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Zhao Y, Chen P, Hu Y, Liu J, Jiang Y, Zeng X, Deng G, Shi J, Li Y, Tian G, Liu J, Chen H. Recombinant duck enteritis virus bearing the hemagglutinin genes of H5 and H7 influenza viruses is an ideal multivalent live vaccine in ducks. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2284301. [PMID: 37966272 PMCID: PMC10769552 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2284301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the fact that many avian influenza viruses that kill chickens are not lethal to ducks, farmers are reluctant to use avian influenza inactivated vaccines on ducks. Large numbers of unvaccinated ducks play an important role in the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to domestic poultry, creating a substantial challenge to vaccination strategies for avian influenza control. To solve this problem, we constructed a recombinant duck enteritis virus (DEV), rDEV-dH5/H7, using a live attenuated DEV vaccine strain (vDEV) as a vector. rDEV-dH5/H7 carries the hemagglutinin gene of two H5 viruses [GZ/S4184/17 (H5N6) (clade 2.3.4.4 h) and LN/SD007/17 (H5N1) (clade 2.3.2.1d)] and an H7 virus [GX/SD098/17 (H7N9)]. These three hemagglutinin genes were stably inherited in rDEV-dH5/H7 and expressed in rDEV-dH5/H7-infected cells. Animal studies revealed that rDEV-dH5/H7 and vDEV induced similar neutralizing antibody responses and protection against lethal DEV challenge. Importantly, rDEV-dH5/H7 induced strong and long-lasting hemagglutinin inhibition antibodies against different H5 and H7 viruses and provided complete protection against challenges with homologous and heterologous highly pathogenic H5 and H7 influenza viruses in ducks. Our study shows that rDEV-dH5/H7 could serve as an ideal live attenuated vaccine to protect ducks against infection with lethal DEV and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pucheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Islam A, Amin E, Munro S, Hossain ME, Islam S, Hassan MM, Al Mamun A, Samad MA, Shirin T, Rahman MZ, Epstein JH. Potential risk zones and climatic factors influencing the occurrence and persistence of avian influenza viruses in the environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh. One Health 2023; 17:100644. [PMID: 38024265 PMCID: PMC10665157 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) are critical for poultry trade in many developing countries that are regarded as hotspots for the prevalence and contamination of avian influenza viruses (AIV). Therefore, we conducted weekly longitudinal environmental surveillance in LBMs to determine annual cyclic patterns of AIV subtypes, environmental risk zones, and the role of climatic factors on the AIV presence and persistence in the environment of LBM in Bangladesh. From January 2018 to March 2020, we collected weekly fecal and offal swab samples from each LBM and tested using rRT-PCR for the M gene and subtyped for H5, H7, and H9. We used Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) approaches to account for repeated observations over time to correlate the AIV prevalence and potential risk factors and the negative binomial and Poisson model to investigate the role of climatic factors on environmental contamination of AIV at the LBM. Over the study period, 37.8% of samples tested AIV positive, 18.8% for A/H5, and A/H9 was, for 15.4%. We found the circulation of H5, H9, and co-circulation of H5 and H9 in the environmental surfaces year-round. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model reveals a distinct seasonal pattern in transmitting AIV and H5. Specifically, certain summer months exhibited a substantial reduction of risk up to 70-90% and 93-94% for AIV and H5 contamination, respectively. The slaughtering zone showed a significantly higher risk of contamination with H5, with a three-fold increase in risk compared to bird-holding zones. From the negative binomial model, we found that climatic factors like temperature and relative humidity were also significantly associated with weekly AIV circulation. An increase in temperature and relative humidity decreases the risk of AIV circulation. Our study underscores the significance of longitudinal environmental surveillance for identifying potential risk zones to detect H5 and H9 virus co-circulation and seasonal transmission, as well as the imperative for immediate interventions to reduce AIV at LBMs in Bangladesh. We recommend adopting a One Health approach to integrated AIV surveillance across animal, human, and environmental interfaces in order to prevent the epidemic and pandemic of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emama Amin
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR), Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR), Bangladesh
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Kammon A, Doghman M, Eldaghayes I. Surveillance of the spread of avian influenza virus type A in live bird markets in Tripoli, Libya, and determination of the associated risk factors. Vet World 2022; 15:1684-1690. [PMID: 36185527 PMCID: PMC9394145 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1684-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Studies on avian influenza virus (AIV) in Libya are few and limited. This study aimed to determine the presence of AIV in live bird markets (LBMs) in Tripoli and determine the risk factors associated with AIV spread.
