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Cavina L, Bouma MJ, Gironés D, Feiters MC. Orthoflaviviral Inhibitors in Clinical Trials, Preclinical In Vivo Efficacy Targeting NS2B-NS3 and Cellular Antiviral Activity via Competitive Protease Inhibition. Molecules 2024; 29:4047. [PMID: 39274895 PMCID: PMC11396989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthoflaviviruses, including zika (ZIKV), West Nile (WNV), and dengue (DENV) virus, induce severely debilitating infections and contribute significantly to the global disease burden, yet no clinically approved antiviral treatments exist. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of small-molecule drug development targeting orthoflaviviral infections, with a focus on NS2B-NS3 inhibition. We systematically examined clinical trials, preclinical efficacy studies, and modes of action for various viral replication inhibitors, emphasizing allosteric and orthosteric drugs inhibiting NS2B-NS3 protease with in vivo efficacy and in vitro-tested competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitors with cellular efficacy. Our findings revealed that several compounds with in vivo preclinical efficacy failed to show clinical antiviral efficacy. NS3-NS4B inhibitors, such as JNJ-64281802 and EYU688, show promise, recently entering clinical trials, underscoring the importance of developing novel viral replication inhibitors targeting viral machinery. To date, the only NS2B-NS3 inhibitor that has undergone clinical trials is doxycycline, however, its mechanism of action and clinical efficacy as viral growth inhibitor require additional investigation. SYC-1307, an allosteric inhibitor, exhibits high in vivo efficacy, while temoporfin and methylene blue represent promising orthosteric non-competitive inhibitors. Compound 71, a competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitor, emerges as a leading preclinical candidate due to its high cellular antiviral efficacy, minimal cytotoxicity, and favorable in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters. Challenges remain in developing competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitors, including appropriate biochemical inhibition assays as well as the selectivity and conformational flexibility of the protease, complicating effective antiviral treatment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cavina
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Mathijs J. Bouma
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Gironés
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
- Protinhi Therapeutics, Transistorweg 5, 6534 AT Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Feiters
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
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2
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Li S, Li H, Lian R, Xie J, Feng R. New perspective of small-molecule antiviral drugs development for RNA viruses. Virology 2024; 594:110042. [PMID: 38492519 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
High variability and adaptability of RNA viruses allows them to spread between humans and animals, causing large-scale infectious diseases which seriously threat human and animal health and social development. At present, AIDS, viral hepatitis and other viral diseases with high incidence and low cure rate are still spreading around the world. The outbreaks of Ebola, Zika, dengue and in particular of the global pandemic of COVID-19 have presented serious challenges to the global public health system. The development of highly effective and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs is a substantial and urgent research subject to deal with the current RNA virus infection and the possible new viral infections in the future. In recent years, with the rapid development of modern disciplines such as artificial intelligence technology, bioinformatics, molecular biology, and structural biology, some new strategies and targets for antivirals development have emerged. Here we review the main strategies and new targets for developing small-molecule antiviral drugs against RNA viruses through the analysis of the new drug development progress against several highly pathogenic RNA viruses, to provide clues for development of future antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Ruiya Lian
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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3
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Kim YC, Reyes-Sandoval A. Advances in Alphavirus and Flavivirus Research. Viruses 2024; 16:882. [PMID: 38932175 PMCID: PMC11209397 DOI: 10.3390/v16060882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging viruses, primarily zoonotic or vector-borne, pose a persistent threat to public health and have led to outbreaks of global concern [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Kim
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n. Unidad Adolfo López Mateos, México City 07738, Mexico;
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4
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Borrego-Moreno JC, Cárdenas-de Luna MJ, Márquez-Castillo JC, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Osuna-Ramos JF, León-Juárez M, del Ángel RM, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Rivas-Santiago B, Farfan-Morales CN, García-Herrera AC, De Jesús-González LA. Acute Kidney Injury in the Context of COVID-19: An Analysis in Hospitalized Mexican Patients. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:458-471. [PMID: 38804444 PMCID: PMC11130795 DOI: 10.3390/idr16030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a considerable proportion of patients developed a severe condition that included respiratory failure, shock, or multiple organ dysfunction. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) has been recognized as a possible cause of severe COVID-19 development. Given this, this study investigates the occurrence and consequences of AKI in Mexican patients to contribute to better knowledge and management of this problem. Methods: Using a retrospective observational cohort methodology, we investigated 313 cases from a cohort of 1019 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at the IMSS Zacatecas General Hospital of Zone No. 1 in 2020. The prevalence of AKI was determined using the AKIN criteria based on serum creatinine levels and a detailed review of demographic characteristics, medical history, comorbidities, and clinical development. Results: The data showed a 25.30% prevalence of AKI among patients infected with severe COVID-19. Remarkably, these patients with AKI exhibited an advanced age (>65 years), arterial hypertension, a higher number of white blood cells during admission and the hospital stay, and elevated levels of C-reactive protein, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Clinically, patients with AKI had signs of prostration, pneumonia, and the requirement for ventilatory assistance when compared to those without AKI. Finally, those diagnosed with AKI and COVID-19 had a 74% death rate. Relative risk analyses indicated that age (>65 years), arterial hypertension, high creatinine levels, endotracheal intubation, and pneumonia are associated with the development of AKI. On the other hand, among the protective factors against AKI, high hemoglobin levels and the consumption of statins during COVID-19 were found. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the significance of promptly identifying and effectively managing AKI to potentially alleviate the negative consequences of this complication within the Mexican population during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Borrego-Moreno
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General de Zona # 1, Servicio de Epidemiologia, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico;
| | - María Julieta Cárdenas-de Luna
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Medicina Familiar # 1, Servicio de Medicina Familiar, Guadalupe, Zacatecas 98608, Mexico;
| | - José Carlos Márquez-Castillo
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Medicina Familiar # 57, Servicio de Medicina Familiar, Zacatecas 98085, Mexico;
| | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- División de Investigación en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional “Adolfo Ruiz Cortines”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Veracruz 91897, Mexico;
- Facultad de Medicina, Región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana (UV), Veracruz 91700, Mexico
| | | | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | - Rosa María del Ángel
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Carlos
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.)
