline Viruses and Viral Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050923. [PMID: 34067533 PMCID: PMC8156448 DOI: 10.3390/v13050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
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20
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Di Martino B, Lanave G, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Marsilio F, Camero M, Catella C, Capozza P, Bányai K, Barrs VR, Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Identification of feline calicivirus in cats with enteritis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2579-2588. [PMID: 32359195 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a major pathogen of cats associated with either respiratory disease or systemic disease, but its possible role as an enteric pathogen is neglected. Using RT-PCR, the RNA of FCV was identified in 25.9% (62/239) of stools of cats with enteritis and in 0/58 (0%) of cats without diarrhoea or other clinical signs. Isolates of enteric origin were obtained and a large 3.2-kb portion of the genome was sequenced, encompassing the 3' end of the RNA polymerase, the capsid protein precursor and the minor capsid protein. Also, the complete genome sequence of one such strain, the 160/2015/ITA, was determined. Upon sequence analysis, the enteric viruses were found to be genetically heterogeneous and to differ from each other and from isolates of respiratory origin. The enteric isolates were found to be more resistant to low pH conditions, to trypsin and to bile treatment than respiratory isolates. Overall, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that some FCVs may acquire enteric tropism and eventually act as enteric pathogens. Whether this enteric tropism is maintained stably and whether it may affect, to some extent, the ability of the virus to trigger the classical and/or hypervirulent forms of disease should be assessed. Also, FCV should be included in the diagnostic algorithms of enteric diseases of cats to gain further information about FCV strains displaying enteric pathotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Irene Melegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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21
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Cubillos-Zapata C, Angulo I, Almanza H, Borrego B, Zamora-Ceballos M, Castón JR, Mena I, Blanco E, Bárcena J. Precise location of linear epitopes on the capsid surface of feline calicivirus recognized by neutralizing and non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Vet Res 2020; 51:59. [PMID: 32357948 PMCID: PMC7195702 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the generation, characterization and epitope mapping of a panel of 26 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the VP1 capsid protein of feline calicivirus (FCV). Two close but distinct linear epitopes were identified at the capsid outermost surface (P2 subdomain) of VP1, within the E5′HVR antigenic hypervariable region: one spanning amino acids 431-435 (PAGDY), highly conserved and recognized by non-neutralizing MAbs; and a second epitope spanning amino acids 445-451 (ITTANQY), highly variable and recognized by neutralizing MAbs. These antibodies might be valuable for diagnostic applications, as well as for further research in different aspects of the biology of FCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.,Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz Hospital, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Angulo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Horacio Almanza
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina y Psicología de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Belén Borrego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Bárcena
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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