Materials and Methods: In total, 269 cloacal swabs were randomly collected from different bird species in 9 LBMs located in Tripoli and its surrounding regions. The target species were ducks, geese, local chickens, Australian chickens, Brahma chickens, turkeys, pigeons, quails, peacock broiler chicks, and pet birds. Total RNA was extracted from the swab samples and used for real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect AIV type A.
Results: Of the 269 samples, 28 (10.41% of total samples) were positive for AIV type A. The LBMs with positive samples were Souq Aljumaa, Souq Alkhamees, Souq Althulatha, and Souq Tajoura. The highest percentage (35.71%) of AIV was recorded in Souq Aljumaa. Positive results for AIV type A were obtained primarily in three species of birds: Ducks (14/65; highest percentage: 21.5%), local chickens (12/98; 12.24%), and geese (2/28; 7.14%). Furthermore, the following three risk factors associated with the spread of AIV type A were identified: Time spent by breeders/vendors at the market (odds ratio [OR] = 11.181; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.827–32.669), methods used for disposing dead birds (OR = 2.356; 95% CI = 1.005–5.521), and last visited LBM (OR = 0.740; 95% CI = 0.580–0.944). Restricting the movement of poultry vendors from one market to another may protect against AIV spread.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the high risk of AIV spread in LBMs and highlight the need for continuous surveillance of LBMs across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahab Kammon
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases, Alzintan, Libya
| | - Mosbah Doghman
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ibrahim Eldaghayes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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Kang YM, Cho HK, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Park SJ, Kim DY, Kim SY, Park JW, Lee MH, Kim MC, Kang HM. Single dose of multi-clade virus-like particle vaccine protects chickens against clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13786. [PMID: 34215796 PMCID: PMC8253753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are recognized as an alternative vaccine platform that provide effective protection against various highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). Here, we developed multi-clade VLPs expressing two HAs (a chimera of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4c HA) within a single vector. We then compared its protective efficacy with that of a monovalent VLP and evaluated its potency against each homologous strain. Chickens vaccinated with the multi-clade VLP shed less virus and were better protected against challenge than birds receiving monovalent vaccines. Single vaccination with a multi-clade VLP resulted in 100% survival, with no clinical symptoms and high levels of pre-challenge protective immunity (7.6–8.5 log2). Moreover, the multi-clade VLP showed high productivity (128–256 HAU) both in the laboratory and on a large scale, making it cheaper than whole inactivated vaccines produced in eggs. However, the PD50 (protective dose 50%) of the multi-clade VLP against clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4c was < 50 PD50 (28 and 42 PD50, respectively), and effective antibody response was maintained for 2–3 months. This multi-clade VLP protects against both clades of HPAI viruses and can be produced in high amounts at low cost. Thus, the vaccine has potential as a pandemic preparedness vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hun Kim
- Komipharm Institute, 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15094, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Komipharm Institute, 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15094, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jeong Park
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yup Kim
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Komipharm Institute, 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15094, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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El Zowalaty ME, DeBeauchmp J, Jeevan T, Franks J, Friedman K, Pretorius R, Young SG, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Molecular detection of influenza A viruses and H5 subtype among migratory Amur falcons (Falco amurensis) and captive birds of prey. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:369-377. [PMID: 33428819 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) are major human and animal health threats with geographic differences in prevalence, characteristics and host populations. Currently, there is sparse information on IAVs and NDVs in avian species in South Africa. Because raptors feed on live wild birds which are the reservoir hosts of IAVs and NDVs, we considered them a good sentinel for surveillance. Therefore, in addition to other resident birds of prey, migratory Amur falcons (Falco amurensis) were screened for IAVs and NDVs. Oropharyngeal and cloacal samples were collected from raptor species at three sampling sites in KwaZulu-Natal Province and samples were screened for IAVs and NDVs using molecular and virus isolation methods. IAV-positive samples were further screened for the presence of H5, H7 and H9 viruses. A total of 14 samples from 11 birds (45.8% of all sampled birds) were IAV positive with Ct lower than 36 in duplicate tests. Five out of 24 birds (20.8%) were positive for IAV RNA in duplicate testing, albeit at low concentrations. Among raptor samples, three out of 24 birds (12.5%) were positive for IAVs with viral RNA detected in both cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs. One IAV-positive sample was also positive for H5 subtype (4.1%); all other samples were H5, H7 and H9 negative. Besides, all samples were NDV negative. Overall, our results support the development of more intensive and expanded influenza and other emerging virus studies in raptor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchmp