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.)
| | - Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Cuaji-malpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico;
| | - Ana Cristina García-Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.)
| | - Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.)
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Normand C, Thieulent CJ, Fortier C, Sutton G, Senamaud-Beaufort C, Jourdren L, Blugeon C, Vidalain PO, Pronost S, Hue ES. A Screening Study Identified Decitabine as an Inhibitor of Equid Herpesvirus 4 That Enhances the Innate Antiviral Response. Viruses 2024; 16:746. [PMID: 38793627 PMCID: PMC11125953 DOI: 10.3390/v16050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is a common respiratory pathogen in horses. It sporadically induces abortion or neonatal death. Although its contribution in neurological disorders is not clearly demonstrated, there is a strong suspicion of its involvement. Despite preventive treatments using vaccines against EHV-1/EHV-4, the resurgence of alpha-EHV infection still constitutes an important threat to the horse industry. Yet very few studies have been conducted on the search for antiviral molecules against EHV-4. A screening of 42 antiviral compounds was performed in vitro on equine fibroblast cells infected with the EHV-4 405/76 reference strain (VR2230). The formation of cytopathic effects was monitored by real-time cell analysis (RTCA), and the viral load was quantified by quantitative PCR. Aciclovir, the most widely used antiviral against alpha-herpesviruses in vivo, does not appear to be effective against EHV-4 in vitro. Potential antiviral activities were confirmed for eight molecules (idoxuridine, vidarabine, pritelivir, cidofovir, valganciclovir, ganciclovir, aphidicolin, and decitabine). Decitabine demonstrates the highest efficacy against EHV-4 in vitro. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the up-regulation of various genes implicated in interferon (IFN) response, suggesting that decitabine triggers the immune antiviral pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Normand
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN BIOTARGEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Côme J. Thieulent
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN BIOTARGEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Lab, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Catherine Senamaud-Beaufort
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jourdren
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Team Viral Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN BIOTARGEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN BIOTARGEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
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Hosseini Hooshiar M, Badkoobeh A, Kolahdouz S, Tadayonfard A, Mozaffari A, Nasiri K, Salari S, Safaralizadeh R, Yasamineh S. The potential use of nanozymes as an antibacterial agents in oral infection, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:207. [PMID: 38664778 PMCID: PMC11044492 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that oral pathogenic biofilms cause persistent oral infections. Among these is periodontitis, a prevalent condition brought on by plaque biofilm. It can even result in tooth loss. Furthermore, the accumulation of germs around a dental implant may lead to peri-implantitis, which damages the surrounding bone and gum tissue. Furthermore, bacterial biofilm contamination on the implant causes soft tissue irritation and adjacent bone resorption, severely compromising dental health. On decontaminated implant surfaces, however, re-osseointegration cannot be induced by standard biofilm removal techniques such as mechanical cleaning and antiseptic treatment. A family of nanoparticles known as nanozymes (NZs) comprise highly catalytically active multivalent metal components. The most often employed NZs with antibacterial activity are those that have peroxidase (POD) activity, among other types of NZs. Since NZs are less expensive, more easily produced, and more stable than natural enzymes, they hold great promise for use in various applications, including treating microbial infections. NZs have significantly contributed to studying implant success rates and periodontal health maintenance in periodontics and implantology. An extensive analysis of the research on various NZs and their applications in managing oral health conditions, including dental caries, dental pulp disorders, oral ulcers, peri-implantitis, and bacterial infections of the mouth. To combat bacteria, this review concentrates on NZs that imitate the activity of enzymes in implantology and periodontology. With a view to the future, there are several ways that NZs might be used to treat dental disorders antibacterially.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashkan Badkoobeh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Shirin Kolahdouz
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azadeh Tadayonfard
- Postgraduate Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asieh Mozaffari
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Kamyar Nasiri
- Department of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Salari
- Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Restarative Dentistry, Department of Dental, Faculty Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Muzammil K, Hooshiar MH, Varmazyar S, Omar TM, Karim MM, Aadi S, Kalavi S, Yasamineh S. Potential use of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition and prevention method in viral infection. