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The Unique, the Known, and the Unknown of Spumaretrovirus Assembly. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010105. [PMID: 33451128 PMCID: PMC7828637 DOI: 10.3390/v13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the family of Retroviridae, foamy viruses (FVs) are unique and unconventional with respect to many aspects in their molecular biology, including assembly and release of enveloped viral particles. Both components of the minimal assembly and release machinery, Gag and Env, display significant differences in their molecular structures and functions compared to the other retroviruses. This led to the placement of FVs into a separate subfamily, the Spumaretrovirinae. Here, we describe the molecular differences in FV Gag and Env, as well as Pol, which is translated as a separate protein and not in an orthoretroviral manner as a Gag-Pol fusion protein. This feature further complicates FV assembly since a specialized Pol encapsidation strategy via a tripartite Gag-genome–Pol complex is used. We try to relate the different features and specific interaction patterns of the FV Gag, Pol, and Env proteins in order to develop a comprehensive and dynamic picture of particle assembly and release, but also other features that are indirectly affected. Since FVs are at the root of the retrovirus tree, we aim at dissecting the unique/specialized features from those shared among the Spuma- and Orthoretrovirinae. Such analyses may shed light on the evolution and characteristics of virus envelopment since related viruses within the Ortervirales, for instance LTR retrotransposons, are characterized by different levels of envelopment, thus affecting the capacity for intercellular transmission.
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Khan AS, Bodem J, Buseyne F, Gessain A, Johnson W, Kuhn JH, Kuzmak J, Lindemann D, Linial ML, Löchelt M, Materniak-Kornas M, Soares MA, Switzer WM. Spumaretroviruses: Updated taxonomy and nomenclature. Virology 2018; 516:158-164. [PMID: 29407373 PMCID: PMC11318574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Spumaretroviruses, commonly referred to as foamy viruses, are complex retroviruses belonging to the subfamily Spumaretrovirinae, family Retroviridae, which naturally infect a variety of animals including nonhuman primates (NHPs). Additionally, cross-species transmissions of simian foamy viruses (SFVs) to humans have occurred following exposure to tissues of infected NHPs. Recent research has led to the identification of previously unknown exogenous foamy viruses, and to the discovery of endogenous spumaretrovirus sequences in a variety of host genomes. Here, we describe an updated spumaretrovirus taxonomy that has been recently accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Executive Committee, and describe a virus nomenclature that is generally consistent with that used for other retroviruses, such as lentiviruses and deltaretroviruses. This taxonomy can be applied to distinguish different, but closely related, primate (e.g., human, ape, simian) foamy viruses as well as those from other hosts. This proposal accounts for host-virus co-speciation and cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifa S Khan
- Laboratory of Retroviruses, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florence Buseyne
- Unit of Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unit of Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Welkin Johnson
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jacek Kuzmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maxine L Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marcelo A Soares
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Buseyne F, Gessain A, Soares MA, Santos AF, Materniak-Kornas M, Lesage P, Zamborlini A, Löchelt M, Qiao W, Lindemann D, Wöhrl BM, Stoye JP, Taylor IA, Khan AS. Eleventh International Foamy Virus Conference-Meeting Report. Viruses 2016; 8:v8110318. [PMID: 27886074 PMCID: PMC5127032 DOI: 10.3390/v8110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eleventh International Foamy Virus Conference took place on 9–10 June 2016 at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. The meeting reviewed progress on foamy virus (FV) research, as well as related current topics in retrovirology. FVs are complex retroviruses that are widespread in several animal species. Several research topics on these viruses are relevant to human health: cross-species transmission and viral emergence, vectors for gene therapy, development of antiretroviral drugs, retroviral evolution and its influence on the human genome. In this article, we review the conference presentations on these viruses and highlight the major questions to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Buseyne
- Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-570 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 20231-050 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - André F Santos
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-570 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Pascale Lesage
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, 75010 Paris, France.
| | - Alessia Zamborlini
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, 75010 Paris, France.
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Laboratoire de Pathologie et Virologie Moléculaire, 75003 Paris, France.
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Birgitta M Wöhrl
- University of Bayreuth, Department of Biopolymers, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | | | - Arifa S Khan
- Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, OVRR, CBER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Lambert C, Rua R, Gessain A, Buseyne F. A new sensitive indicator cell line reveals cross-transactivation of the viral LTR by gorilla and chimpanzee simian foamy viruses. Virology 2016; 496:219-226. [PMID: 27348053 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The majority of currently identified simian foamy virus (SFV)-infected Cameroonian and Gabonese individuals harbor SFV from the gorilla lineage. We constructed an indicator cell line for the quantification of gorilla SFVs, in which the U3 sequence of a gorilla SFV directs the expression of the β-galactosidase protein. The gorilla foamy virus activated β-galactosidase (GFAB) cells efficiently quantified two zoonotic primary gorilla isolates and SFVs from three chimpanzee subspecies. Primary gorilla SFVs replicated more slowly and at lower levels than primary chimpanzee SFVs. Analysis of previously described motifs of Tas proteins and U3 LTRs involved in viral gene synthesis revealed conservation of such motifs in Tas proteins from gorilla and chimpanzee SFVs, but little sequence homology in the LTR regions previously shown to interact with viral and cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lambert
- Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathologie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Réjane Rua
- Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathologie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathologie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Florence Buseyne
- Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathologie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.
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Cocirculation of Two env Molecular Variants, of Possible Recombinant Origin, in Gorilla and Chimpanzee Simian Foamy Virus Strains from Central Africa. J Virol 2015; 89:12480-91. [PMID: 26446599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01798-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Simian foamy virus (SFV) is a ubiquitous retrovirus in nonhuman primates (NHPs) that can be transmitted to humans, mostly through severe bites. In the past few years, our laboratory has identified more than 50 hunters from central Africa infected with zoonotic SFVs. Analysis of the complete sequences of five SFVs obtained from these individuals revealed that env was the most variable gene. Furthermore, recombinant SFV strains, some of which involve sequences in the env gene, were recently identified. Here, we investigated the variability of the env genes of zoonotic SFV strains and searched for possible recombinants. We sequenced the complete env gene or its surface glycoprotein region (SU) from DNA amplified from the blood of (i) a series of 40 individuals from Cameroon or Gabon infected with a gorilla or chimpanzee foamy virus (FV) strain and (ii) 1 gorilla and 3 infected chimpanzees living in the same areas as these hunters. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of two env variants among both the gorilla and chimpanzee FV strains that were present in zoonotic and NHP strains. These variants differ greatly (>30% variability) in a 753-bp-long region located in the receptor-binding domain of SU, whereas the rest of the gene is very conserved. Although the organizations of the Env protein sequences are similar, the potential glycosylation patterns differ between variants. Analysis of recombination suggests that the variants emerged through recombination between different strains, although all parental strains could not be identified. IMPORTANCE SFV infection in humans is a great example of a zoonotic retroviral infection that has not spread among human populations, in contrast to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) and human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs). Recombination was a major mechanism leading to the emergence of HIV. Here, we show that two SFV molecular envelope gene variants circulate among ape populations in Central Africa and that both can be transmitted to humans. These variants differ greatly in the SU region that corresponds to the part of the Env protein in contact with the environment. These variants may have emerged through recombination between SFV strains infecting different NHP species.
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