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Franks
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly Friedman
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Sean G Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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A Review of Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Synanthropic Birds. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111209. [PMID: 33114239 PMCID: PMC7690888 DOI: 10.3390/v12111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. In this review, we focus on what is known about IAV dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking IAVs to poultry operations. Specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. Synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, such as agricultural and urban areas. Aquatic birds such as waterfowl and shorebirds are the species most commonly associated with avian IAVs, and are generally considered the reservoir or maintenance hosts in the natural ecology of these viruses. Waterfowl and shorebirds are occasionally associated with poultry facilities, but are uncommon or absent in many areas, especially large commercial operations. In these cases, spillover hosts that share resources with both maintenance hosts and target hosts such as poultry may play an important role in introducing wild bird viruses onto farms. Consequently, our focus here is on what is known about IAV dynamics in synanthropic hosts that are commonly found on both farms and in nearby habitats, such as fields, lakes, wetlands, or riparian areas occupied by waterfowl or shorebirds.
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Uno Y, Soda K, Tomioka Y, Ito T, Usui T, Yamaguchi T. Pathogenicity of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in American kestrel ( Falco sparverius). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:515-525. [PMID: 32619103 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1787337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Birds of prey, including endangered species, have been infected with H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in several countries. In this present study, we assessed the pathogenicity of the clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAIV in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with a view to preventing future outbreaks in raptors. The kestrels were intranasally inoculated with the virus or fed the meat of chicks that had died from viral infection. Kestrels in both groups initially had reduced food intake, showed clinical signs such as depression and neurologic manifestations, and succumbed to the infection within 6 days. The kestrels primarily shed the virus orally from 1 day post-inoculation until death, with an average titre of 104.5-5.7 EID50/ml, which is comparable to the inoculum titre. The viruses replicated in almost all tested tissues; notably, the feather calamuses also contained infectious virions and/or viral genes. Pancreatic lesions were present in several infected birds, as shown in previous cases of HPAIV infection in raptors. These results indicate that kestrels are highly susceptible to infection by clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIVs, which readily occurs through the consumption of infected bird carcasses. Early detection and removal of HPAIV infected carcasses in the field is essential for preventing outbreaks in raptors. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIV caused lethal infection in American kestrels. Kestrels with the HPAIV showed neurologic signs and eye disorders. The HPAIV replicated in systemic tissues of kestrels, and was orally shed. The HPAIV was recovered from feather calamus of kestrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Uno
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Protection of layers and breeders against homologous or heterologous HPAIv by vaccines from Korean national antigen bank. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9436. [PMID: 32523096 PMCID: PMC7287076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean government has selected and stocked five type antigens of two clades as Korean national antigen bank having high possibility of introduction to Korea. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4c H5Nx vaccines from the Korean avian influenza (AI) national antigen bank for emergency preparedness for their potency and protective efficacy against lethal homologous and heterologous viruses in layer and breeder chickens practically. The PD50 (dose of vaccine that protects 50% of chickens from viral challenge) of all vaccinated groups was >50, which was satisfied with minimum antigen requirement of OIE, and the PD50 levels of the two vaccines differed depending on strain and chicken breed. In homologous challenge, all vaccinated groups exhibited 100% survival with no clinical symptoms and high levels of pre-challenge protective immunity (7.2–8.5 log2), although they did not completely prevent virus shedding. On the other hand, against heterologous virus challenge, vaccinated animals exhibited 62.5–80% survival with lower antibody titers (2.3–3.4 log2) and a longer period of virus shedding (14 days post infection [dpi]). Our results suggest that the clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4c H5Nx vaccines are good candidates for emergency vaccination of commercial chickens and support the idea that close genetic matching between vaccine and challenge virus provides the best protection.