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:90. [PMID: 38528584 PMCID: PMC10962113 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular lipid membranes serve as the primary barrier preventing viral infection of the host cell and provide viruses with a critical initial point of contact. Occasionally, viruses can utilize lipids as viral receptors. Viruses depend significantly on lipid rafts for infection at virtually every stage of their life cycle. The pivotal role that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) plays in cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis, primarily by post-transcriptionally regulating hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and promoting its lysosomal degradation, has garnered increasing interest. Conversely, using therapeutic, fully humanized antibodies to block PCSK9 leads to a significant reduction in high LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved PCSK9 inhibitors, including inclisiran (Leqvio®), alirocumab (Praluent), and evolocumab (Repatha). At present, active immunization strategies targeting PCSK9 present a compelling substitute for passive immunization through the administration of antibodies. In addition to the current inquiry into the potential therapeutic application of PCSK9 inhibition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients for hyperlipidemia associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART), preclinical research suggests that PCSK9 may also play a role in inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Furthermore, PCSK9 inhibition has been suggested to protect against dengue virus (DENV) potentially and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses. Recent evidence regarding the impact of PCSK9 on a variety of viral infections, including HCV, HIV, DENV, and SARS-CoV-2, is examined in this article. As a result, PCSK9 inhibitors and vaccines may serve as viable host therapies for viral infections, as our research indicates that PCSK9 is significantly involved in the pathogenesis of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushait Campus, Abha, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shirin Varmazyar
- Department of Medicine, Shahroud Islamic azad university of medical sciences, Sharoud, Iran
| | - Thabit Moath Omar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Manal Morad Karim
- Collage of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, 64001, Iraq
| | - Sadeq Aadi
- College of Dentistry, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Shaylan Kalavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, faculty of pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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De Jesús-González LA, del Ángel RM, Palacios-Rápalo SN, Cordero-Rivera CD, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Trujillo-Paez JV, Farfan-Morales CN, Osuna-Ramos JF, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Rivas-Santiago B, León-Juárez M, García-Herrera AC, Ramos-Cortes AC, López-Gándara EA, Martínez-Rodríguez E. A Dual Pharmacological Strategy against COVID-19: The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin and Atorvastatin. Microorganisms 2024; 12:383. [PMID: 38399787 PMCID: PMC10893401 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MET) and atorvastatin (ATO) are promising treatments for COVID-19. This review explores the potential of MET and ATO, commonly prescribed for diabetes and dyslipidemia, respectively, as versatile medicines against SARS-CoV-2. Due to their immunomodulatory and antiviral capabilities, as well as their cost-effectiveness and ubiquitous availability, they are highly suitable options for treating the virus. MET's effect extends beyond managing blood sugar, impacting pathways that can potentially decrease the severity and fatality rates linked with COVID-19. It can partially block mitochondrial complex I and stimulate AMPK, which indicates that it can be used more widely in managing viral infections. ATO, however, impacts cholesterol metabolism, a crucial element of the viral replicative cycle, and demonstrates anti-inflammatory characteristics that could modulate intense immune reactions in individuals with COVID-19. Retrospective investigations and clinical trials show decreased hospitalizations, severity, and mortality rates in patients receiving these medications. Nevertheless, the journey from observing something to applying it in a therapeutic setting is intricate, and the inherent diversity of the data necessitates carefully executed, forward-looking clinical trials. This review highlights the requirement for efficacious, easily obtainable, and secure COVID-19 therapeutics and identifies MET and ATO as promising treatments in this worldwide health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.V.T.-P.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.); (A.C.R.-C.); (E.A.L.-G.); (E.M.-R.)
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (S.N.P.-R.); (C.D.C.-R.)
| | - Rosa María del Ángel
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (S.N.P.-R.); (C.D.C.-R.)
| | - Selvin Noé Palacios-Rápalo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (S.N.P.-R.); (C.D.C.-R.)
| | - Carlos Daniel Cordero-Rivera
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (S.N.P.-R.); (C.D.C.-R.)
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Carlos
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.V.T.-P.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.); (A.C.R.-C.); (E.A.L.-G.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Juan Valentin Trujillo-Paez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.V.T.-P.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.); (A.C.R.-C.); (E.A.L.-G.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05348, Mexico;
| | | | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- División de Investigación en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional “Adolfo Ruiz Cortines”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Veracruz 91897, Mexico;
- Facultad de Medicina, Región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana (UV), Veracruz 91700, Mexico
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.V.T.-P.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.); (A.C.R.-C.); (E.A.L.-G.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico;
| | - Ana Cristina García-Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.V.T.-P.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.); (A.C.R.-C.); (E.A.L.-G.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Adriana Clara Ramos-Cortes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.V.T.-P.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.); (A.C.R.-C.); (E.A.L.-G.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Erika Alejandra López-Gándara
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.V.T.-P.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.); (A.C.R.-C.); (E.A.L.-G.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Estefanía Martínez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.V.T.-P.); (B.R.-S.); (A.C.G.-H.); (A.C.R.-C.); (E.A.L.-G.); (E.M.-R.)
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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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