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The Pattern of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in South Asia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040138. [PMID: 31783701 PMCID: PMC6958390 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has caused severe illnesses in poultry and in humans. More than 15,000 outbreaks in domestic birds from 2005 to 2018 and 861 human cases from 2003 to 2019 were reported across the world to OIE (Office International des Epizooties) and WHO (World Health Organization), respectively. We reviewed and summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of HPAI outbreaks in South Asia. During January 2006 to June 2019, a total of 1063 H5N1 outbreaks in birds and 12 human cases for H5N1 infection were reported to OIE and WHO, respectively. H5N1 outbreaks were detected more in the winter season than the summer season (RR 5.11, 95% CI: 4.28-6.1). Commercial poultry were three times more likely to be infected with H5N1 than backyard poultry (RR 3.47, 95% CI: 2.99-4.01). The highest number of H5N1 outbreaks was reported in 2008, and the smallest numbers were reported in 2014 and 2015. Multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses and multiple clades of H5N1 virus were detected. Early detection and reporting of HPAI viruses are needed to control and eliminate HPAI in South Asia.
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Park SC, Song BM, Lee YN, Lee EK, Heo GB, Kye SJ, Lee KH, Bae YC, Lee YJ, Kim B. Pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in three chicken breeds from South Korea in 2016/2017. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e27. [PMID: 31161745 PMCID: PMC6538517 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emerged in Korea. During the outbreak, the virus caused the largest culling, especially in brown chicken lines. We determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus in 2 white chicken lines of the specific pathogen-free chickens, broilers and brown chicken line of Korean native chicken (KNC). A KNC had a longer virus shedding period and longer mean death time than others. Our study showed that this characteristic in the KNC might have contributed to a farm-to-farm transmission of the brown chicken farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Chan Park
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Byung Min Song
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Yu Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Gyeong Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Kye
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - You Chan Bae
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Youn Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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Jang JW, Lee CY, Kim IH, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Yuk SS, Lee JH, Song CS, Kim JH, Kwon HJ. Optimized clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 recombinant-vaccine strains against highly pathogenic avian influenza. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:299-306. [PMID: 28859269 PMCID: PMC5583417 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8)-derived recombinant viruses have been used for seasonal flu vaccines; however, they are insufficient for vaccines against some human-fatal H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (HPAIV) due to low productivity. Additionally, the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) protein, an important mammalian-pathogenicity determinant, of PR8 possesses several mammalian-pathogenic mutations. We previously reported two avian PB2 genes (01310 and 0028) related to efficient replication in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and nonpathogenicity in BALB/c mice. In this study, we generated PR8-derived H5N1 recombinant viruses harboring hemagglutinin (attenuated) and neuraminidase genes of a clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 HPAIV (K10-483), as well as the 01310 or 0028 PB2 genes, and investigated their replication and immunogenicity. Compared with a control virus harboring six internal PR8 genes (rK10-483), the recombinant viruses possessing the 01310 and 0028 PB2 genes showed significantly higher replication efficiency in ECEs and higher antibody titers in chickens. In contrast to rK10-483, none of the viruses replicated in BALB/c mice, and all showed low titers in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Additionally, the recombinant viruses did not induce a neutralization antibody but elicited decreased protective immune responses against K10-483 in mice. Thus, the highly replicative and mammalian nonpathogenic recombinant H5N1 strains might be promising vaccine candidates against HPAI in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wook Jang
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Laboratory of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Poultry Production Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
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12
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Lee DH, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Park JK, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW, Song CS. Pathogenicity of the Korean H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in commercial domestic poultry species. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:208-11. [PMID: 26814367 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1142502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N8 triggered outbreaks in wild birds and poultry farms in South Korea. In the present study, we investigated the pathogenicity of the H5N8 HPAI virus, belonging to the clade 2.3.4.4, in different species of poultry. For this, we examined clinical signs and viral shedding levels following intranasal inoculation of the virus in 3-week-old commercial layer chickens and quails, 10-week-old Korean native chickens, and 8-week-old Muscovy ducks. Intranasal inoculation with 10(6.0) viruses at 50% egg-infective dose resulted in 100% mortality in the layer chickens (8/8) and quails (4/4), but 60% and 0% deaths in the Korean native chickens (3/5) and Muscovy ducks (0/4), respectively. In addition, transmission of the inoculated virus to contact-exposed birds was evident in all the species used in this study. Based on our results, we conclude that the H5N8 HPAI virus has lower pathogenicity and transmissibility in poultry species compared with previously reported H5N1 HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim S, Park MY, Kim HJ, Shin JY, Ko KY, Kim DG, Kim M, Kang HG, So B, Park SW. Analysis of Insecticides in Dead Wild Birds in Korea from 2010 to 2013. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:25-30. [PMID: 26573839 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wild birds are exposed to insecticides in a variety of ways, at different dose levels and via multiple routes, including ingestion of contaminated food items, and dermal, inhalation, preening, and embryonic exposure. Most poisoning by insecticides occurs as a result of misuse or accidental exposure, but intentional killing of unwanted animals also occurs. In this study, we investigated insecticides in the gastric contents of dead wild birds that were suspected to have died from insecticide poisoning based on necropsy. The wild birds were found dead in various regions and locations such as in mountains, and agricultural and urban areas. A total of 182 dead wild birds of 27 species were analyzed in this study, and insecticide residue levels were determined in 60.4% of the total samples analyzed. Monocrotophos and phosphamidon were the most common insecticides identified at rates of 50.0% and 30.7% of the insecticide-positive samples, respectively. Other insecticides identified in dead wild birds included organophosphorous, organochlorine and carbamate insecticides. However, there was limited evidence to conclusively establish the cause of death related to insecticides in this study. Nevertheless, considering the level of insecticide exposure, it is speculated that the exposure was mainly a result of accidental or intentional killing, and not from environmental residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohee Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yuk Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - MeeKyung Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Goo Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - ByungJae So
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Song BM, Kang HM, Lee EK, Jung SC, Kim MC, Lee YN, Kang SM, Lee YJ. Supplemented vaccination with tandem repeat M2e virus-like particles enhances protection against homologous and heterologous HPAI H5 viruses in chickens. Vaccine 2015; 34:678-686. [PMID: 26691568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses derived from A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 have been continuously circulating globally, severely affecting the public health and poultry industries. The matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) is considered a promising candidate for a universal cross-protective influenza vaccine that provides more effective control over HPAI H5 viruses harboring variant hemagglutinin (HA)-antigens. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a tandem repeat construct of heterologous M2e presented on virus-like particles (M2e5x VLPs) either alone or as a supplement against HPAI H5 viruses in a chicken model. Chickens immunized with M2e5x VLPs alone induced M2e-specific antibodies but were not protected against HPAI H5. The homo- and cross-protective efficacy of M2e5x VLP-supplemented vaccination of chickens was also examined. Importantly, supplementation with M2e5x VLPs induced significantly higher levels of antibodies specific for M2e and different viruses as well as provided improved protection against homologous and heterologous HPAI H5 viruses. Considering the limited efficacy of inactivated vaccines, supplement vaccination with M2e5x VLPs may be an effective measure for preventing outbreaks of HPAI viruses that have the ability to constantly change their antigenic properties in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Min Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chan Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
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15
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ElMasry I, Elshiekh H, Abdlenabi A, Saad A, Arafa A, Fasina FO, Lubroth J, Jobre YM. Avian Influenza H5N1 Surveillance and its Dynamics in Poultry in Live Bird Markets, Egypt. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:805-814. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. ElMasry
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Giza Egypt
| | - H. Elshiekh
- General Organizations for Veterinary Services Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Giza Egypt
| | - A. Abdlenabi
- General Organizations for Veterinary Services Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Giza Egypt
| | - A. Saad
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Giza Egypt
| | - A. Arafa
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Giza Egypt
| | - F. O. Fasina
- Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort Pretoria South Africa
| | - J. Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Rome Italy
| | - Y. M. Jobre
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Giza Egypt
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16
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Bae YJ, Lee SB, Min KC, Mo JS, Jeon EO, Koo BS, Kwon HI, Choi YK, Kim JJ, Kim JN, Mo IP. Pathological Evaluation of Natural Cases of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus, Subtype H5N8, in Broiler Breeders and Commercial Layers in South Korea. Avian Dis 2015; 59:175-82. [PMID: 26292555 DOI: 10.1637/10921-081914-case] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H5N8, were observed in two different flocks of local broiler breeder farms and a commercial layer farm in South Korea. Clinically, the cases were characterized by a gradual increase in mortality, slow transmission, and unrecognizable clinical signs of HPAI. Gross observations in both cases included hemorrhagic or necrotic lesions in internal organs, such as serosal and mucosal membranes, spleen, and pancreas. Both cases exhibited similar histopathologic lesions, including multifocal malacia in the brain and multifocal or diffuse necrosis in the spleen and pancreas. Immunohistochemical results indicated that neurons and glial cells in the brain, myocytes in the heart, acinar cells in the pancreas, and mononuclear phagocytic cells in several visceral organs were immunopositive for avian influenza viral antigen. To experimentally reproduce the low pathogenicity and the mortality observed in these two cases, 18 specific-pathogen-free chickens and 18 commercial layers were divided into an H5N8 virus-inoculated group and a contact-exposed group. The mortality of the chickens in the inoculation group was 50%-100%, whereas the mean time to death was delayed or death did not occur in the contact-exposed group. The distributions of the viral antigens and histopathologic lesions in the experimental study were similar to those observed in the field cases. These findings suggest that the H5N8 virus induces a different pattern of pathobiology, including slow transmission and low mortality, compared with that of other HPAI viruses. This is the first pathologic description of natural cases of H5N8 in South Korea, and it may be helpful in understanding the pathobiology of novel H5N8 HPAI viruses.
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17
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Haider N, Sturm-Ramirez K, Khan SU, Rahman MZ, Sarkar S, Poh MK, Shivaprasad HL, Kalam MA, Paul SK, Karmakar PC, Balish A, Chakraborty A, Mamun AA, Mikolon AB, Davis CT, Rahman M, Donis RO, Heffelfinger JD, Luby SP, Zeidner N. Unusually High Mortality in Waterfowl Caused by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:144-156. [PMID: 25892457 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mortality in ducks and geese caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) infection had not been previously identified in Bangladesh. In June-July 2011, we investigated mortality in ducks, geese and chickens with suspected H5N1 infection in a north-eastern district of the country to identify the aetiologic agent and extent of the outbreak and identify possible associated human infections. We surveyed households and farms with affected poultry flocks in six villages in Netrokona district and collected cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs from sick birds and tissue samples from dead poultry. We conducted a survey in three of these villages to identify suspected human influenza-like illness cases and collected nasopharyngeal and throat swabs. We tested all swabs by real-time RT-PCR, sequenced cultured viruses, and examined tissue samples by histopathology and immunohistochemistry to detect and characterize influenza virus infection. In the six villages, among the 240 surveyed households and 11 small-scale farms, 61% (1789/2930) of chickens, 47% (4816/10 184) of ducks and 73% (358/493) of geese died within 14 days preceding the investigation. Of 70 sick poultry swabbed, 80% (56/70) had detectable RNA for influenza A/H5, including 89% (49/55) of ducks, 40% (2/5) of geese and 50% (5/10) of chickens. We isolated virus from six of 25 samples; sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene of these six isolates indicated clade 2.3.2.1a of H5N1 virus. Histopathological changes and immunohistochemistry staining of avian influenza viral antigens were recognized in the brain, pancreas and intestines of ducks and chickens. We identified ten human cases showing signs compatible with influenza-like illness; four were positive for influenza A/H3; however, none were positive for influenza A/H5. The recently introduced H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1a virus caused unusually high mortality in ducks and geese. Heightened surveillance in poultry is warranted to guide appropriate diagnostic testing and detect novel influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Haider
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Section for Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Sturm-Ramirez
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S U Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Z Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S Sarkar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M K Poh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - M A Kalam
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S K Paul
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - P C Karmakar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A Balish
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Chakraborty
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A A Mamun
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A B Mikolon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - C T Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Diseases Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R O Donis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J D Heffelfinger
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S P Luby
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - N Zeidner
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Rhyoo MY, Lee KH, Moon OK, Park WH, Bae YC, Jung JY, Yoon SS, Kim HR, Lee MH, Lee EJ, Ki MR, Jeong KS. Analysis of signs and pathology of H5N1-infected ducks from the 2010-2011 Korean highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak suggests the influence of age and management practices on severity of disease. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:175-81. [PMID: 25703639 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1021295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We compared the clinical signs, histopathological lesions and distribution of viral antigens among infected young (meat-type) and older (breeder) ducks that were naturally infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus during the 2010-2011 Korean outbreak. The meat-type ducks had a high mortality rate (30%) and showed severe neurological signs such as head tremors and paresis. In contrast, HPAI-infected breeder ducks had minimal clinical signs but a decreased egg production rate. The histopathological characteristics of infected meat-type ducks included necrotic lesions of heart and brain, which may have primarily contributed to the high mortality rate. In contrast, the breeder ducks only presented necrotic splenitis, and viral antigens were only detected in the trachea, lungs and spleen. Younger ducks had a high viral titre in the organs, high levels of viral shedding and a high mortality rate after experimental HPAI virus infection. Compared to the breeder ducks, the meat-type ducks were raised in smaller farms that had poor quarantine and breeding facilities. It is therefore possible that better biosecurity in the breeder farms could have reduced the infection dose and subsequently the severity of the disease. Thus, age and management may be the influencing factors for HPAI susceptibility in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Young Rhyoo
- a Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) , Anyang , Republic of Korea
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19
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Kang HM, Lee EK, Song BM, Jeong J, Choi JG, Jeong J, Moon OK, Yoon H, Cho Y, Kang YM, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Novel reassortant influenza A(H5N8) viruses among inoculated domestic and wild ducks, South Korea, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:298-304. [PMID: 25625281 PMCID: PMC4313655 DOI: 10.3201/eid2102.141268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, caused by a novel reassortant influenza A (H5N8) virus, occurred among poultry and wild birds in South Korea in 2014. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis in and mode of transmission of this virus among domestic and wild ducks. Three of the viruses had similar pathogenicity among infected domestic ducks: the H5N8 viruses were moderately pathogenic (0%-20% mortality rate); in wild mallard ducks, the H5N8 and H5N1 viruses did not cause severe illness or death; viral replication and shedding were greater in H5N8-infected mallards than in H5N1-infected mallards. Identification of H5N8 viruses in birds exposed to infected domestic ducks and mallards indicated that the viruses could spread by contact. We propose active surveillance to support prevention of the spread of this virus among wild birds and poultry, especially domestic ducks.
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20
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Ren Z, Ji X, Meng L, Wei Y, Wang T, Feng N, Zheng X, Wang H, Li N, Gao X, Jin H, Zhao Y, Yang S, Qin C, Gao Y, Xia X. H5N1 influenza virus-like particle vaccine protects mice from heterologous virus challenge better than whole inactivated virus. Virus Res 2015; 200:9-18. [PMID: 25599603 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has become highly enzootic since 2003 and has dynamically evolved to undergo substantial evolution. Clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4 have become the most dominant lineage in recent years, and H5N8 avian influenza outbreaks have been reported Asia. The current approach to generate influenza virus vaccines uses embryonated chicken eggs for large-scale production, although such vaccines have been poorly immunogenic to heterologous virus challenge. In the current study, virus-like particles (VLP) based on A/meerkat/Shanghai/SH-1/2012 (clade 2.3.2.1) and comprising hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M1) were produced using a baculovirus expression system to develop effective protection for different H5 HPAI clade challenges. Mice immunized with VLP demonstrated stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than mice immunized with whole influenza virus (WIV), with 20-fold higher IgG antibody titers against A/meerkat/Shanghai/SH-1/2012 after boost. Notably, the WIV vaccine group showed partial protection (80% survival) to homologous challenge, little protection (40% survival) to heterologous challenge, and 20% survival to H5N8 challenge, whereas all mice in the VLP+CFA group survived. These results provide insight for the development of effective prophylactic vaccines based on VLPs with cross-clade protection for the control of current H5 HPAI outbreaks in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chick Embryo
- Cross Protection
- Female
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Ren
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xianliang Ji
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; College of veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot, China
| | - Lingnan Meng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yurong Wei
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Changchun SR Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
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21
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Song BM, Kang HM, Lee EK, Jung J, Kang Y, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Pathogenicity of H5N8 virus in chickens from Korea in 2014. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:237-40. [PMID: 25549219 PMCID: PMC4483509 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.2.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, two genetically distinct H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses were isolated from poultry and wild birds in Korea. The intravenous pathogenicity indices for the two representative viruses were both 3.0. Mortality of chickens intranasally inoculated with the two H5N8 viruses was 100% with a mean death times of 2.5 and 4.5 days. Mortality rates of the contact groups for the two H5N8 viruses were 33.3% and 66.6%. Our study showed that transmissibility of the novel H5N8 viruses was different from that of previously identified H5N1 HPAI viruses, possibly due to genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Min Song
- Division of Avian Diseases, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
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22
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Gerloff NA, Khan SU, Balish A, Shanta IS, Simpson N, Berman L, Haider N, Poh MK, Islam A, Gurley E, Hasnat MA, Dey T, Shu B, Emery S, Lindstrom S, Haque A, Klimov A, Villanueva J, Rahman M, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Ziaur Rahman M, Luby SP, Zeidner N, Donis RO, Sturm-Ramirez K, Davis CT. Multiple reassortment events among highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses detected in Bangladesh. Virology 2014; 450-451:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Lee BJ, Lee SH, Song MS, Pascua PNQ, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Decano A, Kim SM, Lim GJ, Kim DJ, Chang KT, Kim SH, Choi YK. Adjuvant efficacy of mOMV against avian influenza virus infection in mice. J Microbiol 2013; 51:682-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Xu L, Bao L, Yuan J, Li F, Lv Q, Deng W, Xu Y, Yao Y, Yu P, Chen H, Yuen KY, Qin C. Antigenicity and transmissibility of a novel clade 2.3.2.1 avian influenza H5N1 virus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2616-2626. [PMID: 24077367 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.057778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic variant of the H5N1 influenza virus, termed subclade 2.3.2.1, was first identified in Bulgaria in 2010 and has subsequently been found in Vietnam and Laos. Several cases of human infections with this virus have been identified. Thus, it is important to understand the antigenic properties and transmissibility of this variant. Our results showed that, although it is phylogenetically closely related to other previously characterized clade 2.3 viruses, this novel 2.3.2.1 variant exhibited distinct antigenic properties and showed little cross-reactivity to sera raised against other H5N1 viruses. Like other H5N1 viruses, this variant bound preferentially to avian-type receptors, but contained substitutions at positions 190 and 158 of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein that have been postulated to facilitate HA binding to human-type receptors and to enhance viral transmissibility among mammals, respectively. However, this virus did not appear to have acquired the capacity for airborne transmission between ferrets. These findings highlight the challenges in selecting vaccine candidates for H5N1 influenza because these viruses continue to evolve rapidly in the field. It is important to note that some variants have obtained mutations that may gain transmissibility between model animals, and close surveillance of H5N1 viruses in poultry is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Linlin Bao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Fengdi Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yanfeng Yao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Pin Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Animal Models of Human Diseases, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, China
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